Yeditepe University Research Articles

The association of fat preference with eating behavior and sex: Turkish version of the Fat Preference Questionnaire©.

The fat content of food may play a role in food preferences. Increased fat intake has a role in elevated body weight. Firstly, we aimed to establish the Turkish version of the Fat Preference Questionnaire© and secondly to evaluate the relevant factors with dietary fat preference including body mass index (BMI); sex; and subscales of the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). The study was conducted with 261 participants among the academic staff of Yeditepe University. The Fat Preference Questionnaire© and TFEQ were applied. After the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Fat Preference Questionnaire©, Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to reveal the relationship between the scores of the Fat Preference Questionnaire©, BMI, and the four subscales of TFEQ. Weakly or moderately correlated variables were selected to perform two sets of hierarchical regression analyses. Turkish version of the Fat Preference Questionnaire© had statistically acceptable validity and reliability. Fat preference did not correlate with BMI (p > .05). Women showed a lower preference for high‐fat foods and a higher dietary fat restriction (p < .05). The two subscales of TFEQ, the Disinhibition of Eating Control and the Susceptibility to Hunger, contributed to explain the variances in fat preference and dietary fat restriction (ΔR 2 = .04, p < .05). Fat preference correlates with Disinhibition of Eating Control and Susceptibility to Hunger, while fat restriction correlates only with Disinhibition of Eating Control although none correlates with BMI. Turkish version of the Fat Preference Questionnaire© is a valid instrument for further studies.

International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management — Special Issue in Honor of Professor M. Atilla Öner (1955–2018) Managing Emergent Technologies

This special issue is dedicated to the memory of Professor M. Atilla Öner, who passed away in the most fruitful times of his scholarly life on the 29th of August 2018. Prof. Öner graduated in the first place of the Engineering Faculty at Boğaziçi University in İstanbul, Turkey in 1978. Continuing in the path of engineering, he completed his academic degrees of M.S. and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at Yale University. He went back to his home country following his Ph.D. and worked in the industry leading several R&amp;D projects for more than a decade from 1985 to 2000. While he had gained intensive practical experience in the real sector, he never disconnected his ties with academic life. Prof. Öner taught courses in the field of technology management at Boğaziçi University and advised projects at the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey during these times as an adjunct faculty. As of 2000, he permanently moved to academia to achieve his tremendous passion for teaching and research at the Department of Business Administration at Yeditepe University in İstanbul, Turkey. He was a Professor of Technology and Operations Management and served as the managing director of the Management Application and Research Center at Yeditepe University. He contributed to the scholarly work in the fields of methodology, technology road mapping, R&amp;D management, and technology management. He supervised several MS/MBA and Ph.D. theses on national innovation systems, pilot national (sectoral) foresight studies, system dynamic modeling of R&amp;D management, project management, and public policy issues. He was an associate editor of Technological Forecasting and Social Change and served on the editorial board of Foresight, Futures, International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management.

Dijital Ölçü Tekniğinde Tarama Zamanı: Sağ ve Sol El Kullanımının Karşılaştırılması

Objective: There is not enough information about the effect of digital impression scanning using right/left hand on the scanning time. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the scanning time of digital impression with an intraoral scanner is dependent upon the handedness of the operator. Material and Methods: Two voluntary fourth-year students and 2 prosthodontists from the Yeditepe University, School of Dentistry were included. One of the students and prosthodontists were right-handed while the others were left-handed. For the experiments, 100 models containing 16 teeth on the maxillary arch were adapted in sequence to a phantom head that positioned uprightly. The participants were divided into 4 groups according to handedness of students and prosthodontists. Each group was divided into 2 subgroups according to right and left quadrants of scanned model. The scanning time was measured and recorded in seconds with a chronometer in all groups. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the groups, with a significance level established at p

Does the use of microfluidic sperm sorting for the sperm selection improve in vitro fertilization success rates in male factor infertility?

