Years In Captivity Research Articles

Zaangażowanie kobiet w problemy społeczne w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym w Polsce na wybranych przykładach

The article presents the profiles and activities of a few selected women, social activists from the interwar period in Poland. They came from various backgrounds, they were active in many fields, but also offered and directed their help to various groups of people. They were all connected by their work done out of sense of duty and even understood as a mission towards people who were in need. Their possibilities were different. Michalina Mościcka and Aleksandra Piłsudska were the wives of notable politicians. They both acted as community workers before their husbands ’political careers took off, and likewise while they were in public office. Olga Małkowska from the Drahonowski family participated in the establishment of the scouting movement in Poland, promoted its spread in society, and at the same time saw and reacted to problems that Poles faced right after the state regained independence. She was socially involved, inter alia, in taking care of poor children. Dr. Justyna Budzyńska-Tylicka was a doctor, a pioneer in promoting women’s hygiene and health. She noticed the problems of the poorest women related to the issue of family planning, which led her to engage in social and educational activities in rural and working-class communities. The writer Irena Krzywicka was also active in this field. Zofia Solarzowa, on the other hand, took the work in the social field from home. Following the example of the activities of her adoptive parents, she felt the need to continue their work, engaging in the cooperative movement, thus educating future social activists. The activities of all these women could be treated as a new form of patriotism, meant not through armed, military struggle, but through broadly understood work aimed at strengthening the Polish state, reborn after 123 years of captivity.

CHILDREN’S INDUSTRY AND CRAFT WORK IN THE SECONDARY POLISH REPUBLIC – CONDITIONS AND CONSEQUENCES

After the end of World War I and Poland regaining independence after 123 years of captivity, its situation was difficult in every respect. Entangled in various political problems, Second Polish Republic could not direct the right forces and resources to those areas of social life that were the most neglected and required quick and radical action. Lack of work after the war and increasing unemployment every year resulted in the deepening poverty of those less resourceful, inheriting poverty from generation to generation. Often the only salvation for the family was sending the children to work immediately after graduating from primary school or even earlier. The Polish government, aware of this situation, did not have the possibility to address the problem properly. The aim of the article is to show how difficult the situation of children and families can be when the national support system is ineffective. By analogy, it is also intended to emphasize the importance of activities undertaken by the present government for the benefit of children and families. Owing to the interest and various forms of support, children, regardless of their financial status, are provided with opportunities for development and a dignified life.

Reduction in the metabolic levels due to phenotypic plasticity in the Pyrenean newt, Calotriton asper, during cave colonization.

According to theories on cave adaptation, cave organisms are expected to develop a lower metabolic rate compared to surface organisms as an adaptation to food scarcity in the subterranean environments. To test this hypothesis, we compared the oxygen consumption rates of the surface and subterranean populations of a surface‐dwelling species, the newt Calotriton asper, occasionally found in caves. In this study, we designed a new experimental setup in which animals with free movement were monitored for several days in a respirometer. First, we measured the metabolic rates of individuals from the surface and subterranean populations, both maintained for eight years in captivity in a natural cave. We then tested individuals from these populations immediately after they were caught and one year later while being maintained in the cave. We found that the surface individuals that acclimated to the cave significantly reduced their oxygen consumption, whereas individuals from the subterranean population maintained in the cave under a light/dark cycle did not significantly modify their metabolic rates. Second, we compared these metabolic rates to those of an obligate subterranean salamander (Proteus anguinus), a surface aquatic Urodel (Ambystoma mexicanum), and a fish species (Gobio occitaniae) as references for surface organisms from different phyla. As predicted, we found differences between the subterranean and surface species, and the metabolic rates of surface and subterranean C. asper populations were between those of the obligate subterranean and surface species. These results suggest that the plasticity of the metabolism observed in surface C. asper was neither directly due to food availability in our experiments nor the light/dark conditions, but due to static temperatures. Moreover, we suggest that this adjustment of the metabolic level at a temperature close to the thermal optimum may further allow individual species to cope with the food limitations of the subterranean environment.

