Years Of Field Experience Research Articles

유아교사들이 경험하는 세계시민교육 실행의 어려움

The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore the challenges experienced by early childhood teachers in implementing global citizenship education. To this end, two individual in-depth interviews were conducted with five early childhood teachers who had more than five years of field experience and had been implementing global citizenship education for over a year. Concepts were derived from the interview transcripts and analyzed through iterative re-categorization, and the following findings emerged. First, the teachers described the challenge of addressing politically sensitive and controversial issues while ensuring that children do not develop prejudices or stereotypes. Second, while teachers believed that global citizenship education can be implemented in early childhood education if the content and level are appropriate, they struggled with how to deal with complex and heavy topics such as war. Third, teachers experienced difficulties when addressing certain topics or conducting activities due to concerns about negative parental evaluations and precautionary measures taken by administrators. Fourth, teachers reported difficulties with not having an adequate support system and having to rely solely on individual teacher capacity and effort. Fifth, teachers wanted to go deeper into the topic of global citizenship, but experienced difficulties in sustaining and expanding young children's interest and excitement. The findings of this study are significant in that they provide a deeper understanding of the challenges of implementing early childhood global citizenship education and provide a basis for developing teacher support measures.

Analysis of Safety Hazards and Implications for Container Port Terminal Operations in Nigeria

Port operations in Nigeria have come a long way in terms of growth, with significant shipment turnovers occurring annually. However occupational hazards including falls from heights, lifting mishaps, mooring mishaps, slips and trips as well as human fatigue occurring during field operations which pose significant risks affecting the safety and performance of operations. This study aggregates data from port workers in six (6) container terminals within Nigeria in order to determine the magnitude of these occupational hazards being faced and juxtapose the role of the terminal operators in balancing service efficiency with safety. Convenience sampling technique was deployed for this survey while primary data was collected through the use of closed-ended questionnaires. A total of 340 questionnaire responses from APM Terminal Ltd, Josepdam Port Services Ltd, Five-Star Logistics, WACT, Ecomarine Nigeria Ltd, and Green Leigh Nigeria Ltd., were analyzed for operational risk factors using percentages. Chi-square analysis was used to test the postulated hypothesis which sought a relationship between frequency of occupational hazard and years of field experience. The null hypothesis was accepted (P > 0.05) and hence inferred that hazard occurrence over the years was independent of field experience. The result suggests a holistic implementation of safety regulations including the use of technology as a measure to curb operational hazards.

어린이집 교사의 권리침해 경험에 대한 탐색

The purpose of this study was to investigate the rights infringement experiences of daycare center teachers and to comprehensively explore alternatives. The subjects of this study conducted a total of 9 in-depth interviews with 3 daycare center teachers with at least 5 years of field experience, 3 times each for at least 1 hour and 30 minutes. The interview contents were transcribed after recording, and then contextualized, categorized, and analyzed by repeated reading according to the method suggested by .Bogdan & Biklien (1992). Before the start of the study, a semi-structured questionnaire was developed and interviewed, and a semi-structured question list was constructed by revising and supplementing the contents of the questions in advance for two professors of the Department of Early Childhood Education and three heads of the Comprehensive Childcare Support Center, who are field experts. As a result of the study, it was found that the experience of violating the rights of daycare center teachers was a parent who was not allowed to demand for and express their children without hesitation and the right to refute, and it was suggested that as an alternative to restoring the teaching rights of daycare center teachers, the pride of being a daycare center teacher, building trust through various methods, and understanding the system for children correctly.

Quantifying the prevalence and predictors of burnout in emergency medical services personnel.

