Years In Postmenopausal Women Research Articles

Behandlung der Osteoporose mit Denosumab

Denosumab is the first human monoclonal antibody for the treatment of osteoporosis. By inhibiting RANK Ligand, Denosumab prevents the development, activation and survival of osteoclasts. The FREEDOM study reported a 68 % reduction of vertebral fractures, 20 % of non-vertebral fractures and 40 % of hip fractures after 3 years in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis receiving denosumab 60 mg sc every six months vs. placebo. Five years extension of the denosumab group showed a further decrease in the rate of both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures, whereas BMD at spine and hip increased continuously. There was no increase in the rate of adverse events year after year, including of infections, cancer, atypical fractures, delayed fracture healing or ONJ. Clinical hypocalcemia was rare in the context of calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Pre-planned and post-hoc subgroup analyses have further shown the anti-fracture efficacy of denosumab in high-risk subgroups, such as older women and those with low T-scores and/or prevalent vertebral fractures. Denosumab withdrawal is accompanied by a transient rebound of bone turnover markers and a proportional BMD loss. Smaller randomized controlled studies have shown that denosumab further improves BMD after one year compared to alendronate.

Daily apple consumption promotes cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women

Animal findings suggest that apple and its components, e.g. apple pectin and polyphenols improve lipid metabolism and lower the production of proinflammatory molecules. To our knowledge, the present study is the first that evaluated the cardioprotective effects of daily consumption of apple for one year in postmenopausal women. Qualified women (160) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary intervention groups: dried apple (75g/day) or comparative control dried fruit. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-month to measure various parameters. Our findings indicate that the additional daily caloric intake of ~240 from dried apple not only do not increase body weight but rather lower it by 1.5 kg without altering habitual dietary intake. In this study, apple consumption significantly reduced serum levels of TC and LDL by 14% and 23%, respectively. The daily apple consumption also profoundly improved atherogenic risk ratios in addition to lowering serum levels of lipid hydroperoxide (33%) and C-reactive protein (32%). In conclusion, incorporation of apple into regular diet is encouraged because of its highly favorable effects in reducing the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Grant Funding Source: Partly supported by USDA

Epidemiology of breast cancer in young women

Breast cancer is mainly a postmenopausal disease, but in younger women breast tumors often exhibit more aggressive features and worse prognosis. Furthermore, high-risk and low-risk tumors present different age distributions suggesting that breast cancer comprises a mixture of two different disease processes. In agreement with this hypothesis, breast cancer presents different epidemiologic traits in pre- and postmenopausal women. Regarding racial distribution, incidence is higher in black women at younger ages in US, while the reverse is true among women older than 50 years. Genetic predisposition is a stronger risk factor in young women. On the contrary, nulliparity and obesity decrease the risk of early-onset breast cancers while are associated with higher incidence in older women. Epidemiologic data related with the hormonal exposure in utero suggest that the effect is stronger in early breast cancers. In most developed countries, breast cancer has shown an upward trend until recent years in postmenopausal women, while incidence rates in younger women have been stable. However, Spain is an exception to this rule: Spanish women younger than 45 years of age have registered a steady increase of breast cancer that may be related with the remarkable lifestyle changes experienced by women born in the second half of the twentieth century.

Breast density changes associated with postmenopausal hormone therapy

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of oral hormone therapy (HT) on breast density in postmenopausal women and to compare the use of computer-based automated approaches for the assessment of breast density with reference to traditional methods. Low-dose oral estrogen (1 mg) continuously combined with drospirenone (2 mg) was administered to postmenopausal women for up to 2 years (26 treatment cycles, 28 d/cycle) in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. This post hoc analysis assessed the changes in breast density measured from digitized images by two radiologist-based approaches (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System score and interactive threshold) and one computer-based technique (heterogeneity examination of radiographs). Correlations of temporal changes in breast density with changes in serum estradiol levels, biochemical markers of bone metabolism, and bone mineral density at the spine and femur were also assessed. Breast density assessed by the radiologist-based approaches increased significantly from baseline in the HT group (P < 0.01), with significant divergence from placebo at 2 years (P < 0.01). Heterogeneity examination of radiograph score by computer-based technique was unchanged in the HT group and decreased significantly with placebo (P < 0.001) to produce a significant group divergence (P < 0.05). Changes in mammographic markers by radiologist- and computer-based approaches correlated with each other in the HT group (P < 0.01) but not in the placebo group. HT for 2 years in postmenopausal women significantly increased radiologist-assessed breast density compared with placebo, in addition to significant changes in estrogen levels, markers of bone metabolism, and bone mineral density. Computer-automated techniques may be comparable with and offer advantages over traditional methods.

