Years Of 20th Century Research Articles

The development of the Central Naval Museum painting collection in the 20s–30s of the 20th century

The author devoted this article to the history of the receipt of paintings in the collection of the Central Naval Museum in the 20s–30s years of 20th century. He notes that a large number of publications have been published on this topic, in particular, on the redistribution of canvases from both the palaces of the emperor and members of the former Russian imperial house, as well as from private collections. The Hermitage Commission, created to check the stocks of antique valuables and issue paintings for export, transferred in 1929 to the museum paintings by such marine artists as I. K. Aivazovsky, A. K. Beggrov, A. P. Bogolyubov, L. D. Blinov, L. F. Lagorio, N. N. Gritsenko, V. D. Tkachenko. The receipt of paintings on the history of the regular fleet of Russia, not only enriched the collection of paintings, but also became a turning point in the history of the museum. The author emphasizes that the research of materials about the new items that the museum accepted for the state registration, showed that sometimes the names of paintings and the surnames of artists were not indicated in the lists. He draws attention to the fact that in the passports of museum objects in the column “Accounting numbers and designations”, in the column “Old accounting” there are no previous inventory numbers, despite the inventory that took place in the museum in 1938. At the same time, in the album of the Guards Crew, transferred to the museum in 1918, both the old registration numbers of paintings and the new ones are systematically marked in the passports of museum items. The consequences of this inventory have not yet been overcome. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that filling in the missing information about the formation of museum collection in the twentieth century is one of the important components in the museum’s activities.

THE INFLOW OF RUSSIAN CAPITAL AND INDUSTRY INTO THE BUKHARA EMIRATE IN THE LATE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES

Beginning in the 80 years of 19th century , the Russian government and entrepreneurs began to invest in the development of protected and gray lands in the emirate, as well as in the expansion of cotton fields. It also introduced an industry related to the processing of raw cotton grown in the emirate. It also pursued a policy of relocating the military and Russian citizens to major cities in the emirate.

Балет СРСР на шляху до хореодрами в оптиці художньої критики

The purpose of the article is to analyze the critical discourse of the avant-garde searches of the choreographers of academic theatres of the 20s years of 20th century in the USSR through the prism of the formation of choreodrama. Methodology. The article analyzes critical approaches to assessing choreographer’s searches, compares them; chronological and typological methods are also applied. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the approaches of critics to the examination of experiments on the academic ballet scene of the 20s years of 20th century in the USSR in the aspect of the features of choreodrama formation were traced; the main causes and consequences of the transition to choreodrama were identified. Conclusions. Polyphonism of the critical discourse of the 1920s of 20th century in the USSR manifested itself in various approaches to assessing the search for the form of a new performance by choreographers who proposed a dance symphony (“The Greatness of the Universe”, F. Lopukhov), a modern revolutionary theme in a propaganda and poster form (“Red Whirlwind” F. Lopukhov; “Tornado” K. Goleizovsky), the development of the inner dance potential of the ballet performance (“Pulcinella” F. Lopukhov), the creation of large forms with the enrichment of the choreographic vocabulary by acrobatic movements (“The Ice Maiden” F. Lopukhov), the formative searches from the choreographic plasticity (“Joseph the Beautiful” K. Goleizovsky), an eccentric interpretation of classical heritage ballets (“The Nutcracker” F. Lopukhov). However, none of these artistic decisions was recognized by promising critics, the methods of creating performances were not supported as strategic directions for the development of modern ballet art in the USSR. Among the leading critics of ballet there was no unity in the key issue – the attitude to choreography as the main expressive means of ballet theater. I. Sollertinsky was an apologist for the struggle with classical dance as a relic of the past, sought to dramatize ballet; A. Piotrovsky advocated a synthetic spectacle (a combination of ballet, opera, drama); A. Gvozdev’s views from the definition of dance as a source of innovation evolved to the recognition of the substantiveness leading role, rejection of abstractness. Potentially choreodrama, which is based on a literary work, met the basic requirements of socialist realism (realism, nationality, concreteness). In the conditions of the dramatic content dominance over the form, the development of which is facilitated by music, there was a withdrawal of music in ballet to the background.