Recently, burnout has amassed considerable attention because of deleterious effects on workers and the work environment. Frequently, EMS clinicians find themselves prone to experiencing burnout, yet little is known about etiologies in this population. To estimate prevalence and predictors of burnout in EMS clinicians. This was a cross-sectional survey study of nine EMS agencies from North Carolina selected based on geography and population. Emergency medical technicians (EMTs), advanced EMTs, and paramedics were included. Emergency medical responders and air medical personnel were excluded if those positions were a primary occupational function. The Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) Scale was used to assess burnout. Parametric and nonparametric testing was used to assess factors potentially affecting burnout. Factors significant in univariate analyses were included in a hierarchical linear regression model to determine unique predictors of burnout while controlling for confounders. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was used to determine model predictability. A total of 686 EMS clinicians completed the survey. Overall, 57.3% (n = 393) were likely to have burnout. Of the 328 respondents who were likely to have burnout, 254 (77.4%) and 211 (75.1%) also were identified as likely to suffer from compassion fatigue or vicarious trauma, respectively. Overall, 152 (22.2%) were likely to suffer from all three stress disorders, 118 (56.5%) of which scored high enough to potentially produce immune system dysregulation. Prior suicidal thoughts ((sr2 = 0.042, p < 0.001), attempts (sr2 = 0.025, p < 0.001) or the presence of vicarious trauma (sr2 = 0.040, p < 0.001) accounted for 4.2%, 2.5%, and 4.0% of model variance, respectively. Years of field experience (sr2 = 0.035, p < 0.001) and credential level (sr2 = 0.011, p = 0.005) accounted for 4.6% of model variance. Finally, a respondent's experience or knowledge of debriefing (sr2 = 0.008, p = 0.023); experiencing adversity in childhood in the form of familial mental illness, depression, or suicide (sr2 = 0.009, p = 0.016); or the incarceration of a family member (sr2 = 0.010, p = 0.011) accounted for a combined 2.7% of model variance. Model predictability showed an AUCROC of 81.5%. This study showed a nearly 60% prevalence of occupational burnout in the group of EMS clinicians surveyed, making burnout of considerable concern in this population. Further study is needed to address occupational factors that contribute to burnout in EMS clinicians.

Four Questions to Guide Decision-Making for Data Sharing and Integration

IntroductionThis paper presents a Four Question Framework to guide data integration partners in building a strong governance and legal foundation to support ethical data use. ObjectivesWhile this framework was developed based on work in the United States that routinely integrates public data, it is meant to be a simple, digestible tool that can be adapted to any context. MethodsThe framework was developed through a series of public deliberation workgroups and 15 years of field experience working with a diversity of data integration efforts across the United States. ResultsThe Four Questions - Is this legal? Is this ethical? Is this a good idea? How do we know (and who decides)? - should be considered within an established data governance framework and alongside core partners to determine whether and how to move forward when building an Integrated Data System (IDS) and also at each stage of a specific data project. We discuss these questions in depth, with a particular focus on the role of governance in establishing legal and ethical data use. In addition, we provide example data governance structures from two IDS sites and hypothetical scenarios that illustrate key considerations for the Four Question Framework. ConclusionsA robust governance process is essential for determining whether data sharing and integration is legal, ethical, and a good idea within the local context. This process is iterative and as relational as it is technical, which means authentic collaboration across partners should be prioritized at each stage of a data use project. The Four Questions serve as a guide for determining whether to undertake data sharing and integration and should be regularly revisited throughout the life of a project. Highlights Strong data governance has five qualities: it is purpose-, value-, and principle-driven; strategically located; collaborative; iterative; and transparent. Through a series of public deliberation workgroups and 15 years of field experience, we developed a Four Question Framework to determine whether and how to move forward with building an IDS and at each stage of a data sharing and integration project. The Four Questions—Is this legal? Is this ethical? Is this a good idea? How do we know (and who decides)? —should be carefully considered within established data governance processes and among core partners.