To evaluate the clinical outcome of assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles in couple with male infertility, where the spermatozoa were selected using either a conventional gradient-density centrifugation technique or microfluidic sperm sorting. A total of 181 patients who underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF) because of male factor infertility at the IVF center of Bezmialem and Yeditepe University Hospital were included in this study. All patients were divided into two groups according to the sperm selection method: group I (n = 91): microfluidic sperm-sorting chip; group II (n = 90): density-gradient centrifugation. Data collected included male and female age, type of infertility, duration of infertility, previous IVF attempts, smoking, antral follicle count, total dosage of gonadotropins, maximum estradiol levels, duration of stimulations, endometrial thickness on human chorionic gonadotropin day, total number of oocytes retrieved, number of mature oocytes retrieved, number of pronuclear (PN), sperm parameters, clinical PR and ongoing PR. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical PR and ongoing PR between groups (49.5% vs 40%, P = 0.2; 44% vs 36.7%, P = 0.3; respectively). The improvement in pregnancy rate was more prominent in patients where the female partner's age is higher than 35 (P = 0.09) and men have a total motile sperm count between 1 and 5 million (P < 0.01). Microfluidic devices, "labs-on-a-chip," are a disposable, easy to use, and inexpensive method for sperm sorting. Our results show that IVF success rates might improve with the use of a microfluidic sperm-sorting chip for sperm selection in male infertility.

The 'Cross-Legged Foetal Sitting Neuraxial Position': Is it Beneficial?-A Prospective Randomised Clinical Trial Via Ultrasonography.

ObjectiveThe primary aim of the present study was to compare the ‘cross-legged foetal sitting position’ (CFSP) with the ‘sitting foetal position’ (SFP) sonographically. The secondary aim was to compare their comfort.MethodsA randomised, consecutive controlled, single-blinded trial was performed in Yeditepe University. A total of 50 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were body mass index (BMI) >40 kg m-2, lumbar hernia, scoliosis, history of spine surgery, lower back pain or trauma, especially pelvic or knee problems related to arthropathy and not able to do one/both of the two position techniques. The two positioning techniques were evaluated by ultrasonography (USG) and 5-point Numerical Rating Scale (5-NRS) patient satisfaction of comfort questionnaire. Seven outcomes via USG were evaluated, subcutaneous tissue (ST), skin to spinous process (S–SP), transverse diameters of right and left paraspinal muscles (RPM and LPM), interspinous gap opening (ISGO), mean of bilateral paraspinal muscle (MPM) and CFSP–SFP change (CFSP–SFP). Stretcher comfort, position comfort, lumbar comfort (LC) and abdominal comfort (AC) were evaluated by participants with the 5-NRS.ResultsIn the CFSP, the mean ST and S–SP were significantly (p<0.0001) shorter, and LPM, RPM and MPM were significantly (p<0.0001) wider. The mean ISGO in the CFSP was significantly (p<0.0001) broader. The CFSP was significantly more comfortable than the SFP according to the LC (p=0.02). Only ISGO was found to be significantly broader in the male participant group (p=0.01) and in the BMI ≥25 group (p=0.02) according to CFSP–SFP.ConclusionConsidering all ultrasonographic anatomical measurements and according to the 5-NRS related to LC, the CFSP appears to be more advantageous than the SFP as a neuraxial positioning technique.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of the Semicircular Canals with a Two-Hands Model.

To help understand the anatomy and the diseases of the semicircular canals (SCCs) by defining the three-dimensional reconstruction of the SCCs in a model reconstructed using the two hands (two-hands model) and to determine the three-dimensional configuration of the two hands by measuring the angle between the SCCs and the sagittal plane. Patients older than 18 years of age with computed tomography (CT) scans of the temporal bones taken between 2017 and 2018 at the Yeditepe University Hospital were included in the study. CT images were evaluated by a radiologist. The angles between every SCC and the sagittal plane were measured with the MIMICS 12.1 program. Mean angles between the SCCs and the sagittal plane were measured. These angles were demonstrated on the two-hands model of the SCCs by means of a goniometer and photographed. Thirty patients and 60 temporal bones were included in the study. Mean angles between the superior, the posterior, and the horizontal SCCs and the sagittal plane were found as 37.1±3.3°, 50.4±4.1°, and 89.5±4.7°, respectively. This is the first study to define the three-dimensional representation of the SCCs with a two-hands model. This may allow for a better understanding and the better teaching of the anatomy and diseases of SCCs.