Monitoring of common sole Solea solea (L) captive broodstock from Northern Adriatic Sea over consecutive spawning seasons

The high nutritional quality of common sole Solea solea increases its value for the fishery industry and for the aquaculture sector. To ensure the expansion of its production, it is necessary to implement farming and broodstock management technique to produce high quality eggs and larvae. This work summarizes eight years of study on reproductive performances, growth and parental contribution of a common sole broodstock from the Mediterranean-North Adriatic Sea. The broodstock (11 females and 13 males) reached the peak of fecundity after 5/6 years of captivity, with a production of 296.48 and 376.54 × 103 of total eggs kg−1 female with a fertilization rate of 31.6 ± 18.3 and 41.9 ± 23.8 %, respectively. Results shows that variations in temperature cycles are pivotal for a successful breeding season, and body condition during the first 3 years of captivity was the most important parameter positively correlated to parental contribution for both males and females. Parental contribution was assessed by eight species-specific microsatellite loci during the first 3 years of reproduction. Although the two sexes displayed different temporal trends, parentage assessment demonstrated an overall increase in the number of active breeders. However, only 13 couples out of 50 produced the 70.4 % of the larvae in year 5, confirming the same reproduction behavioural pattern in Mediterranean common sole than that observed both in Senegalese sole and in common sole of Atlantic origin.This work provides valuable data needed to understand the mechanisms behind the maturation characteristics of this species and support future strategy for the establishment and management of Mediterranean common sole aquaculture.

Microbiome Shifts Associated With the Introduction of Wild Atlantic Horseshoe Crabs (Limulus polyphemus) Into a Touch-Tank Exhibit.

The Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) is a common marine aquarium species and model organism for research. There is potential monetary and conservation value in developing a stable captive population of horseshoe crabs, however, one major impediment to achieving captivity is a lack of knowledge regarding captive diseases. We utilized 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to track changes in the microbiomes of four body locations in three wild-caught (tracked over 14 months in captivity) and three tank-acclimated (>2 years in captivity) adult L. polyphemus in a touch tank at Shark Reef Aquarium at Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas, NV. The wild population hosted diverse and distinct microbiomes on the carapace (260 ± 96 amplicon sequence variants or ASVs), cloaca (345 ± 77 ASVs), gills (309 ± 36 ASVs), and oral cavity (359 ± 37 ASVs), which were dominated by classes Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, and Alphaproteobacteria. A rapid decline in richness across all body locations was observed within 1 month of captivity, with tank-acclimated (>2 years) animals having <5% of the initial microbiome richness and a nearly completely restructured microbial community. Tank-acclimated horseshoe crabs possessed distinct microbiomes that were highly uneven and low in species richness on the carapace (31 ± 7 ASVs), cloaca (53 ± 19 ASVs), gills (17 ± 2 ASVs), and oral cavity (31 ± 13 ASVs). The carapace, oral cavity, and gills of the tank-acclimated animals hosted abundant populations of Aeromonas (>60%) and Pseudomonas (>20%), both of which are known opportunistic pathogens of aquatic animals and can express chitinases, providing a plausible mechanism for the development of the carapace lesion pathology observed in this and other studies. The cloaca of the tank-acclimated animals was slightly more diverse than the other body locations with Aeromonas, Enterococcus, Shewanella, and Vagococcus dominating the community. These results provide an important baseline on the microbiomes of both wild and tank-acclimated horseshoe crabs and underscore the need to continue to investigate how native microbial populations may protect animals from pathogens.

The Many Harms of Forced Marriage

Abstract Harnessing an interdisciplinary framework that merges elements of law and social science, this article aims to recast the crime of forced marriage, and thereby enhance accountability, in light of knowledge acquired through ethnographic fieldwork in northern Uganda. More specifically, we draw upon the perspectives and experiences of 20 men who were ‘bush husbands’ in the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). These men were abducted by the LRA between the ages of 10 and 38 and spent between 6 and 24 years in captivity. During their time in the LRA, these men became ‘bush husbands’ with each man fathering between 1 and 11 children. In-depth interviews explored men’s perspectives and experiences related to sexual violence, forced marriage, parenthood and post-war accountability. The data reveal the complexity of men’s self-identified positions not only as high-ranking members of the LRA, but also as captives of the LRA, as victims of forced marriage, as perpetrators, and as caring fathers and husbands. These findings nuance extant understandings and assumptions of men and masculinities in the context of forced marriage. Drawing from these findings, we articulate several key implications for law — notably, that law acknowledges the harms that the crime of forced marriage and sexual violence affects and imposes on all implicated parties, including boys, girls, men, and women. While noting the gendered component of the harms of forced marriage, as well as sexual violence, that disproportionately affects women and girls, the ethnographic data suggest detaching the criminalization of forced marriage from a largely gender-based analysis to a more gender-neutral one rooted in multiparty coercion. Senior commanders who order forced marriages should face criminal sanction that recognizes the totality of the harms caused, including to both husbands and wives and the children born of these compelled unions: this move would augment the retributive, deterrent and expressive value of criminal punishment. Finally, a granular and textured understanding of forced marriage would lay groundwork for more effective, tailored and targeted reintegrative and rehabilitative programmes for all afflicted parties.