Assessment of robotic telesurgery system among surgeons: a single-center study

The field of robotic-assisted surgery is expanding rapidly; therefore, future robotic surgeons will need to be trained in an organized manner. Here, we aimed to examine surgeon performance on the Sinaflex Robotic Telesurgery System for correlation with training hours spent in training program. This is a prospective study of a single-center experience at the Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung City of West Java, Indonesia. We included 43 surgeons from 11 departments, all invited to train using the Sinaflex Robotic Telesurgery system at the Hasan Sadikin Hospital. All study cohorts have never performed a robotic surgery procedure beforehand and have had at least five years of field experience. The surgeons were free to choose their training duration and simulation. After finishing the training session, they were asked to perform several tasks with increasing difficulty levels. There were nine training tasks in total with increasing levels of difficulty. A total of 43 surgeons from 11 different department were included in this prospective study. Our study was separated into 3 different batches and most surgeons failed to pass the examination (n = 12, 8, and 9, for batches 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The “failed” surgeon, additionally, tended to be older than the “passed” cohort (49.3 ± 7.4 vs 42.1 ± 7.3 years old, p = 0.005). In terms of duration of hours spent training on the robot, there was little difference training hours between the cohort that passed and the cohort that failed cohort (10.0 [8.4–10.1] vs 10.0 [8.0–10.0], respectively) with a p value of 0.265. We found no correlation between the total hours spent in the training program and surgeon performance on the Sinaflex robotic telesurgery system. Structured robot surgical training courses must be incorporated into the training programs.

Towards a Guideline for UAV-Based Data Acquisition for Geomorphic Applications

Recent years have seen a rapid rise in the generation of high-resolution topographic data using custom-built or commercial-grade Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). Though several studies have demonstrated the application potential of UAV data, significant knowledge gaps still exist in terms of proper documentation of protocols for data acquisition, post-flight data processing, error assessments, and their mitigation. This work documents and provides guidelines for UAV data acquisition and processing from several years of field experience in diverse geomorphic settings across India, including undulating topography (~17 km2), alluvial plains (~142 km2), lowland-river basin (~66 km2), and a highly urbanized area (~5 km2). A total of 37,065 images with 16 and 20 Megapixels and 604 ground control points (GCPs) were captured with multiple UAV systems and processed to generate point clouds for a total area of ~230 km2. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for each GCP for all sites ranged from 6.41 cm to 36.54 cm. This manuscript documents a comprehensive guideline for (a) pre-field flight planning and data acquisition, (b) generation and removal of noise and errors of the point cloud, and (c) generation of orthoimages and digital elevation models. We demonstrate that a well-distributed and not necessarily uniformly distributed GCP placement can significantly reduce doming error and other artifacts. We emphasize the need for using separate camera calibration parameters for each flight and demonstrate that errors in camera calibration can significantly impact the accuracy of the point cloud. Accordingly, we have evaluated the stability of lens calibration parameters between consumer-grade and professional cameras and have suggested measures for noise removal in the point cloud data. We have also identified and analyzed various errors during point cloud processing. These include systematic doming errors, errors during orthoimage and DEM generation, and errors related to water bodies. Mitigation strategies for various errors have also been discussed. Finally, we have assessed the accuracy of our point cloud data for different geomorphic settings. We concluded that the accuracy is influenced by Ground Sampling Distance (GSD), topographic features, and the placement, density, and distribution of GCPs. This guideline presented in this paper can be extremely beneficial to both experienced long-term users and newcomers for planning the UAV-based topographic survey and processing the data acquired.

Possibilities of Intensification of Spring Wheat Growing Technology in the Western Siberia Forest-Steppe