A study of complications in dengue fever among paediatric patients

The first major epidemics of severe and fatal form of disease, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), occurred in Southeast Asia as a direct result of this changing ecology. The dramatic global geographic expansion during the last 25 years of 20th century, epidemic DF/DHF occurred, facilitated by unplanned urbanization in tropical developing countries, modern transportation, lack of effective mosquito control and globalization. During 21st Century, epidemic DF/DHF is one of the most important infectious disease affecting tropical urban areas. It has been estimated that 50 100 million of dengue infections, 5,00,000 cases of DHF were hospitalized and 20,000 25,000 deaths occurred mainly in children. Detailed history of patients with dengue and NS1 positive or IgM positive serological findings were enrolled into the study after obtaining parental consent. The presenting signs and symptoms that were observed among the cases who meet the inclusion criteria are: fever, headache, retro orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, appearance of rashes, any bleeding manifestation (epistaxis, melena, hematemesis), decreased urinary output, breathlessness and yellowish discoloration of eyes. About 73.1% of the cases without complications were diagnosed as DHF grade I, 26.9% as grade II and none as grade III in this study. The patients with complications had noted that 7.4% were diagnosed as grade I, 88.9% as grade II and 3.7% as grade III in this study at the time of admission.

Специфика образа тополя в русской лирике 50–70-х годов XX века

В статье характеризуется проблема изучения дендронимов в русском дискурсе. В основе исследования образа тополя в русской лирике 50–70-х годов XX века лежит лексико-семан­тический подход к образу, т.е. рассмотрение его значения в аспекте системы лексических средств его воплощения в художественном тексте. В результате проведенного исследования выявлены основные признаки, характеризующие образ тополя, описаны и проиллюстрированы примерами языковые средства, актуализирующие данные признаки в их прямом и метафорическом употреблении в поэтическом контексте, охарактеризована специфика образа тополя в русской лирике указанного периода, получены выводы о том, что доминантными денотативными признаками поэтического тополя являются «высота», «серебристая окраска листа», «стройность». При метафорическом употреблении данных признаков наиболее актуальными являются ассоциативные отношения «тополь – атрибуты человека», «тополь – субъект речевой деятельности», «тополь – поведение человека», «тополь-горожанин», «тополь – атрибут всей страны». Большое значение в данном образе имеют также смыслы, воплощенные в поэтическом комплексе «троемирия».

Movimientos sociales y democracia: modos de lo pol�tico

In this work, I will develop the hypothesis about how since the last years of 20th century in Latin America there has been many social and political movements that interpellated Latin-American neoliberal democracies (1997-2007). The emergency of this social and political movements represented the main contribution for us, intellectuals to be able start thinking in a different way and to get free from our own files about political philosophy which had classical European shapes that had us caught in insufficient categories to understand our own contexts. Such as the duality between public/private; society/state; civil society/political society; citizenship/democracy.

The phyllophagous of woody plants of genus Ulmus in protective plantings of arid zone

Creating of long-lasting, normally developing plantings on the urbanized territories in the arid zones is difficult. The main tree species are elm (Fam. Ulmaceae – more than 70% of tree composition). They have a high drought and salt tolerance, rapid growth. They are widely used in the creation of artificial forest plantings in steppes and deserts. The main part of the plantations was created in the 50-60 years of 20th century. Today the aging of plants is observing. Trees of this age lose their physiological and decorative potential as well as resistance to pests under intensive anthropogenic impact. At the forest pathology research about 90 % of the plants of elm species of plantings of various types and categories were identified to be in poor condition. Leaf-eating pests play an active role in the deterioration of their sanitary state. Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller, 1766), Cladius ulmi (Linnaeus, 1758), and Aproceros leucopoda (Takeuchi, 1939) have a special harmfulness as well as the regularity of the local centers among the mass phyllophagous of plants of the family. The last two species were discovered in artificial plantations for the first time. The destructive effect of those pests on certain types of elm plants is uneven.