Captive Breeding, Rearing and Closing of Reproductive Cycle of the Three Spot Seahorse, Hippocampus trimaculatus (Leach, 1814) PDF

Seahorse aquaculture can provide a platform to reduce pressure on its wild populations and to meet the demand for global trade. However, techniques for breeding seahorses are yet to established for every species and information is limited especially for species dwelling in Malaysian waters. Hippocampus trimaculatus is among the heavily exploited species and red listed as ‘Vulnerable’ under IUCN [1]. This study was conducted for one and a half years at the Fisheries Research Institute, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. The goal of this study was to develop a simple yet practical husbandry technique for H. trimaculatus. The study described protocols applied to the establishment of brooders, from the newborn to adulthood, and ultimately to the closure of the reproductive cycle. The seahorses were fed with a live diet ad libitum daily. Juveniles attained a total length of 50mm within a rearing period of 90 days. At 7 months old, the seahorses had reached their matured sizes of 111mm and 106mm for males and females respectively. After a year in captivity, we achieved the closure of the reproductive cycle for the captive-born H. trimaculatus. The results showed that the captive breeding of H. trimaculatus is feasible in Malaysia. These findings will be useful in promoting this species for commercial seahorse culturing and conservation purposes.

Troska o zdrowie i prawidłowy rozwój fizyczny dzieci na łamach czasopisma „Życie Dziecka” z lat 1932-1937

&lt;p&gt;Celem artykułu jest ukazanie poglądów publicystów czasopisma „Życie Dziecka” (1932–1937) na temat potrzeby otoczenia opieką dzieci z rodzin najuboższych. W celu zgromadzenia danych zastosowano metodę analizy zawartości prasy. „Życie Dziecka” było to „czasopismo poświęcone ochronie macierzyństwa, opiece nad dziećmi i młodzieżą i życiu dziecka”. Ukazywało się w latach 30. XX wieku. Odrodzone po 123 latach niewoli Państwo Polskie wciąż było zacofane gospodarczo i zróżnicowane społecznie. Dodatkowo światowy kryzys gospodarczy spowodował pogorszenie warunków materialnych znacznej części społeczeństwa. W najtrudniejszej sytuacji znalazły się dzieci z warstw najuboższych – robotniczych i chłopskich. Niedożywione, zaniedbane, ciężko pracujące w gospodarstwie, słabo rozwinięte pod względem fizycznym, często chore, potrzebowały pomocy. Rodzice nie mieli możliwości zaspokojenia ich potrzeb, należało więc zaangażować szersze kręgi społeczne i zorganizować niezbędne wsparcie. Zagadnienia te poruszano na łamach czasopism, starano się uświadomić społeczeństwu konieczność zorganizowania opieki i wsparcia dla najbardziej potrzebujących. Pisano też o podejmowanych w tym zakresie działaniach.&lt;/p&gt;

Entre rejas y entre textos: El proceso de creación de las Romanzas de las rejas o la conquista del espacio narrativo

This essay explores some of the strategies used by Carlota O’Neill in Romanzas de las rejas to create a narrative space of her own inside prison. These prose poems were written during her fourth year of captivity in the Victoria Grande Prison of Melilla, where she was taken when the Spanish Civil War broke out. O’Neill manages to elaborate a complex intertextual tapestry using texts from multiple sources that enter the Romanzas through quotations, allusions, and ekphrasis. This dense intertextual network masks the counter-discourse that lies underneath the poems, thus evading the demands of censorship and surveillance, and facilitates both the escape of the poetic voice and the incursion of the world that lies beyond the prison walls in the cell.

Long‐term behavioral repeatability in wild adult and captive juvenile turtles (Terrapene carolina): Implications for personality development

