Year-round Crop Research Articles

Growth, Ecophysiological Responses, and Leaf Mineral Composition of Lettuce and Curly Endive in Hydroponic and Aquaponic Systems.

Against the backdrop of climate change, soil loss, and water scarcity, sustainable food production is a pivotal challenge for humanity. As the global population grows and urbanization intensifies, innovative agricultural methods are crucial to meet rising food demand, while mitigating environmental degradation. Hydroponic and aquaponic systems, has emerged as one of these solutions by minimizing land use, reducing water consumption, and enabling year-round crop production in urban areas. This study aimed at assessing the yield, ecophysiological performance, and nutritional content of Lactuca sativa L. and Cichorium endivia L. var. crispum grown in hydroponic and aquaponic floating raft systems, with Oreochromis niloticus L. integrated into the aquaponic system. Both species exhibited higher fresh biomass and canopy/root ratios in hydroponics compared to aquaponics. Additionally, hydroponics increased the leaf number in curly endive by 18%. Ecophysiological parameters, such as the leaf net photosynthesis rate, actual yield of PSII, and linear electron transport rate, were also higher in hydroponics for both species. However, the nutritional profiles varied between the two cultivation systems and between the two species. Given that standard fish feed often lacks sufficient potassium levels for optimal plant growth, potassium supplementation could be a viable strategy to enhance plant development in aquaponic systems. In conclusion, although aquaponic systems may demonstrate lower productivity compared to hydroponics, they offer a more sustainable and potentially healthier product with fewer harmful compounds due to the reduced use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and the absence of chemical residue accumulation. However, careful system management and monitoring are crucial to minimize potential contaminants.

Advances and Challenges in Pest Management for Protected Cultivation in India: Integrative Approaches and Future Prospects

Poly house farming in India has transformed agriculture by enabling year-round crop production and protecting crops from adverse weather. However, the controlled environment of poly houses represents unique challenges in pest management, making it crucial to implement effective strategies to maintain crop health and yield. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers a comprehensive approach that combines cultural, biological and chemical practices to control pests while minimizing environmental impact. The advantages of protected cultivation include increased productivity, improved produce quality and efficient resource utilization. Despite these benefits, poly house farming faces limitations such as high initial costs, the need for meticulous planning and ongoing crop protection requirements. Pest identification is vital for effective management, as misidentification can lead to inappropriate control measures. Common pests in poly houses include insects, slugs, mites, nematodes, pathogens and weeds. Pest monitoring strategies such as scouting, using monitoring tools and record-keeping are essential for timely and effective management interventions. Management strategies encompass physical, biological and chemical methods. Physical approaches include the use of sticky and pheromone traps, while biological control involves the release of natural predators and entomopathogens. Chemical management involves both biorational pesticides and conventional chemicals, with IPM emphasizing the integration of these methods to reduce reliance on harmful chemicals. Preventive measures like insect-proof screens and soil solarization, along with curative measures and advanced technologies like video camera networks and decision support systems, are pivotal for effective pest control. Future prospects include improving technology standards, enhancing computerized control systems, and fostering research and government support to advance protected cultivation in India.

A real-time on-site precision nutrient monitoring system for hydroponic cultivation utilizing LIBS

Indoor hydroponic farming is an advanced cultivation technique with diverse sustainability benefits, such as facilitating local produce, minimizing transportation costs and emissions, and enabling year-round crop cultivation. To optimize crop growth for enhanced yield, improved crop quality, and reduced environmental footprint, precise monitoring and replenishment of essential nutrients within hydroponic systems is crucial. Current methods employed in most commercial farms for online nutrient supply monitoring is limited to pH and conductivity measurements. These techniques can only offer an indication of the overall change in the complex nutrient mixture and lack the capability to precisely identify the specific nutrient or quantify the nutrient content. Most of the existing techniques for measuring individual nutrient levels are expensive and invasive, necessitating sample preparation, frequent recalibration, and skilled personnel for operation. In this context, we propose and demonstrate a real-time, on-site monitoring system for the precise analysis of hydroponic nutrient supply based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We also discuss the system design considerations, parametric optimizations, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of key nutrient components such as potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg), using the proposed approach. The detection range of the developed LIBS-based monitoring system can encompass the typical concentration range observed in hydroponic nutrient solutions used at agricultural farms. This technique offers rapid online monitoring of individual nutrient components, providing precise, real-time analysis and the potential to enable comprehensive automation capabilities for current and future hydroponic farms.Graphical abstract