Contextos cerámicos tardoantiguos procedentes del edificio palacial de Santa María de Abajo de Carranque (Toledo)

The archaeological excavation works developed at the site of Santa Maria de Abajo (Carranque, Toledo) between 2009 and 2011, focused on the space occupied by the Late Roman Palace, have allowed us to know a long occupational sequence developed between Roman times and the early years of 20th century. In this work we present the study of ten ceramic contexts associated with Late Antiquity levels. These contexts allow to identify nine ceramic groups and to know the Late Antiquity sequence –middle 5th to the end of 7th century ad– in this area of the site of Carranque. The performed study allows us to begin to characterize the moments of this Late Antiquity occupation in the analyzed space, being identified three moments; the two first coincide with habitat structures –Phase 2– and the third one is associated to a necropolis –Phase 3–.

THE MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY – EARLY 21ST CENTURY FUNCTIONING OF LVIV’S HORONYMS

There are official and traditional names of places upon the territory of the town or the city. They have existed from the ancient times till contemporary days. The official ones have been given by the executive body, and the traditional names are describing the place by nearby locations, buildings or natural objects. Toponyms are divided into different classes and subclasses.
 Horonyms describe nonlinear structures (territories) and were used to call any places on the town’s area, except for streets or squares. Horonyms do not provide the information about the official administrative division of the contemporary time but were putting traditional names in use.In order to answer the question - how long this class of the city’s names lasted, one has to base on retrospective comparison of the pre-statistical source. The contemporary vocabulary of Lviv’s dialect (“Leksykon lvivskyy povazhno i na zhart”) have fixed 65 horonyms of Lviv’s area, which currentlyare being used by city dwellers. That was the basement of analysis by the retrospective method. This data was compared with such sources: late 19 c.-early 20 c. guidebooks and middle 19 c. maps with their accompaniment notes.The administrative units’ division of Lviv’s territory was applied in this article because during the long 19 century Lviv was a part of Austro-Hungary Empire. That’s why 4 groups of horonyms were excluded: 1. the names of the former city’s villages that are currently preserved as the city’s horonyms because those villages were absorbed into the city only during 20th century. (Today names of those former villages do not reflect the administrative units’ division); 2. village Sygnivka, which was founded only in the 20th years of 19thcentury on the area of the former suburb Halytskie of Lviv’s early modern period; 3. the names of villages, which surrounded town’s area, but were not under the rule of the town hall; 4. all names of objects, which were upon the area of these villages.So after the exclusion, we have 48 names (horonyms). The analysis showed that one name came into being in the late 20th century and eight other ones during its first half. Fifteen horonyms, as well, as their names were founded during the 19th century. So, that leaves us with twenty-four names, which were established during the earlier period and are being used now in the city. We need to continue research on a retrospective comparison of the named recorded in the early modern serial sources.

Contextos cerámicos emirales del yacimiento de Carranque (Toledo)

Los trabajos de excavación arqueológica desarrollados en el yacimiento de Santa María de Abajo (Carranque, Toledo) entre 2009 y 2011, centrados en el espacio ocupado por el palacio tardorromano, nos han permitido conocer una larga secuencia ocupacional desarrollada entre época romana y los primeros años del siglo XX. En el presente trabajo presentamos el estudio de los contextos cerámicos asociados a los niveles emirales.

Theoretical basis of formation and development of institute of district administration in the cities

Досліджено теоретичні засади формування та розвитку інституту районної у місті адміністрації в умовах децентралізації державної влади. Здійснено обґрунтування методологічних підходів до формування та розвитку інституту районної у місті адміністрації. Показано, що в науковій та нормативно-правовій базі питання формування та розвитку виконавчого органу міської ради як районна у місті адміністрація недостатньо досліджено. Нормативно-правова база сучасного місцевого самоврядування України має глибокі прочалини в частині такого інституту місцевого самоврядування, як районна у місті адміністрація. Обґрунтовано основні складові з формування та розвитку інституту районної у місті адміністрації. Встановлено, що цей інститут місцевого самоврядування виник унаслідок практичної діяльності з управління міським господарством та легалізував свою структуру і форму виключно на рівні актів місцевого самоврядування. Виявлено, що проблема теоретико-методологічного аналізу сутності формування та розвитку інституту районної у місті адміністрації не стала до цього часу предметом наукового дослідження. З’ясовано, що поза увагою науковців залишилося питання теоретичного обґрунтування сутності нового інституту місцевого самоврядування та його вплив на підконтрольну адміністративно-територіальну частину міста.