Association between coronary artery calcification using low-dose MDCT coronary angiography and bone mineral density in middle-aged men and women

Six hundred sixty-one participants who had at least one cardiac risk factor but were without known coronary heart disease underwent low-dose multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography (MDCT-CA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The association between presence of subclinical coronary calcified plaque and low bone mineral density for the middle-aged individual was not significant after multivariate adjustment. Results of previous clinical studies assessing the relationship between osteoporosis and coronary calcification are inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between subclinical coronary calcification and osteoporosis in middle-aged men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women by using low-dose MDCT-CA and bone mineral density (BMD). This study enrolled 661 participants with at least one cardiac risk factor but without known coronary artery disease (CAD). All subjects underwent low-dose MDCT-CA and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry on the same day. The mean age was 52.2 years for men, 44.8 years for premenopausal women, and 59.1 years for postmenopausal women. The prevalence of calcified plaques between men with normal BMD and low BMD at lumbar spine were significantly different (P=0.042). The prevalence of mixed plaque and calcified plaque between pre- and postmenopausal women with normal BMD and low BMD at lumbar spine and femoral neck were not significantly different (P>0.05). Possible association between lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total proximal femur BMD and the presence of CAP was evaluated for men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women using multivariate logistic regression analysis: results were not significant (P>0.05). Our study demonstrates that the association between the presence of subclinical coronary calcification and low BMD among middle-aged men and women was not significant after controlling for age and other risk factors for CAD and osteoporosis.

The role of zoledronic acid in the management of osteoporosis

Bisphosphonates are the current standard of care for treatment of osteoporosis. However, oral bisphosphonates are associated with complicated dosing regimens because of poor absorption and have the potential for upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract irritation, resulting in poor adherence and persistence. Zoledronic acid (ZOL) 5 mg, a once-yearly intravenous bisphosphonate, is approved for treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis, increasing bone mass in men with osteoporosis, and treatment and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Because it is administered as an infusion, ZOL ensures adherence and persistence over the entire 12-month dosing interval and bypasses the GI absorption/irritation problems associated with oral bisphosphonates. The objective of this study was to review the safety and efficacy of 5 mg ZOL and its potential for improving patient compliance. Published reports dating back to 2001 were reviewed, with emphasis on osteoporosis treatment. In the HORIZON-Pivotal Fracture Trial, annual infusions of 5 mg ZOL produced significant reductions in risk of morphometric vertebral fractures (70%) and hip fractures (41%) vs placebo over 3 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. In the HORIZON-Recurrent Fracture Trial, an annual infusion of 5 mg ZOL after repair of a recent low-trauma hip fracture was associated with significant reductions in risk for new clinical fractures (35%) vs placebo. In men with osteoporosis, an annual treatment of ZOL over 2 years increased lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) by 6% compared with baseline. In patients starting or continuing treatment with chronic glucocorticoids, ZOL resulted in significantly greater increases in lumbar spine BMD over 1 year than an oral bisphosphonate. In postmenopausal women with osteopenia, a single infusion of ZOL over a 2-year period produced significantly greater gains in lumbar spine and hip BMD than placebo. ZOL is generally safe and well tolerated. Five milligrams of ZOL has the potential to improve compliance with osteoporosis therapy and, consequently, to reduce fracture risk in clinical practice.