Haemodynamic changes and emergence delirium in children undergoing isoflurane general anaesthesia for dental treatments: effect of propofol administration

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of administration of 1 mg·kg−1 propofol before the end of surgery on the haemodynamic values and incidence of emergence delirium in paediatric dental patients retrospectively. MethodsNinety-seven children aged between 2 and 12 who were treated under general anaesthesia in Yeditepe University Faculty of Dentistry were included. Midazolam for premedication and intravenous propofol for induction and isoflurane for maintenance of anaesthesia were used. One mg·kg−1 propofol was administered before extubation and 15 min before the end of surgery. The monitorized haemodynamic values including heart rate, oxygen saturation in periferic circulation, CO2 in expirium and body temperature were collected from patient files. The level of emergence delirium was measured using the Pediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale. ResultsThirty-nine girls and fifty-eight boys (5.21 ± 2.32) were investigated. A statistically significant increase was found in the mean heart rate during induction and end of intubation. Expired CO2 significantly increased after the end of intubation and decreased at the end of anaesthesia. According to the Pediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale none of the patients were scored as emergence delirium and 52,78% of the children were scored as 0. ConclusionsWhen administration of single dose of propofol is used for the prevention of Emergence Delirium, constant monitoring of expired CO2 values during and after the end of intubation is essential. It can be suggested that administration of a single dose of 1 mg·kg−1 propofol prevents emergence delirium in paediatric dental patients; nevertheless this finding should be confirmed with prospective clinical trials.

To hide here and kiss a beloved is not sin enough

Merve Çanak was born in 1994 and grew up in Istanbul. She studied English language and literature at Yeditepe University and published her first poetry book, Hiçölüm, in 2018. She has worked at Norgunk Publishing House as an editor and is passionate about avantgarde and experimental writing. Aron Aji, translator from Turkish, is director of the MFA in Literary Translation program at the University of Iowa. He has translated works by Bilge Karasu, Bejan Matur, and Murathan Mungan. to hide here and kiss a beloved is not sin enough by Merve Çanak the human soul is a dark place, leviathan. so much that my eyes begrudge the light. I sense the dark upsurge. I can’t find a hole large enough, can’t live on level ground. at the old bookshop I stopped by this afternoon, I found on top of a cabinet a little french book about paul cézanne. I showed it to the man standing by the door and asked, how much. a rare work, he said, antique, hard to come by. I know that, I said, but how much. thirty liras, he said. I cursed the man who priced rareness at thirty liras. the human soul is contemptible, leviathan. you better hang in my dark face. just like this. one day, when I leave this place, I’ll want to kiss you. believe me: neither luke nor john will record my deeds. Translation from the Turkish By Aron Aji POETRY WORLDLIT.ORG 55 PHOTO BY ALEXANDER KRIVITSKIY/UNSPLASH ...

Evaluation of Oral Health Attitudes and Behaviors of Yeditepe University Dental Faculty Students

Evaluation of Oral Health Attitudes and Behaviors of Yeditepe University Dental Faculty Students

The importance of the Moskowitz artery as a lesser-known collateral pathway in the medial laparoscopic approach to splenic flexure mobilisation and its evaluation with preoperative computed tomography.