Mustafa Kemal and Turkey in the correspondences of Soviet Bureaucrats (1918-1922)

Capitalism and socialism has been the most common ideologies in the world history geographically. While capitalism feeding from a system based on proprietary property and colonialism caused the French Revolution of 1789, socialism putting forward collective property, economic equality, and community brought about the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Capitalism dragged Europe into the First World War in 1914 called ‘’war of sharing the world’’. Since the most important regions which were desired to be shared by the countries which were the responsible for starting the First World War were in the borders of the Ottoman Empire, it was evaluated that early years of 20th century were years troubling for the history of Turkey. The citizens and administrators of the state became a focal point of the events of political and economic. The Treaty of Sevr 1920 , which it aggravated the situation in Turkey and affected all ideas, movements, and ideologies, was signed at this period. One of the open-minded personalities to new ideologies in the Ottoman Empire bureaucracy was Mustafa Kemal Pasha, who is the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Even if the National Struggle movement, which were similar with the French Revolution of 1789 and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and started by Mustafa Kemal Pasha was affected by both ideologies of that period, it was different them. Researches based on only European, which was related to the Kemalist movement has been carried out so far. However, it is undeniable that Russian archives are of great importance on Kemalist movement. Those archives consist of unpublished correspondences, and several intelligence texts of Soviet Russia related to the National Struggle movement besides. In this study, the documents related to Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Turkey contained in the various correspondences of Soviet Russia between 1918 and 1922 were investigated. Moreover, Mustafa Kemal Pasha was also compared with Lenin and Mustafa Kemal’s view against Soviet Russia and Lenin’s thoughts towards the National Struggle movement were evaluated. Lenin's ways of obtaining information and the nature of his intelligence were queried. As a result, it was seen that Soviet Russia had an accurate and in-depth knowledge about Turkey which was newly getting established and the leaders of the states of Turkey and Soviet carried out strategies in direction of national and common interests in foreign policy

FERTILE GROUND FOR SEEKING GOD IN THE SILVER AGE

The author of the article conducts a study of the conditions for the emergence of intellectuals-seekers. According to the author, the emergence of intellectuals’ seekers is the result of interaction between European philosophy and the actual conditions in Russia. However, the real conditions in Russia as power inherent causes played a decisive role in the process of searching for God adding the Russian intelligentsia. The rapid development of bourgeois relations of production in the second half of the nineteenth century brought to maintain on the one hand, the concept of a liberal, democratic renewal of mankind in accordance with the ideals of civil society, legal state, on the other hand, gave rise to Marxism, which became the ideology of the rejects in this changing world of the lower classes. In such a situation in Russia formed various political parties and ideological currents. The end of the 19th century was marked all over Europe, and in Russia alone, the strong influence of two people. It was Marx and Nietzsche. Familiarity with Russian Marxism can be attributed more to the 40-th years of 19th century, an important indicator of what was a great event - the publication of "Capital" Marx in the 70-ies. Decade, he worked from 1894 to 1904 it was characterized by the wide spread of Marxism in Russia. And the years - spreading the ideas of Marxism and Nietzsche - coincide with a key period of formation of the worldview of the representatives of searching for God. The author, on the basis of the study notes that almost all Russian intellectuals - God-seekers, second generation operated under the dual influence of traditional Russian religious-philosophical thought and European neoromanticism. V. Solovyov’s ideas has laid a solid Foundation for Russian intellectuals, the seekers of the second generation of the turn of the century, especially since he had a direct impact on them: in 1885 at Moscow University organized the first philosophical society in Russia. It is from this new religious philosophers began his philosophical life.