Prospective assessment of thoracic kyphosis in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

We attempt to assess quantitatively thoracic kyphosis and its influence on incident fractures and quality of life over three years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and the effect of strontium ranelate on thoracic kyphosis progression. This study was performed on women with postmenopausal osteoporosis from the Spinal Osteoporosis Therapeutic Intervention (SOTI) and Treatment of Peripheral Osteoporosis (TROPOS) studies. Vertebral fractures were assessed on lateral thoracic radiographs performed at baseline and at three years according to standardized procedure. Kyphosis index (KI, %), was defined as the percentage ratio between the maximum depth of thoracic curvature and the height measured from the T4 to the T12 vertebrae. Baseline characteristics of the 3218 patients (1594 strontium ranelate, 1624 placebo) were mean age 73.3 years, spine bone mineral density (BMD) T-score (L2-4) -3.1, femoral neck T-score -3.0, and KI 25.4%. In the placebo group, patients with the highest baseline KI experienced significantly more vertebral fractures than those with medium KIs [relative risk (RR) = 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-1.96, p < .001) or the lowest KIs (RR = 1.70, 95%CI 1.32-2.21, p < .001), even after adjusting for the presence of prevalent fractures, age, body mass index (BMI), and BMD. There was no difference in the risk of nonvertebral fractures according to baseline KI. Three-year changes in quality-of-life physical scores reflected significantly better status for patients in the lowest tertile of KI compared with those in the highest at baseline. Over three years, the KI increased for all patients, indicating worsening of thoracic kyphosis, whatever the presence of prevalent or incident vertebral fractures. This KI progression was lower in the strontium ranelate group than in the placebo group. Thoracic kyphosis is a risk factor for vertebral fractures over three years and influences physical capacity changes in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Thoracic kyphosis progression over three years is lower in a subgroup of strontium ranelate-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients.

BMD Response to Delayed-Release Risedronate 35 Mg Once-A-Week Formulation Taken With or Without Breakfast

or 1.8 and 3.5 (total hip or femoral neck) were randomized to receive placebo, alendronate (ALN), or 1 of 7 different doses of DMAb. After 2 years on study, subjects were reallocated to maintain, discontinue, or discontinue and reinitiate DMAb; discontinue ALN; or maintain placebo for 2 more years (Miller et al. Bone 2008). In a 4-year extension phase of this study, all subjects received open-label DMAb 60 mg subcutaneously every 6 months (Q6M). We report interim 2-year safety and efficacy analyses from the extension study, representing up to 6 years of exposure to DMAb. For the 124 subjects who received 6 years of continuous DMAb treatment, BMD continued to increase over the entire treatment period: 13.3% at the lumbar spine, 6.1% at the total hip, and 1.9% at the 1/3 radius compared with their parent study baseline. For the 23 subjects in the previous placebo cohort, 2 years of DMAb treatment resulted in gains in BMD at all sites comparable to those observed during the first 2 years of DMAb 60 mg Q6M in the parent study. Reductions in predose serum CTX and BSAP were sustained over the course of continuous DMAb treatment: the median reduction at year 6 was 55% for CTX and 42% for BSAP. Reductions in CTX and BSAP also were observed when the placebo group transitioned to DMAb treatment. Adverse events that occurred during the extension study were balanced and were similar to those observed during the parent study. Continuous treatment with DMAb resulted in sustained reduction in BTM and further gains in BMD over a period of up to 6 years in postmenopausal women with low bone mass. The overall safety profile in this ongoing study extension did not change over time.

El potencial maligno de los pólipos endometriales

Objectives To determine the pre-malignant and malignant potential of endometrial polyps, and to asses whether different clinical parameters are associated with malignancy in the polyps. Material and methods 452 hysteroscopic resections of endometrial polyps were reviewed. Histological diagnosis and clinical characteristics (presence of abnormal uterine bleeding and polyp size) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed. Results The study included 203 pre-menopausal and 249 post-menopausal women. The mean age of pre-menopausal women was 44.3 ± 0,4 years, and 59.1 ± 0.5 years for postmenopausal women. The diagnosis of polyps was by ultrasound with or without hysterosonography, or by hysteroscopy. The main indication of hysteroscopy was abnormal uterine bleeding, which was 65.1% in the pre-menopausal group and 74.7% in the post-menopausal group. There were 23 cases (11.3%) of hyperplasia without atypia in the pre-menopausal group, and 8 cases (3.2%) in the post-menopausal group. Hyperplasia with atypia was found in 2 cases (0.9%) in the pre-menopausal group, and in 9 cases (3.6%) in the post-menopausal group. There were 16 cases of endometrial carcinoma (6.4%), all of them in post-menopausal women. In 1 of these 16 patients there was no abnormal bleeding, but an endometrial polyp was suspected in the ultrasound. Menopause status was significantly associated with pre-malignant or malignant changes. No significant association was found between the presence of abnormal uterine bleeding and polyp size with pre-malignancy or malignancy in the polyp. Conclusions Post-menopausal women with endometrial polyp, whether symptomatic or not, should be evaluated by hysteroscopic resection. Asymptomatic pre-menopausal patients, without any risk factor, should be followed up.