Based on the results of many years of field experience, an agronomic and economic assessment of the effects of the use of chemicals for spring wheat is given in order to determine the attractiveness for farmers of the transition to growing crops using intensive technology. For the analysis, the prices of chemicals and spring wheat grain that are currently relevant for the Siberian region were taken. It is shown that under the influence of a complex of chemicalization agents (fertilizers, herbicides, fungicide), the average annual yield of wheat in a 4-full grain-pair crop rotation increased 1.8 times, reaching 3.8 tons of grain/ha. The increase in yield by 13% was due to the use of herbicides, 18% – fungicides and 69% – mineral fertilizers with a payback of 1 kg active substance 12.4 kg of grain. When calculating the average per year, the means of chemicalization provided income already at the minimum (from the accepted for analysis) grain price of 10 000 rubles/t. Income increased sharply in a number of field experience options: herbicides, herbicides + fertilizers, herbicides + fertilizers + fungicide. However, when assessing the annual effects, income from chemicals in this series was obtained, respectively, only in 42, 75 and 92% of the years. The probability of losses decreased significantly with an increase in the price of grain. But even at prices of 13.000 and 16.000 rubles/ton, the use of the entire complex of chemicals was unprofitable in 8% of the years due to the severe aridity of the growing season. At current prices for fertilizers and pesticides, the minimum sufficient price of grain can be considered 13.000 rubles/ton, which, however, does not exclude losses in severely dry years.

Principals as Human Capital Managers: A Literature Review

This review focuses on the school system's evolution and the principal's role as an administrator. Principalship refers to the professional standards to which a school's leadership aims to meet the needs of staff, students, and parents. The roles include student management, enforcing curriculum, assisting teachers, and allocating material and financial resources to ensure high academic performance. The review identifies that most principals fulfill a minimum requirement of undergraduate and postgraduate education with vast experience as regular teachers, school counselors, or educational professionals.The review identifies several academic preparation programs for state credentialing to become a school administrator. The study reveals that applicants for school leadership roles achieve higher learning goals such as master's or doctoral in education, psychology, and business administration. Most states require a minimum of three years of field experience with diverse communities. Scholars emphasize the need for continued learning programs for effective principalship and managing diverse school communities. Furthermore, each state has a local credentialing agency open to various professionals, thus creating varied leadership experiences for different schools.The review seeks to establish the functions of a principal as a human capital manager. Scholars differentiate human resource management and human capital management by emphasizing the role of principals as business managers whose goal is to steer a school toward the best student, staff, and institutional output. The study uses human capital theory to maximize staff potential and achieve better institutional results. Therefore, the roles of a principal as a human capital manager include recruitment of qualified personnel, provision of professional growth opportunities for various staff, capacity building, and retention of qualified staff.

Four questions to guide decision-making for data sharing and integration.

This paper presents a Four Question Framework to guide data integration partners in building a strong governance and legal foundation to support ethical data use. While this framework was developed based on work in the United States that routinely integrates public data, it is meant to be a simple, digestible tool that can be adapted to any context. The framework was developed through a series of public deliberation workgroups and 15 years of field experience working with a diversity of data integration efforts across the United States. The Four Questions-Is this legal? Is this ethical? Is this a good idea? How do we know (and who decides)?-should be considered within an established data governance framework and alongside core partners to determine whether and how to move forward when building an Integrated Data System (IDS) and also at each stage of a specific data project. We discuss these questions in depth, with a particular focus on the role of governance in establishing legal and ethical data use. In addition, we provide example data governance structures from two IDS sites and hypothetical scenarios that illustrate key considerations for the Four Question Framework. A robust governance process is essential for determining whether data sharing and integration is legal, ethical, and a good idea within the local context. This process is iterative and as relational as it is technical, which means authentic collaboration across partners should be prioritized at each stage of a data use project. The Four Questions serve as a guide for determining whether to undertake data sharing and integration and should be regularly revisited throughout the life of a project. Strong data governance has five qualities: it is purpose-, value-, and principle-driven; strategically located; collaborative; iterative; and transparent.Through a series of public deliberation workgroups and 15 years of field experience, we developed a Four Question Framework to determine whether and how to move forward with building an IDS and at each stage of a data sharing and integration project.The Four Questions-Is this legal? Is this ethical? Is this a good idea? How do we know (and who decides)?-should be carefully considered within established data governance processes and among core partners.