Cambrian fossils from the Barrandian area (Czech Republic) stored in the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille

A complete list of fossils originating from the Cambrian of the Barrandian area and housed in the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Lille is compiled. The collection includes two agnostids, ten trilobites, one brachiopod and one echinoderm species, all collected at ten outcrops in the Buchava Formation of the Skryje-Týřovice Basin and most probably also at two outcrops in the Jince Formation of the Přibram-Jince Basin. A large part of the material was collected by Prof. Charles Barrois and Dr. Louis Dolle (both University of Lille) during the excursion organised before the Ninth International Geological Congress in Vienna in 1903. Other, poorly documented specimens were purchased from the enterprise Krantz towards the end of the 19th century and in the first years of 20th century. The geographic position and stratigraphy of outcrops, from which the material originates, are briefly discussed.

English

From the late 20th century until the present time, researchers in the broad field of psychological science have been noting the need for refined intellectual frameworks to arise (Homskaya, 2010; Kandel, 1998, Rossouw, 2011; Rossouw, 2014). Western views that are presented in the following pages refer to “…the dawn of the mental health renaissance.” (Rossouw, 2011, p. 3), which was heralded by the “…new intellectual framework in psychiatry” (Kandel, 1998, p. 457) and the corresponding technological advances in the neurosciences. As a result, the emerging field of brain-based care is rapidly gaining momentum - a neuroscientifically informed therapy or neuropsychotherapy (Grawe, 2007, Rossouw, 2014). In the early years of 20th century a group of academics in the field of psychology in Russia formed a new school, which during the restricted times of Soviet regime received insufficient recognition on a global scale (Kostyanaya & Rossouw, 2013). The investigators aimed at developing an “objective” approach to understanding the connection between mind and brain with latest research focussed on the problem of personality, its neural correlates and the impact of society on human mental functioning (Homskaya, 2010; Luria, 1979). Due to the opening of the iron curtain and present-day globalisation more literature on Soviet psychological developments is being translated and is becoming available for a broader audience (see, for example multiple works of Akhutina (2003), Akhutina & Pylaeva, 2012; Leontiev (2005a, 2005b, 2012, 2013), published in English). This new state of affairs allows the comparative analysis of Soviet paradigms and the contemporary Western paradigms which is the general aim of this paper. In the first part of the paper a neuropscyhotherapeutic framework is presented, starting with an outline of its roots and most current conceptualisations of neuropsychotherapy as a research field. The second part of the report focuses on the development of Soviet school of psychology and its main postulates. The third part of the report includes the comparative analysis of the two paradigms as well as a consideration for future analytic inquiry in this area. The final part of the paper closes with a succinct conclusion.

Dziecięce i młodzieńcze fascynacje Tanizakiego Jun’ichirō światem teatru kabuki

In this article I focused on introducing the writer’s earliest fascinations with traditional Japanese theater such as kabuki (it can be translated as ‘the art of singing and dancing’) and other theatrical performances he witnessed in temples and shrines of Tokyo in late years of 19th century. Tanizaki, born into merchant’s family in Tokyo, was educated from his early childhood by his mother and grandfather – who both shared a refined taste, with respect to traditional Japanese culture ad especially Japanese theater. This article is based on Tanizaki’s essays, memoirs where he describes his interest and passion for theater in great detail. These essays and memoirs are an indispensable and significant source of knowledge of the subject in question.

La publicidad impresa de principios del siglo XX. Análisis de los anuncios publicados en "La Voz de Galicia" de 1900 a 1920

The early years of 20th century pushed the Spanish press to a lot of changes. The newspapers were able of overcoming their ideological function to get a new business interest with the main objective of maintaining the citizens alright informed. In this way, the press needed external resources to keep its operation and consequently, the advertisement became one of the most important financial supports, whose function takes place until nowadays. In relation with this, we would like to emphasize the Galician diary La Voz de Galicia , whose labor stand out among other diaries in that period. It is a commercial diary, it needs to publish announcements in their pages, and thus it could be interesting to study the level of penetration of the advertisements in this newspaper in addition to the main announcers in these early years of 20th Century.