Five years treatment with strontium ranelate reduces vertebral and nonvertebral fractures and increases the number and quality of remaining life-years in women over 80 years of age

Introduction Longevity has resulted in a greater proportion of the population entering a time of life when increasing bone fragility and falls predispose to fractures, particularly nonvertebral fractures. Women over 80 years of age constitute 10% of the population but contribute 30% of all fractures and 60% of all nonvertebral fractures. Despite this, few studies have examined antifracture efficacy of treatments in this high-risk group and none has provided evidence for benefits beyond 3 years. Materials and methods To determine whether strontium ranelate reduces the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures during 5 years, we analyzed a subgroup of 1489 female patients over 80 years of age (mean 83.5 ± 3.0 years) with osteoporosis from the SOTI (spinal osteoporosis therapeutic intervention) and TROPOS (treatment of peripheral osteoporosis) studies randomized to strontium ranelate 2 g/d or placebo. All received a supplement of calcium plus vitamin D. Results By intention to treat, vertebral fracture risk was reduced by 31% (relative risk, RR = 0.69; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.52-0.92), nonvertebral fracture risk by 27% (RR = 0.73; 95% CI 0.57-0.95), major nonvertebral fracture risk by 33% (RR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.50-0.89) and hip fracture risk by 24% (RR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.50-1.15, not significant). Treatment was cost-saving as it decreased cost and increased QALYs and life-years. Discussion Strontium ranelate safely produced a significant reduction in vertebral and nonvertebral fracture risk during 5 years in postmenopausal women over 80 years of age and was cost saving.

Recommendations of FRAX in clinical assessment of osteoporosis indicated in European and US guidelines

WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) been included in two representative guidelines, one issued from European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) and the other from National Osteoporosis Foundation in U.S. (NOF). Both guidelines commonly set the new track for the use of FRAX with BMD in addition to the conventional algorithm based on BMD and clinical risk factors. However, two guidelines differ in determining intervention threshold values of FRAX. ESCEO guideline proposed age-dependent values of, such as approximately 15%, 20%, and 30% of 10-year fracture probability for major osteoporotic fractures at the respective ages of 60, 70, and 80 years for postmenopausal women. On the other hand, NOF guideline indicated the fixed value 20% for osteoporotic fracture or 3% for hip fracture at the ages of 50 or more. These two different approaches may provide clues when including FRAX in the guideline for clinicians in Japan.

Monthly Variation in Physical Activity Levels in Postmenopausal Women

Month-to-month variation in physical activity levels in a cohort of postmenopausal women participating in a single site clinical trial undergoing lifestyle intervention was investigated before and after lifestyle intervention. Participants were Caucasian and African American women (mean age = 57.0 +/- 3.0 yr) from the Women on the Move through Activity and Nutrition study. Physical activity was measured subjectively by questionnaire (past week and past year) and objectively by pedometer at the baseline and at the 18-month follow-up. At baseline, before intervention, pedometer steps were highest in the summer months (7616 steps per day), lower in the fall (6293 steps per day), lowest in winter (5304 steps per day), and then rebounded in the spring (5850 steps per day). Physical activity estimates from the past-week subjective measure followed the same seasonal pattern. After 18 months, the lifestyle change group significantly increased their pedometer step counts when compared with the health education group (P < 0.0001). At 18 months, pedometer step counts for the health education group appeared to fluctuate from month to month, whereas month-to-month step counts for the lifestyle change group appeared to remain consistent throughout the year. These results confirm previous reports that suggest physical activity levels fluctuate throughout the year. Lifestyle intervention, which includes a physical activity component, not only increases step counts but appears to reduce some of variation in physical activity levels over the course of a year in postmenopausal women.