Leadership Effectiveness of Zonal Extension Officers by Extension Agents in Kwara State Agricultural Development Programme, Nigeria

In the structure of the Kwara Agricultural Development Programme, the position of Zonal Extension Officers (ZEO) is vital and central to the execution of the extension programmes which are implemented through the frontline Extension Agents. The study examined the leadership effectiveness of the Zonal Extension Officers (ZEOs) in Kwara State Agricultural Development Programme, factors that hindered the leadership effectiveness of ZEOs and the demographic characteristics of ZEOs and Extension Agents (EAs) in Kwara State Agricultural Development Programme. One hundred and thirty (130) EAs and four (4) ZEOs were purposively selected for the study. Primary data were collected with a structured questionnaire and analysed with descriptive statistics while the hypotheses were tested with Pearson Product Moment Correlation and Chi-Square Statistics. Results of the study revealed that 94.6% of the EAs and all four ZEOs acquired tertiary education. The EAs and the ZEOs had an average of 8.01 and 5 years of field experience respectively. Furthermore, 59.2%, 58.5% and 50% of ZEOs were effective only in clarifying the organization’s goals, ineffective in staff motivation and communication respectively. There was a significant relationship between level of education (χ2 = 47.53, p=&lt;0.05), years of experience (r=0.27, p=&lt;0.05) of EAs and perceived leadership effectiveness of ZEOs. Based on the empirical evidence, the ZEOs need to improve their job performances. Extension personnel should acquire tertiary education with cognate field experience before they could function as ZEOs for optimum effectiveness.

Community-based fish sanctuaries: untapped potential for freshwater fish conservation

AbstractRiverine systems and associated fish populations worldwide are threatened by human impacts, especially in tropical countries with emerging economies. In India, community-based fish sanctuaries are a key mechanism for the conservation of freshwater fish populations, but there are few peer-reviewed studies on this subject. Here we integrate over 35 combined years of field experience with a literature synthesis to define and classify community-based fish sanctuaries. We present a novel, critical analysis of fish sanctuaries as social–ecological systems with a functional characterization based on natural capital, ecosystem services, human well-being, and policy and governance. We find that such sanctuaries are shaped by complex social–ecological processes, including coevolution of religious practices and ecological change, feedback processes created by retaliatory conflicts between river users, and diverse and dynamic governance strategies. These sanctuaries hold great potential for the conservation of rare fish species in India, but are subject to myriad threats at local, regional and global scales. Given the complexity of these social–ecological systems, we outline their conservation potential and highlight directions for future research.

Line Arrester Application on a 110 kV High Alpine Overhead Line to reduce Lightning-Caused Outages

This contribution discusses a project, which aims to increase the reliability in an existing 110 kV overhead transmission network by taking measures addressing lightning and grounding issues. Due to the fault statistic in the past, a single overhead line was identified as a main reason for the lightning-caused outages in the area. In this work a number of possibilities for the reduction of lightning-caused outages are discussed and the measures taken in the network are described. All considerations took the special geographical situation of 2300 meter above sea level, the grounding resistance of up to 1200 Ohm and the local lightning activity of more than 6 lightning strikes per km² and year into account (4 to 5 times higher than in other Austrian regions). An analytical process was carried out to evaluate relevant parameters and to develop a concept of practical measures. Within these evaluations, the footing resistance, the effectiveness of the shielding angle of the shielding wires and the line arrester locations were analyzed. A multiplicity of numerical calculations were performed to assess the application of surge arresters regarding the insulation coordination for the system. To improve the line performance and to decrease the line outage rate, a number of practical measures were applied to the 110 kV line. In the past, the double three phase systems of the 110 kV overhead line was constructional converted into one active single three phase system with two additional earth wires. According to the numerical results, 18 surge arresters have been installed in a line section of 9 towers, located in a high alpine part and in an area of high lightning activity. Three years of field experiences have shown that the theoretical investigations and the practical measures led to a significant decrease of lightning caused outages. In the year 2007 a new project was started to evaluate a reconstruction of the line into the original double three phase system. New numerical calculation routines were made to apply line arresters at this important 110 kV system in an Austrian extreme mountain region. Based on this results, a new application of line arresters and the constructional change of the system is planned.