Improvement of ATHLET modelling capability for asymmetric natural circulation phenomenon using uncertainty and sensitivity measures

Natural circulation is one of the most important phenomena relating to nuclear reactor safety. In the last years of 20th century, lots of test facilities were set up to conduct natural circulation experiments. At the same time, some system codes, such as RELAP5 and CATHARE, have been validated by the experimental data carried out by these facilities. The calculation results show that these codes can capture most of the characters during the natural circulation transient, except some special processes. One of the examples is PKL IIIB3.1 test, an asymmetric natural circulation transient in the primary loop with an isolated steam generator. The cooled down process using the intact steam generators by reducing the secondary side pressure is the driving force of the natural circulation in primary loop.In this paper, a post-test calculation is performed by best-estimate thermal-hydraulic code ATHLET to simulate PKL IIIB3.1 test. Due to the effect of isolated steam generator on the whole primary cooling system, the results show that the mass flow in the isolated loop is overpredicted significantly comparing to the experimental data. Many measures have been tried to improve the simulation results, but an effective method is still missing. Based on the post-test calculation results, an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis is carried out to find out the main reason causing this higher circulation mass flow. Lots of factors are considered in this study, e.g. the boundary conditions, thermal-hydraulic correlations, and model parameters. The most sensitive factors are selected and adopted to improve the simulation modelling. The results achieved so far indicate that with these measures, the ATHLET capability for the asymmetric natural circulation phenomenon is effectively improved.

New gravity control in Poland – needs, the concept and the design

Abstract The existing Polish gravity control (POGK) established in the last few years of 20th century according to the international standards is spanned on 12 absolute gravity stations surveyed with four different types of absolute gravimeters. Relative measurements performed by various groups on nearly 350 points of POGK with the use of LaCoste&Romberg (LCR) gravimeters were linked to those 12 stations. The construction of the network, in particular the limited number of non homogeneously distributed absolute gravity stations with gravity determined with different instruments in different epochs is responsible for systematic errors in g on POGK stations. The estimate of those errors with the use of gravity measurements performed in 2007-2008 is given and their possible sources are discussed. The development of absolute gravity measurement technologies, in particular instruments for precise field absolute gravity measurements, provides an opportunity to establish new type of gravity control consisting of stations surveyed with absolute gravimeters. New gravity control planned to be established in 2012-2014 will consist of 28 fundamental points (surveyed with the FG5 - gravimeter), and 169 base points (surveyed with the A10 gravimeter). It will fulfill recent requirements of geodesy and geodynamics and it will provide good link to the existing POGK. A number of stations of the new gravity control with precisely determined position and height will form the national combined geodetic network. Methodology and measurement schemes for both absolute gravimeters as well as the technology for vertical gravity gradient determinations in the new gravity control were developed and tested. The way to assure proper gravity reference level with relation to ICAG and ECAG campaigns as well as local absolute gravimeter comparisons are described highlighting the role of metrology in the project. Integral part of the project are proposals of re-computation of old gravity data and their transformation to a new system (as 2nd order network) as well as a definition of gravity system as “zero-tide” system. Seasonal variability of gravity has been discussed indicating that the effects of environmental changes when establishing modern gravity control with absolute gravity survey cannot be totally neglected.

AYANLAR ve DENIZCILIK

Ayans which emerged at Anatolian and Rumelian provinces of Ottoman Imperium, whom was sort of an equilibrant to government and each other, lived through their most powerful period in Eastern Black Sea region at the end of 18th and early years of 19th century. This period also was the opening of Black Sea to the international maritime trade. And most of the seaports of Eastern Black Sea was established at this period either. In this study we will examine maritime activities of Ayans just before first Steamship cruises at Eastern Black Sea. Our aim is to discuss effects of decentralisation on maritime sector, ayan interest about maritime and effects of steamship cruises on local navigation in this context.