AbstractAnimal personality can be defined as conspecific individuals consistently differing in behavioral tendencies. Personality is typically identified by behavioral repeatability, which occurs when within‐individual variance is low relative to among‐individual variance in the population. Intraspecific comparisons of behavioral repeatability in juveniles and adults within and across years are rare, but would be useful for testing hypotheses related to origins of animal personality and whether individuals exhibit stable or diverging behavior with ontogeny. To examine within‐ and across‐year behavioral repeatability for eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina), we assessed boldness (movement latency after brief confinement) of captive‐born juveniles twice within three days when eight months old. We then repeated these tests for the same individuals one year later. Juveniles exhibited repeatable boldness within and across years. Although increasing body temperature was slightly associated with decreased movement latency, test year (1 or 2), or housing experience (being raised in an enriched or unenriched condition) had no effects on boldness. We also assessed across‐year repeatability of boldness (head emergence from the shell after brief confinement) for wild adults at 1–3 year intervals. Adults also exhibited repeatable across‐year boldness that was of similar magnitude to juveniles. We found no indication that sex class or whether adults had been radio‐tracked influenced boldness. Our results suggest eastern box turtles demonstrate consistent individuality in boldness from an early age that is largely unaffected by temporal or environmental variation, and these behavioral differences can be maintained for multiple years in captivity and the wild, contrasting with theoretical expectations for personality development. These findings add to recent accumulating evidence demonstrating juvenile and adult box turtles exhibit multiple repeatable behaviors over the short‐ and long‐term. We suggest this species is quickly gaining traction as a model organism for studying the proximate and ultimate causes of personality development within long‐lived animals.

Protection of Prisoners of War from Torture with Proper Selection of Soldiers Taking Care of POWs: An Ethical View

Background: Prisoners of War (POWs) undergo different physical and/or psychological tortures. According to the Third Geneva Convention, each government is obliged to protect POWs from any harm, especially torture. Although torture of POWs has been considered in international documents such as the 3rd Red Cross Convention for Prevention of Torture, this issue seems to have been ignored so far. Thus, the current article discusses this issue. Objectives: This review aimed to describe an important, yet neglected, way to protect POWs from torture. Methods: The behaviors of Iraqi and Iranian authorities toward the soldiers that were selected to take care of POWs were compared. This review study is based on a narrative search that included articles published on the Iraq-Iran war (1980-88). Results: According to international laws, there is no ethical justification for the torture of POWs, especially after many years of captivity. During the Iraq-Iran war, Iraqi authorities recruited soldiers who had been harmed in some way by the war to handle Iranian POWs. The presence of war victims as care providers to POWs in detention camps may provide grounds for the torture and maltreatment of POWs. Conclusion: Prohibiting the presence of war victims in detention camps could be one important and effective way to protect POWs from torture and maltreatment.

Ex situ management of a Coral Snake (Serpentes: Elapidae): the interesting case of Micrurus ruatanus

The Roatan Coral Snake (Micrurus ruatanus) is the only coral snake known to be endemic to an island. The ex situ management of a Roatan Coral Snake individual maintained at the Serpentarium of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP) is presented. This individual was fed with a diet based on colubrid snakes of the genus Geophis, presenting a curve of variation in body weight during 15 years in captivity.

Formowanie sie polskiego ustawodawstwa archiwalnego w przeddzień niepodległości

Jeszcze przed odzyskaniem niepodległości polskie środowiska narodowe, świadome znaczenia archiwaliów dla poznania przeszłości państwa i narodu oraz znające wartość materiałów archiwalnych dla sprawnego administrowania państwem, dążyły do przejęcia w zarząd archiwów. Jednocześnie już na początku 1917, w ramach powołanej przez okupacyjne władze niemiecko--austriackie Tymczasowej Rady Stanu, działającej przy boku niemieckiego gubernatora jako instytucja doradcza i opiniodawcza w sprawach polskich prowadzono prace nad opracowaniem normatywu, który na poziome najwyższym uregulowałby kwestie archiwalne. Finalnym uwieńczeniem tych starań był wydany już w wolnej Polsce Dekret o organizacji archiwów państwowych i opiece nad archiwaliami z 7 lutego 1919 r. Pomijając kwestię słuszności rozwiązań zastosowanych w tym normatywie i widoczne już dla współczesnych mankamenty tych przepisów, trzeba zauważyć znaczenie tego prawodawstwa. Bez wątpienia opracowanie i uchwalenie norm regulujących problematykę archiwalną, pozwoliło u progu odzyskanej polskiej niepodległości dać podwaliny pod budowę sieci polskich archiwów historycznych oraz umożliwiło organizację służby archiwalnej w II Rzeczypospolitej.