Technology for Improving Street Dog Welfare and Capturing Data in Digital Format during Street Dog Sterilisation Programmes.

Simple SummaryHumane Society International (HSI) facilitates dog sterilisation programmes internationally, which includes population surveys of street dogs to gain basic demographic information and to set a baseline for future monitoring operations. HSI has developed a web and mobile application suite called ‘HSIApps’ with custom tailored workflows to improve the efficiency (lower programmatic cost) and improve the welfare of dogs in care throughout the sterilisation process. The Android-based mobile app is simple and easy to use for teams in the field. The web app has data dashboards, record views, and reports for monitoring and evaluation purposes. The use of such digital applications can improve dog population management programme implementation, ensure positive outcomes for dogs postoperatively, and facilitate programmatic monitoring and evaluation. We describe here the use of this application and insights gained through its use in HSI’s street dog monitoring, evaluation, and impact assessment (MEIA) programmes in India.Street dogs survive on food handouts provided by individuals, or the wider community yet typically receive limited to no veterinary care. They can also carry a variety of zoonotic diseases such as rabies, posing a significant risk to human and dog population health. Dog sterilisation is one of the most humane and effective methods available to control street dog populations. Dog sterilisation programmes, particularly those operating at a large-scale, often face a variety of challenges including limited resources, staffing, and less-than-ideal facilities. Recordkeeping is often a challenge as well, which can complicate the return of a sterilised dog to their location of capture. Street dogs are territorial, and the return of a dog to an incorrect location is fraught with various welfare issues, as well as an increased risk of postoperative complications, including death. Humane Society International developed a mobile phone-based application called ‘HSIApps’ drawing on years of field experience and data collection in street dog location recording, as well as clinical and postoperative treatment. HSIApps facilitates the return of dogs back to their exact captured location, which ensures dog welfare, and generates reports of a variety of useful data variables to maximise the efficacy and reliability of sterilisation programmes.

Paramedic Ability in Interpreting Electrocardiogram with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) in Saudi Arabia.

ObjectiveTo evaluate paramedic ability in recognizing 12-lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) with ST-segment Elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Saudi Arabia.MethodsThis is a quantitative exploratory cross-sectional study using an electronic survey of paramedics was conducted between June and September 2021. The survey included demographics, educational and clinical experiences, and multiple 12-lead ECG strip questions to assess participants’ ability to recognize STEMI. We reported the overall sensitivity, specificity, and correct proportions with 95% Confidence Intervals (CI).ResultsEighty-four paramedics completed the survey, and 65% of them were between 24 and 29 years old, with a median, of three years of field experience. Overall sensitivity and specificity were 58.39% (95% CI, 50.4% to 66.1%) and 29.01% (95% CI, 25.15% to 33.1%), respectively. In total, 67.1% correctly identified inferior STEMI, whereas only 50% correctly identified lateral STEMI. Both STEMIs were correctly identified by 41%, and the majority misinterpreted STEMI mimics (ECG rhythms with similar ECG morphology to STEMI). The proportion who correctly recognized left bundle branch block was 14.8%, pericarditis was 10.9%, and ventricular pacing was 1.4%. However, almost third of participants correctly identified right bundle branch block (32.9%) and left ventricle hypertrophy (30.7%). Overall, there was no correlation between the correct ECG interpretation of STEMIs and educational and clinical experiences.ConclusionParamedics were able to identify STEMI events in prehospital settings with moderate sensitivity and low specificity with limited ability to differentiate between STEMI and STEMI mimics. Therefore, additional training in ECG interpretation could improve their clinical decision-making, and to ensure that proper care and treatment is provided. Further research on a large, representative sample of paramedics across the country could provide more definitive evidence to establish a greater degree of accuracy in detecting STEMI in prehospital settings.