IntroductionThe collateral pathways between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) play an important role in colonic surgery. The most well-known are the Drummond marginal artery and Riolan’s arch. The Moskowitz artery, also known as the meandering mesenteric artery, is a lesser-known collateral pathway and represents another link between SMA and IMA. The Moskowitz artery runs along the colonic mesentery floor and represents the link between the proximal segment of the middle colic artery and the ascending branch of the left colic artery.AimTo comprehend the presence and importance of the Moskowitz artery (meandering mesenteric artery) in preoperative patients by using computed tomography (CT) studies.Material and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed all abdominal CT images performed using intravenous contrast for any reason at the Radiology Department of Yeditepe University Hospital between April 2015 and September 2018. Patients older than 18 years with intravenous contrast (arterial and venous phases with a cross-section thickness of 0.625 mm), who underwent abdominal CT scan, and patients without any abdominal surgery were included in the study. As a result of the screening, 109 CT scans with eligibility criteria were included in this study.ResultsThere were 109 cases in this study; 50 (45.9%) of them were male and 59 (54.1%) were female. Moskowitz artery was found in 18 (16.5%) cases; 8 were males and 10 were females. Riolan’s arch was present in 30 cases, of whom 15 were male and 15 were female. In our study Moskowitz artery and Riolan’s arch were monitored as separate vascular structures, and in all cases with Moskowitz artery, Riolan’s arch was also present. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the combined MCA emerging type and the presence of MA, and 12 cases with combined branch and 6 cases with single branch had Moskowitz artery. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between LCA types and the presence of MA, and the Moskowitz artery was the most common seen at type 1 LCA.ConclusionsKnowledge of the relationship between Riolan’s arch and the Moskowitz artery is valuable, and preoperative evaluation of this artery may be beneficial in the presence of Riolan’s arch. In addition, preoperative radiological evaluation and its importance are prominent in minimising intraoperative bleeding during splenic flexure mobilisation with a medial laparoscopic approach and reducing the risk of colorectal anastomosis leakage.

A Consumer Perception Study on Functional Dairy Products Among Consumers in Istanbul, Turkey

The aim of this study is to understand Turkish consumers‘ perception of functional dairy products in three different categories, namely milk, yogurt, and cream cheese, as well as their willingness to buy products with health claims. In this study, 50 untrained participants from the city of İstanbul, Turkey, were enrolled to evaluate three types of milk (calcium &amp; vitamin fortified, soy, and whole), three types of yogurt (probiotic, strawberry flavoured probiotic, and plain) and four types of cream cheese (calcium, phosphate &amp; vitamin fortified, reduced fat, light, and regular) using free listing testing and check-all-that-apply (CATA) questions together with Yes/No questions. Twenty-five participants were recruited from Yeditepe University‘s Food Engineering Department and 25 participants from public places to form two clusters. In the free listing analysis, the number of frequent terms related to health dramatically decreased after the tasting session for all products, whereas sensory related terms became more important. CATA analysis showed that consumers look for different product properties in different dairy categories. The findings of both analyses showed that, regardless of their education and awareness, consumers still are not willing to compromise on the taste of dairy foods independent of how healthy the product might be. Their preference of functional dairy products was only 22%, 26% and 14% for fortified milk, probiotic yogurt, and fortified cream cheese, respectively. Moreover, only 30% of the participants were found to believe the health claims on the package, which is another obstacle the functional food industry has to face.