Phase 3 Trials of Aromatase Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Prevention

The third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs), anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole are potential agents for preventing estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer (BC) in high-risk postmenopausal women. No AI has yet been fully evaluated for prevention. Each AI is incorporated into the design of a phase 3 randomized BC prevention trial based on hypothesis-generating contralateral breast cancer (CLBC) data from a corresponding adjuvant trial. Arimidex, tamoxifen alone or in combination (ATAC) pitted anastrozole against tamoxifen for 5 years as "initial adjuvant" therapy, showing at 33.3 months fewer CLBCs with anastrozole versus tamoxifen (odds ratio [OR] 0.42 overall; OR 0.29 ER-positive BCs), offering the hypothesis on which IBIS-II (International Breast Cancer Intervention Study) is based. "High-risk" IBIS-II compares anastrozole to placebo for the primary prevention of BC in 6000 postmenopausal women. IES (Intergroup Exemestane Study) compared exemestane to tamoxifen following 2-3 years of adjuvant tamoxifen in 4742 postmenopausal women with ER-positive BCs. The benefit from "switching" to exemestane in reducing CLBCs (HR 0.44 at 30.6 months) underlies MAP.3 (Mammary Prevention 3), which compares exemestane to placebo for primary BC risk reduction in 4560 postmenopausal women. MA.17 showed reduced CLBC incidence (HR 0.57) at 2.4 years in postmenopausal women with receptor-positive tumors receiving "extended adjuvant" letrozole compared to placebo following 5 years of tamoxifen. The Study of Letrozole and Raloxifene (STELLAR), using as the control raloxifene, the new U.S. standard drug for BC prevention, would complete the trio of AI prevention trials, but STELLAR is currently on hold.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) or Etidronate for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Asthmatics on Glucocorticoids: a Randomised Factorial Trial

The study was designed to establish the effects of HRT on osteoporosis and fractures over five years in postmenopausal women with asthma receiving regular glucocorticoids and to compare with etidronate. Postmenopausal patients receiving inhaled and/or oral glucocorticoids were randomly assigned to HRT, cyclical etidronate, HRT plus cyclical etidronate or no treatment for five years. The trial was multi-centre and aimed to recruit 750 patients. Outcomes were fractures and changes in bone mineral density (BMD). For reasons detailed in the discussion section of the text, only 50 patients were entered. Three did not fulfil the eligibility criteria and were excluded from the analysis. Among the remaining 47 patients, three (6%) experienced new, symptomatic fractures, one on etidronate and two in the no treatment group. New or worsening morphometric fractures of the thoracolumbar spine occurred in 50% of the 22 patients with spinal radiographs on entry and at five years (one HRT, three etidronate, two HRT plus etidronate and five on no treatment). BMD improved by approximately 1% per annum in those receiving HRT and/or etidronate; comparisons of HRT vs no HRT tended to favour HRT but were only statistically significant at proximal femur. The same trends emerged in the etidronate vs no etidronate comparison, but none reached the 5% level of statistical significance. For postmenopausal patients receiving glucocorticoids for asthma, HRT appears as effective as etidronate in preventing loss of BMD over five years and may have a similar effect on fracture prevention.

Up-Front Use of Aromatase Inhibitors As Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: The Emperor Has No Clothes

Up-Front Use of Aromatase Inhibitors As Adjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer: The Emperor Has No Clothes

Annual zoledronic acid did not increase renal abnormalities at 2 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

Source Citation Boonen S, Sellmeyer DE, Lippuner K, et al. Renal safety of annual zoledronic acid infusions in osteoporotic postmenopausal women. Kidney Int. 2008;74:641-8. 18509324

Reproducibility of Proteomic Profiles Over 3 Years in Postmenopausal Women Not Taking Postmenopausal Hormones