Knowledge and attitude of peripheral health workers regarding Non-Communicable diseases in a Rural area of Rajasthan

Background: Mortality due to Non communicable disease (NCD) has increased from 50% to 60% in India from 2004 to 2014. Increasing mortality due to NCD has compelled Government of India to launch a national program (NPCDCS). This program has involved peripheral health workers hence this study was conducted to assess level of knowledge and attitude of peripheral health workers working in rural area of CHC Naila regarding NCDs. Methods: Present study was conducted at CHC Naila, Rajasthan, during June to Dec 2019. All (38) peripheral health staff working under CHC Naila were assessed and categorised regarding NCD and NPCDCS program. Results: Majority (77%) peripheral health workers had more than ten years of field experience. All have heard about NPCDCS program and type of NCDs covered under it. they were aware of sign &amp; symptoms of common NCDs, however 18.42% of these were not aware of their role of community awareness about risk factors of NCDs and conducting regular screening. Conclusion: Though the level of awareness of health workers regarding type of NCDs, its consequences and risk factors was good however skill development training is needed so that they can screen people effectively and motivate them for healthy life style for optimum result.

Health effects and metabolic pathway of arsenic in children

Our six years of field experience in Bangladesh showed that normally children under 11 years of age do not show arsenical skin manifestations. However, we have observed a few exceptions when (1) the arsenic content in water consumed by children is very high (≥1,000 µg/L) and (2) the arsenic content is not very high, but the children get poor nutrition. It appears that although 6.12% of 4,864 children showed arsenic skin lesions but hair and nail analysis of children (below 11 years) with or without arsenical skin lesions from affected villages of Bangladesh showed that 84% of the children had arsenic in hair more than the toxic level and 89% in nail above normal level. It appears that children living in arsenic affected villages have higher arsenic body burden but less dermatological symptoms. The value of arsenic excretion and arsenic intake per kg of body weight ratio for adults is 0.53 while that of the children is 0.69. This indicates total arsenic excretion is higher for children per kg of body weight than adults. The average values (n = 18) for speciation of arsenic in children urine are 15.60% In-As, 10.64% MMA, and 73.76% DMA. Overall percentage of MMA is higher, and DMA is lower in adults than children (average % MMA is 17.20 vs. 10.64 and % DMA is 64.62 vs. 73.76%, respectively). Therefore, the 2nd methylation step (MMA to DMA) could be more active in children than adults. The results indicate that the first reaction of the metabolism pathway is more active in adults than children, basically in adult’s male. Also shows a significant (t-test positive) increase in the values of the DMA/MMA ratio in children compared to adults of the exposed group (8.15 vs. 4.11, respectively). Moreover, it is also observed that the second methylation step in the arsenic metabolic pathway is more active in children than adults. Because there is no significant difference of the values of MMA/iAs ratio, but the values of DMA/MMA ratio are significantly different between adults and children of the exposed group (0.92 vs. 0.73 for MMA/Asi and 4.11 vs 8.15 for DMA/MMA, respectively). Thus, from these results we may conclude that children retain arsenic shorter in their body comparing adults.

A Study on the State Hair Stylist Licensing System according to the Globalization of the Korean Beauty Industry

Purpose: The beauty industry in Korea has triggered a global syndrome, and in particular, in the beauty industry, which is a labor intensive one highly dependent on human resources, a tool for more efficient and effective manpower management is undergoing discussion on the qualification rating, and hence, it is necessary to study the difference according to job performance. Method: Those who have obtained a national qualification related to the Korean hair in order to analyze the technical job performance according to the qualification rating of the state hair stylist license acquisition as well as those with over 10 years of field experience were subjected to the questionnaire survey. Results: For the hair stylist related qualification and licensed practitioners, the general job performance for each qualification such as cut, perm, hair styling, blow dry, hair evaluation and prescription, hair styling proficiency, and professional work, etc., were surveyed, and consequently, it turned out that there was a difference in job performance in the order of master craftsman, technician, and license, and the difference in job performance of license compared to master craftsman turned out to be larger. Conclusion: Hence, the license issued following the completion of education at universities, etc., has demon-strated a significantly lower job performance compared to the qualification, and in other fields, the qualification system is operated from technician to industrial engineer, and from industrial engineer to master craftsman. However, it is considered that this is so because the qualification system of the beauty area is directly connected to the master craftsman. Accordingly, in order to foster it into a global industry, it would be necessary to improve and supplement specific qualification rating which is realistic, independent, and reflective of the times, moving away from the focus placed on regulations and policies, and as an improvement point and future tasks to be pursued, studies on customer reliability, work habits, interpersonal relationship skills, and quality improvement, which are individual job skills of the state hair stylist license holder, ought to be conducted as well.