Students\u2019 perspectives on undergraduate oral surgery education

PurposeThis study evaluated students’ perceptions of their self-confidence regarding aspects of their undergraduate oral and maxillofacial surgical training. It further aimed to develop a reliable Turkish version of the questionnaire originally developed by the Association of British Academic Oral Maxillofacial Surgeons (ABAOMS) Education Committee.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 40 fourth-year and 47 fifth-year dentistry students of Yeditepe University Faculty of Dentistry in Turkey with a mean age of 23.30 ± 1.50 was conducted in January and February 2018. The ABAOMS questionnaire was adapted to the Turkish language and culture. The items were organized in five domains (general information, self-confidence in oral surgery, role of outreach, anatomy knowledge in relation to oral surgery, and career aspirations) with most response options on a five-point Likert-type scale. Reliability was assessed through an internal consistency analysis and a test-retest approach. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-tests, and Chi-squared for contingency tests were used to examine the data.ResultsCronbach’s alpha coefficient on the questionnaire was 0.89. The responses reflected general agreement among the respondents. Females were significantly more self-confident than males. Although the fifth-year respondents were more self-confident than the fourth-year respondents on items regarding anatomy knowledge, fourth-year respondents were more self confident in forceps extractions. Other than that no major differences in self-confidence were found between the two groups.ConclusionThough self-confidence was high regarding extraction of teeth and retained roots, the participants of this study lacked self-confidence in performing surgical extractions and its related procedures, recognition of malignancies, and ability to differentiate between pain of odontogenic or non-odontogenic origin. Female students were relatively more self-confident. Teaching should focus on practical applications that support students’ sense of self-confidence in their abilities. The Turkish version of the questionnaire was a reliable instrument.

A Quantitative Curriculum Mapping of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Yeditepe University, Turkey: A Process to Assess the Consistency of a Curriculum with the Mission and Vision of an Institution and National Requirements

The changing role of the pharmacist led to some improvements of pharmacy education worldwide these last years. Curricula have evolved and the content-based education has been converted into a competency-based education. The definition of a global practice-based competency framework by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) and the European Pharmacy Competencies Framework by the European the Quality Assurance in European Pharmacy Education and Training (PHAR-QA) project helps Universities to keep in with these changes. The National Council of Deans of Faculties of Pharmacy in Turkey also defined 169 competencies with their sub-competencies that have to be reached upon the completion of a pharmacy education program, yet it did not indicate how the faculties can measure if their curricula are consistent with these competencies. This study aims to provide a method for a quantitative mapping of a given curriculum in order to analyze if a curriculum fulfills the requirements defined by the National Deans Council. It also helps to easily determine the weaknesses and strengths of a program. Moreover, with this study, the consistency of the content of the courses with the mission and vision defined by an institution can be easily determined. Thus, this study can also be a useful tool for the revision and enhancement of a program according to institutional targets.

Evaluation of nitric oxide levels in chronic periodontitis patients treated with initial periodontal therapy and probiotic food supplements: a double blind, randomized controlled clinical trial

The aim of the present study was to analyse the nitric oxide (NO) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) treated with probiotic-containing food supplements as an adjunct to initial periodontal therapy (IPT). The present study was a randomized, double blind clinical trial conducted in Yeditepe University Dental Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Thirty-six CP patients, with ≥2 nonmolar teeth in each quadrant with probing depth (PD) of 5–7 mm at proximal sites and radiologically detectable horizontal alveolar bone loss were randomized into two treatment groups. The test group received IPT + probiotic-containing food supplements, whereas the control group received IPT + placebo. GCF sampling was performed at the baseline and 3 and 6 months after treatment. The biochemical evaluation of NO in GCF was performed using the Griess colourimetric method. Statistical analysis was performed by using statistical software. Significant reductions in GCF volume and GCF NO levels were detected in each group after the treatments (p < 0.05). Intergroup comparison of the NO levels revealed statistically significant differences in favour of the test group at both 3 and 6-month evaluation periods (p < 0.05). Adjunctive usage of probiotic comprising food supplements to IPT yielded significant reduction of the NO levels compared to the control for up to 6 months of follow-up. The present study is registered at Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR identification number: TCTR20171114003).

Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue

This special issue of the Border Crossing Journal seeks to bring together a collection of papers presented during the second international conference “International Migration in the 21st century”, organized in October 2017 by the Research Center of Global Education and Culture (KEKAM) of Yeditepe University in Istanbul.