The Role of Greenhouse Technology in Streamlining Crop Production

Greenhouse technology has revolutionized modern agriculture by enabling year-round crop production, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing crop yields and quality. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of greenhouse technology in streamlining crop production processes. It delves into the principles of greenhouse design, covering essential components such as structural materials, covering materials, and environmental control systems. The article discusses the advantages of greenhouse cultivation, including extended growing seasons, protection from adverse weather conditions, and reduced pest and disease pressure. It examines the use of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics in greenhouse systems, highlighting their potential for maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. The review also addresses the integration of precision agriculture techniques, such as sensors, automation, and data analytics, for optimizing greenhouse operations. Furthermore, it explores the economic aspects of greenhouse crop production, including initial investment costs, operational expenses, and market opportunities. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in greenhouse agriculture, focusing on energy conservation, water management, and waste reduction strategies. It also discusses the challenges associated with greenhouse technology adoption, such as high initial costs, technical complexity, and the need for skilled labor. Finally, the review concludes by outlining future research directions and the potential for greenhouse technology to contribute to global food security and sustainable agricultural practices.

Functional data analysis-based yield modeling in year-round crop cultivation.

Crop yield prediction is essential for effective agricultural management. We introduce a methodology for modeling the relationship between environmental parameters and crop yield in longitudinal crop cultivation, exemplified by strawberry and tomato production based on year-round cultivation. Employing functional data analysis (FDA), we developed a model to assess the impact of these factors on crop yield, particularly in the face of environmental fluctuation. Specifically, we demonstrated that a varying-coefficient functional regression model (VCFRM) is utilized to analyze time-series data, enabling to visualize seasonal shifts and the dynamic interplay between environmental conditions such as solar radiation and temperature and crop yield. The interpretability of our FDA-based model yields insights for optimizing growth parameters, thereby augmenting resource efficiency and sustainability. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of VCFRM-based yield modeling, offering strategies for stable, efficient crop production, pivotal in addressing the challenges of climate adaptability in plant factory-based horticulture.

Redefining Sustainable Agriculture for the 21st Century by Vertical Farming

In the face of a rapidly growing global population, increasing urbanization, and the threats posed by climate change, traditional agricultural practices are becoming increasingly unsustainable. Vertical farming, a method of growing crops in vertically stacked layers within controlled environments, offers a promising solution to these challenges. This review paper explores the potential of vertical farming to redefine sustainable agriculture in the 21st century. It examines the key advantages of vertical farming, including efficient land use, reduced water consumption, year-round crop production, and reduced transportation costs. The paper also discusses the technological advancements that have made vertical farming feasible, such as LED lighting, hydroponic and aeroponic systems, and automation. Furthermore, it highlights the economic viability and potential for vertical farming to contribute to food security in urban areas. The review concludes by addressing the challenges and limitations of vertical farming and outlining future research directions to fully realize its potential as a sustainable agricultural practice.

Monitoring root rot in flat-leaf parsley via machine vision by unsupervised multivariate analysis of morphometric and spectral parameters

Use of vertical farms is increasing rapidly as it enables year-round crop production, made possible by fully controlled growing environments situated within supply chains. However, intensive planting and high relative humidity make such systems ideal for the proliferation of fungal pathogens. Thus, despite the use of bio-fungicides and enhanced biosecurity measures, contamination of crops does happen, leading to extensive crop loss, necessitating the use of high-throughput monitoring for early detection of infected plants. In the present study, progression of foliar symptoms caused by Pythium irregulare-induced root rot was monitored for flat-leaf parsley grown in an experimental hydroponic vertical farming setup. Structural and spectral changes in plant canopy were recorded non-invasively at regular intervals using a 3D multispectral scanner. Five morphometric and nine spectral features were selected, and different combinations of these features were subjected to multivariate data analysis via principal component analysis to identify temporal trends for early segregation of healthy and infected samples. Combining morphometric and spectral features enabled a clear distinction between healthy and diseased plants at 4–7 days post inoculation (DPI), whereas use of only morphometric or spectral features allowed this at 7–9 DPI. Minimal datasets combining the six most effective features also resulted in effective grouping of healthy and diseased plants at 4–7 DPI. This suggests that selectively combining morphometric and spectral features can enable accurate early identification of infected plants, thus creating the scope for improving high-throughput crop monitoring in vertical farms.

Assessing the Physical and Environmental Aspects of Greenhouse Cultivation: A Comprehensive Review of Conventional and Hydroponic Methods