Most proteomics studies examine one blood specimen per participant; however, it is unknown how well measures at one time point reflect an individual's long-term proteome pattern. Therefore, we examined the stability of the proteome over 3 years in postmenopausal women not taking hormones for at least 3 months using surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Using the Nurses' Health Study blood cohort, we randomly selected 60 women from a subset providing 2 to 3 blood samples over 3 years. Four different protein chip surfaces/plasma fractions were examined: unfractionated plasma on a CM10 and H50 chip, pH >/= 9, plasma fraction on a CM10 chip, and the organic fraction on the H50 chip, all with a low- and high-energy transfer protocol. Participant and quality control samples were aligned to a reference sample and then peak intensity was assessed for all peaks identified in the reference sample. The average coefficient of variation (CV) of the peak intensity within conditions ranged from 16% (H50, organic, low protocol) to 63% (CM10, pH > or = 9, high protocol). Generally, the CV and mean peak intensity of the quality control samples were inversely correlated (median -0.48). The mean intraclass correlation (ICC) within conditions ranged from 0.37 (H50, unfractionated, low protocol) to 0.68 (CM10, unfractionated, high protocol). For a signal-to-noise cutoff of 2.0, we observed 334 peaks, of which 241 (72%) had an ICC of > or =0.40. Although we observed a large range of CVs and ICCs, sufficient numbers of peaks had reasonable ICCs to suggest that protein peak reproducibility over 3 years was reasonable among postmenopausal women not taking hormones.

Low bone mass is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: The Japanese Population-based Osteoporosis (JPOS) Cohort Study

We analyzed 609 women belonging to the JPOS study in a 10-year follow-up survey, to examine the association of osteoporosis with atherosclerosis. Osteoporosis or prevalent vertebral fracture at baseline was associated with increased intima-media thickness of the carotid bifurcation in postmenopausal women, adjusted for age, BMI, and other variables at baseline. Whether low bone mass predicts increased carotid atherosclerosis has not been fully investigated. In 2006, we conducted a 10-year follow-up survey of 1,040 women (follow-up rate: 68.6%). We analyzed 609 women > or =50 years old in 2006 without a history of cardiovascular or connective tissue diseases at baseline. BMD and evaluation of vertebral fracture at baseline were used. The intima-media thickness of carotid bifurcation (BIF-IMT) was measured by B-mode ultrasonography in 2006. Adjusted BIF-IMT values of subjects with spine T-score > or =-1, between-2.5 and -1, and <-2.5 or prevalent vertebral fracture were 1.19 mm, 1.34 mm, 1.57 mm, respectively, in women with less than 10 years since menopause (YSM) (n = 159), 1.30 mm, 1.32 mm, 1.53 mm, in women with YSM > or =10 without a history of hypertension at baseline (n = 144) (both with p < 0.05 for linear trend). Those values among no versus prevalent vertebral fracture in women with YSM > or =10 were 1.40 mm, 1.66 mm with p < 0.05 (n = 202). Those associations were independent of age, BMI, total cholesterol, smoking and drinking habits, history of diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (for women with YSM < 10) at baseline. Osteoporosis including prevalent vertebral fracture may be associated with carotid atherosclerosis in the first 10 years of postmenopausal women.

Impact of diet, physical activity, lipid status and glycoregulation in estimation of score (systematic coronary risk evaluation) for ten years in postmenopausal women.

The incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in women, although lower than in men, increases dramatically after the menopause. Diabetes mellitus is a more powerful predictor of CHD risk and prognosis in women than in men. The aim of this study was to promote diet and physical activity (PA) regimen in order to decrease coronary risk in next years in postmenopausal women with impaired glucose tolerance. Methodological approach of this research is to compare data gathered trough prospective and retrospective analysis of anamnestic data, clinical research, diagnostic tests and biochemical parameters of 100 examinees, regarding the glycoregulation, lipid status, body mass indexes, incidence of hypertension, uric acid and fibrinogen level. The SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) assessment system is derived from a large dataset of prospective European studies and predicts any kind of fatal CVD events over a ten-year period. It was documented that the then year risk of fatal CVD exerted a shift toward the lower percent value in postmenopausal women after proposed diet/PA regimen. In pre-menopausal women the estimated ten year risk of fatal CVD by SCORE was shifted toward the level below 1%. The risk of 15% and above was not documented after diet/physical activity regimen. The prevalence of the atherogenic lipid markers at the beginning and the end of the assay decreased for all investigated lipid parameters in the group of pre-menopausal women what was more than in postmenopausal ones. Presented data indicate that dietary regimen and physical activity are crucial factors in CVD prevention throughout menopause and beyond. Behavioral changes aimed at decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure, should be implemented in pre-menopausal period of life.

A low fat diet led to a minor weight loss at 7.5 years in postmenopausal women

Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA 2006;295:39–49. [OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Q...