Proteomic Analyses of Plant Exosomes

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as high potential vesicles for intercellular communication. Although their physiological roles have not been identified clearly, they are spherical, non‐organelle lipid membrane vesicles. Recent studies show that mammalian EVs contain RNA, proteins, and lipids implicated to be essential for their transfer [1]. EVs have three subgroups, which are apoptotic bodies, ectosomes, and exosomes. Exosome is the smallest EV with 50–100 nm diameter and their content is specific to the originated cell. Exosomes play the critical role in cell‐to‐cell communication and promote cellular activities such as stimulation of immune response, lysosome‐like activities or transfer of the antigens to other cells [2]. They have also a potential for biomarker design and cellular targeting based on their RNA and protein specification [3]. Plant cells are also demonstrated to produce exosomes with limited knowledge [4]. Given the available databases for animal exosomes, there is no database for plant exosomes up to date. We present our initial results for protein contents of plant exosomes to be used for the construction of such a database. In this study, Apium graveolens (Celery) exosomes were characterized by mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis. Following exosome isolation by using in‐house generated procedure from celery extract, proteins were precipitated with cold acetone. The peptide fractions obtained with filter‐aided sample preparation (FASP) analyzed with nanoLC‐captivespray‐qTOF‐MS/MS (Thermo Dionex RSLC3000 coupled with Bruker Compact). Data were submitted to MASCOT database against green plants to identify proteins.Support or Funding InformationWe would like to thank Prof. Dr. Fikrettin Şahin, Dr. P. Neslihan Taşlı, Kaan Kırbaş and members of YediPROT laboratory for their contribution to this project. This project was supported by Yeditepe University.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Effect of air bubbles localization and migration after embryo transfer on assisted reproductive technology outcome

To evaluate the effect of embryo flash position and movement of the air bubbles at 1 and 60minutes after ET on clinical pregnancy rates (PRs). Prospective clinical trial. University fertility clinic. A total of 230 fresh ultrasound-guided ETs performed by a single physician (C.F.) at the IVF center of Yeditepe University Hospital between September 2016 and February 2017 were included. Transabdominal ultrasonographic guidance at ET. Clinical PRs. There was no significant difference in terms of clinical PRs between women with embryo flash located >15mm and <15mm from the fundus at 1 or 60minutes (P=.6 and P=.7, respectively). The PRs in women with embryo flash located <15mm and >15mm from the fundus were 47% and 60%, respectively (P=.6). The clinical intrauterine PRs were 69.5%, 38.5%, and 19.1% in fundal, static, and cervical, respectively. The highest PR was in fundal when compared with others (P<.01). The clinical PR appears to be associated with the embryo flash movement/migration and the PR was dramatically reduced when the embryo migrated from its original position toward the cervix at 60minutes. We concluded that clinical PR appears to be associated with the embryo flash movement/migration at 60minutes after ET and embryo flash movement toward the fundus is associated with higher clinical PRs. Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to optimize ET technique in the future.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale among University Students

Objective: The objective of this study was to adapt the “Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS)” developed by Adreassen et al (1) into Turkish, and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction among university students. Method: The study was conducted in 2015 at Uskudar University and Yeditepe University (Istanbul-Turkey) with a total of 300 students from different majors and age groups. The draft scale was finalized after being translated andcorrected by experts in the relevant fields. To determine thevalidity of the scale; factor analysis was performed and the results revealed that, of the 6 items reflecting the six core elements. It was detected that all items were distinctive with respect to relationship of each item with its related factor. Reliability level was determined by test – retest and internal consistency analysis. In addition, to test the criterion dependence validity of the scale, the correlation between the data gathered from Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale was analyzed respectively with data collected from the Smart Phone Addiction Scale, Facebook Use Variance and Facebook Addiction Self-evaluation. Results: The internal consistency coefficient was calculated using the Cronbach’s Alpha formula and gave a result of cra= .89. The 3-week test-retest validity Cronbach’s alpha was .76 for the six-item Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale. The factor analysis and test-retest results confirmed the reliability and validity of the 6-item scale. Conclusion: Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale is able to measure reliably, and the scale is a valid and reliable tool to be employed in a clinical environment to predict addiction levels of individuals regarding Facebook use in the Turkish society as well.