Everyday Objects in Trauma Therapy: Examining the Material Culture of Young Refugees with the Aim of Trauma Processing

Objects help us to integrate, socialise, learn, and mirror our past and self. They also represent our home, as we can take them with us when moving. What happens to our objects when this move is accompanied by the trauma of forced migration? The aim of this paper is to understand the significance of the object, the smallest physical unit of the home, in the recovery processes of trauma caused by forced migration. In parallel with a literature review, this research relies on in-depth interviews and the author’s ten years of field experience in refugee communities in Hungary, Switzerland, Belgium and Palestine. The literature review explores the importance of objects in the context of migration, highlighting the roles of them in the process of socialising with others, learning new skills, developing our own self, transforming our home and surviving a challenge. According to the literature, objects can create a safe and well known environment, they can materialise the past and culture, therefore they can help to recall memories and they can also have a significant role in reconnecting us to life, since they integrate us into new communities. According to the interviews, the coping strategies have more to do with activity and social connections and less with everyday objects due to the trauma of forced migration. Taking advantage of the general nature of objects, the coping mechanism of forced migrants and loose object attachment, objects can become a neutral tool of trauma therapy. From the results, a design therapy toolkit will be created for professionals, educators and therapists, which can support processing trauma by developing place and object attachment.

Оценка физико-химических и технологических показателей зерна различных сортов яровой и озимой пшеницы и пригодность муки для хлебопечения

The article presents the results of many years of field experience in the Smolensk Agricultural Academy with spring and winter wheat varieties in order to assess the physicochemical and technological parameters of grain and flour and to select the most suitable varieties for baking purposes, zoned in the soil and climatic conditions of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The study involved eight varieties of spring and winter wheat of Russian, Russian-Belarusian and German breeding. It is established that in production conditions, to increase the mass of 1000 grains, it is necessary to use biointensive and digital technologies for growing grain, which contributes to an increase in weight by more than 3–4 g. Winter wheat proved to be the most productive and valuable in terms of baking and technological qualities, surpassing spring wheat in gluten content, which makes it possible to use flour from its grain for the production of cereals, confectionery and pasta. Laboratory studies have shown that the level of vitreousness depends on the weight of the grain. Thus, in the smaller grain varieties of spring wheat Trizo and Agate, the vitreousness was 65–67%. In addition, the vitreousness is influenced by the humidity level: in wet years, the vitreousness of grains of all varieties of spring and winter wheat decreased by 8–12% relative to the hydrothermal coefficient of growing conditions. All varieties of winter and spring wheat in the conditions of field experience showed plasticity in various climatic conditions and the ability to form a full-scale weight from 736 to 809 g/l corresponding to the genotype of the studied variety. There were no fundamental differences in nature between the varieties. The least variability of nature depending on the soil and climatic conditions of the growing years was observed in intensive varieties of spring wheat, Madam, Agate, Zlata and Radmir, and in winter wheat varieties Volzhskaya 22, Lgovskaya 8, Nemchinovskaya 85. According to the results of the study, the varieties of spring wheat Radmir and Madam, winter wheat – Volzhskaya 22, Measure, Nemchinovskaya 85 have the highest baking properties.