Entre fidélité olympique et nationale. Le cas du membre du CIO Alberto Bonacossa

Le comte Alberto Bonacossa (Vigevano 24.8.1883 – Milan 30.1.1953) est l’un des plus importants et influents dirigeants sportifs italiens au XX e siècle. Il va ainsi occuper des fonctions à différentes époques de la période libérale de l’Italie à la République, en passant par la période fasciste. Pour ne citer que ses engagements internationaux il fut notamment président de la Fédération internationale de motocyclisme, vice-président de celle des Automobile-clubs, membre de la Ligue international du hockey sur glace et de l’International Skating Union, mais surtout, à partir du 1925 membre du CIO et (dès 1935) de son Comité exécutif. Dès lors l’ambition de notre article est d’analyser en détail les étapes de la carrière d’Alberto Bonacossa, en particulier pour saisir l’importance de son appartenance à une noblesse italienne dans le cadre de son engagement dans des réseaux sportifs internationaux dominés par une culture qui était en même temps cosmopolite, transnationale et patriotique/nationaliste. Nos analyses reposent notamment sur les archives du comité national olympique italien (CONI) et sur les archives du CIO, et celles-ci doivent permettre de souligner comme les tensions entre le national et l’international se réactualise singulièrement au sein des organisations sportives internationales, autour de certaines biographies.

Vampire bats.

Gerald Wilkinson introduces the blood-drinking vampire bats.

Age-related differences in physiology and survival of northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus) in captivity.

Age-related deterioration of physiological functions is one of the most evident manifestations of ageing. In wild populations of some species, including murid rodents, lifespans are substantially modified by environmental signals that affect an individual's response to such challenges as unfavourable climatic conditions, parasitic load etc. But the real impact of ageing on natural mortality of most species remains obscure. To clarify how age affects the responsiveness of organisms to environmental challenges, we performed longitudinal laboratory observations of wild-derived northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus). We fixed individual longevity and measured metabolic indexes (basal and maximal metabolic rates), ability to maintain body temperature under acute cooling, plasma corticosterone, indexes of acquired and innate immunity in the same individuals of 3-4, 6-7 and 9-10months old. The maximum estimated lifespan was about 2years 8months, which is considerably older than in nature, but less than 30% of individuals passed the one-year milestone. Regardless of the intense mortality, in the first year of life, animals did not demonstrate any age-related deterioration in physiological functions, except leucocyte number. No consistency in any individual physiological index was found. As the individual longevity of red-backed voles varied between years of captivity, we suggest that the welfare and lifespan of wild animals in captivity may be affected by the environmental conditions in the period preceding removal of the animal from the wild.

Linkage between fecal androgen and glucocorticoid metabolites, spermaturia, body weight and onset of puberty in male African lions (Panthera leo).

There is limited physiological information on onset of puberty in male lions. The aim of this study was to use longitudinal non-invasive monitoring to: 1) assess changes in steroid metabolite excretory patterns as a function of age and body weight; 2) determine correlations between fecal androgen (FAM) and glucocorticoid (FGM) metabolite concentrations; and 3) confirm spermiogenesis non-invasively through urinalysis. Specifically, FAM and FGM metabolites were analyzed in samples collected twice weekly from 21 male lions at 17 institutions (0.9–16 years of age) for 3.8 months– 2.5 years to assess longitudinal hormone patterns. In addition, body weights were obtained approximately monthly from 10 individuals at five zoos (0.0–3.0 years), and urine was collected from six males at two facilities (1.2–6.3 years) and evaluated for the presence of spermatozoa. An increase in overall mean FAM occurred at 2.0 years of age, at which point concentrations remained similar throughout adulthood. The onset of puberty occurred earlier in captive-born males (<1.2 years of age) compared to wild-born counterparts (<2.5 years of age). Additionally, males in captivity gained an average of 7.3 kg/month compared to 3.9 kg/month for wild males over the first 2–2.5 years of age. Sperm (spermaturia) was observed in males as young as 1.2 years in captivity compared to 2.5 years in the wild (ejaculates). There was no difference in FAM or FGM concentrations with regards to age or season. Overall, this study demonstrates that: 1) captive male lions attain puberty at an earlier age than wild counterparts; 2) onset of puberty is influenced by body weight (growth rate); and 3) spermiogenesis can be confirmed via urinalysis. Knowledge about the linkage between body weight and onset of puberty could facilitate improved reproductive management of ex situ populations via mitigating the risk of unintended breedings in young animals.

Sexual maturation in a male whale shark (Rhincodon typus) based on observations made over 20 years of captivity

Sexual maturation in a male whale shark (Rhincodon typus) based on observations made over 20 years of captivity

Sexual maturation in a male whale shark (Rhincodon typus) based on observations made over 20 years of captivity: Supplementary table

Sexual maturation in a male whale shark (Rhincodon typus) based on observations made over 20 years of captivity: Supplementary table

Sexual maturation in a male whale shark (Rhincodon typus) based on observations made over 20 years of captivity: Supplementary video

Sexual maturation in a male whale shark (Rhincodon typus) based on observations made over 20 years of captivity: Supplementary video