An important agent in gastroenteritis: Campylobacter

Campylobacter infections are common in both developed and developing countries. The reported incidence of culture confirmed infections shows variability among countries due to culturing procedures. (1). Here we report laboratory-based surveillance data collected between 2013 and 2015 in Yeditepe University Hospital Microbiology Laboratory. Among 2807 feces cultures, Salmonella spp. (n=135), Campylobacter spp. (n=118), Aeromonas spp. (n=6) and Shigella spp. (n=3), isolates were detected. Out of 118 Campylobacter spp. isolates, the distribution was as follows: C. jejuni (n=101), C. upsaliensis (n=8), C. coli (n=6) and other species (n=3). The fecal samples were cultured in Campylobacter-BAP medium (Salubris, Turkey) and incubated under microaerophilic conditions (CampyGen, Oxoid, UK) at 42°C for 48 hours. Suspected colonies were examined by Gram stain and evaluated for oxidase and catalase positivity; and then were first confirmed by Campylobacter latex agglutination test (Dryspot, Oxoid, UK). They were identified by API CAMPY biochemical identification system (BioMerieux, France). Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates against erythromycin was also tested with API CAMPY system (BioMerieux, France); ciprofloxacin and gentamicin susceptibilies were tested by E-test (bioMerieux, France). The distribution of isolates, demographic information and seasonal epidemiology in patients with Campylobacter positive cultures are shown. It seems there is no definite season for campylobacteriosis. We mostly isolate from the pediatric patients. (Table 1, Figure 1) Beyond detecting difficulties by culture, antibiotic resistance becomes a problem. In the EFSA/ECDC report 2013, the highest frequency of resistance was observed for nalidixic acid (47.8%) and ciprofloxacin (44.4%) followed by ampicillin (35.3%) and tetracycline (30.5%); low resistance levels were observed to erythromycin (3.5%) and gentamicin (0.4%). According to FDA/CDC/UDSA Report 2013 resistance to tetracycline was most common (45.9%), followed by ciprofloxacin (23.5% in C. jejuni and 35.8% in C. coli). Macrolide resistance was observed in 1.7%-2.7% (2). During the study period, our resistance rates were detected as 13% for erythromycin, 11% for ciprofloxacin. It seems a slight increase in erythromycin resistance in our strains comparing to 2009-2012 rates (from 7% to 13%) (3). No resistance was seen in gentamicin. Fecal culture procedures should be applied in our routine laboratories to see the surveillance of Campylobacteriosis and find our national rate in resistance to antibiotics.

The Effect of Awareness of American Board of Orthodontics Criteria on Treatment Outcomes in a Postgraduate Dental Clinic

The aims of this study were to evaluate the posttreatment outcomes in a postgraduate orthodontic clinic following a course on American Board of Orthodontics Cast and Radiograph Evaluation (ABO-CRE); to compare the outcomes of postgraduate students who took the course before and after finishing treatment of their cases; and to assess if the need for orthodontic treatment as determined by the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) at the beginning of treatment affected students' final scores. A course on ABO-CRE was given to second- (group A), third- (group B), and fourth- (group C) year postgraduate students at Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey, in 2012. Pre- and posttreatment plaster models of 253 cases (group A) were treated by students in 2011-12. An additional 251 (group B, 2012-13) and 341 (group C, 2013-14) cases were evaluated in the first and second years after the course, respectively. The models were graded retrospectively using the ABO-CRE and IOTN. The results showed that the total mean scores on the posttreatment plaster models were significantly higher in the pre-course group than the first- and second-year post-course group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). The borderline cases (grade 3) received a lower score on the ABO-CRE than the cases with need (grade 4) (p<0.01) and severe need (grade 5) (p<0.01) for orthodontic treatment. Increasing awareness by giving information about the ABO-CRE significantly improved the posttreatment success of these postgraduate students. After the course, treatment outcomes in the following year were better than two years later, suggesting it may be useful to teach the course annually to refresh students' knowledge.