Population growth has presented several challenges in terms of energy, food supply, and environmental protection. The agricultural industry plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges by implementing innovative technologies that optimize resource utilization, minimize environmental impacts, and increase food production. Among these technologies, greenhouse cultivation systems have garnered substantial attention due to their ability to create a controlled environment for crop growth, resulting in higher yields, improved quality, and reduced water usage. However, it is important to note that greenhouse cultivation technology is also one of the most energy-intensive sectors within agriculture, contributing significantly to global energy consumption. Despite this, the technology remains popular due to its efficiency in optimizing inputs, increasing production per unit area, enabling year-round crop production, and managing unfavorable environmental conditions such as pests, diseases, and extreme weather events. There are two primary greenhouse cultivation systems: conventional and hydroponic methods. Each system has distinct similarities and differences regarding energy consumption, crop production per unit area, and environmental impacts. In this study, we compare conventional and hydroponic greenhouse cultivation, analyzing various inputs such as temperature, light, and energy consumption. Our findings indicate that hydroponic systems, equipped with advanced control equipment and growth mediums, create optimal conditions for plant growth. Also, hydroponics offered 11 ± 1.7 times higher yields but required 82 ± 11 times more energy compared to those conventionally produced in some plant productions. Moreover, specific energy consumption increased by 17% compared to conventional cultivation for some vegetables. This information can be used to optimize energy usage, reduce costs, and promote sustainable crop production, thereby contributing to global food security and environmental sustainability.

Beyond Food: using smart pest management in IoT greenhouses to foster environmental sustainability

Higher yields and year-round crop cultivation are provided by greenhouse farming, but there are drawbacks as well, such as the need to maintain ideal environmental conditions and safeguard crops from pests. Conventional techniques frequently use chemical pesticides, which raises issues for the environment and human health. Through the integration of smart pest management within an Internet of Things (IoT)-powered greenhouse, the “IoT GREEN” project provides a sustainable solution. This creative system monitors important environmental variables including temperature, humidity, light, and soil moisture using wireless sensors and a Raspberry Pi. Farmers are given the ability to remotely monitor their crops thanks to the transmission of real-time data to an open-source cloud server and its visualization via a local web server. Importantly, “IoT GREEN” incorporates smart pest detection, which goes beyond simple monitoring. By identifying possible insect infestations early on and using sophisticated algorithms and picture recognition, this technology enables targeted interventions. “IoT GREEN” reduces dependency on hazardous pesticides by using non-chemical techniques like biocontrol agents or pheromone traps, promoting a more sustainable agricultural ecosystem. In addition to protecting crops, this all-encompassing strategy also fosters biodiversity, lowers environmental impact, and guarantees food safety.

Semitransparent Organic and Perovskite Photovoltaics for Agrivoltaic Applications

Greenhouse structures offer the ability to control the microclimate of plants, enabling year-round crop cultivation and precision agriculture techniques. To maintain optimal crop growth conditions, substantial energy is required to...

A Comprehensive Review on Protected Cultivation of Horticultural Crops: Present Status and Future Prospects

Protected cultivation of horticultural crops has emerged as a crucial technique in modern agriculture, offering numerous benefits such as increased yield, enhanced quality, and protection against adverse climatic conditions and pests. This comprehensive review aims to present the current status of protected cultivation practices and explore its future prospects in horticulture. The review begins by discussing the various types of protected cultivation structures, including greenhouses, high tunnels, and shade houses, along with their advantages and limitations. It then highlights the significance of protected cultivation in addressing global food security challenges by ensuring year-round crop production and reducing dependence on seasonal variations. The review further explores the impact of protected cultivation techniques on the growth and development of horticultural crops, including improved crop morphogenesis, precipitation management, and the optimization of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Furthermore, the utilization of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming within protected cultivation systems is examined, with an emphasis on their potential for maximizing crop productivity while minimizing resource consumption. Moreover, the paper delves into the challenges and constraints faced in implementing protected cultivation, including cost considerations, energy requirements, and the use of synthetic inputs. It discusses sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches, such as utilizing renewable energy sources and adopting organic farming practices, to mitigate these challenges and promote ecological balance. Lastly, the review discusses some future prospects and trends in protected cultivation, including the integration of precision agriculture techniques, the use of artificial intelligence, and the adoption of smart farming technologies. These advancements have the potential to further optimize resource utilization, improve automation, and enhance crop monitoring and management, ultimately leading to greater yield and quality improvements in horticultural crop production.

Soil salinity management practices in coastal area of Bangladesh: a review

Soil salinity is a significant threat to agriculture and livelihood, particularly in the Southern coastal areas of Bangladesh. Soil salinity is extended from 0.833 to 1.056 million hectares (about), with an increase of 26% between 1973 and 2009. Out of about 1.689 million hectares of coastal land, about 1.056 million hectares are affected by soil salinity of various degrees covering 49 Upazila (sub-district) of 19 districts. About 0.328, 0.274, 0.189, 0.161, and 0.101 million hectares of land are affected by very slight (S1), slight (S2), moderate (S3), strong (S4), and very strong salinity (S5), respectively. Data recorded by SRDI manifests new ingression of salinity in Narail (18.71 ha), Jashore (14.99 ha), Barishal (13.96 ha), Gopalgonj (6.27 ha), Jhalakati (4.69 ha), and Madaripur (0.72 ha) districts. Soil salinity also encroached a large area of Bhola (53.84 ha), Patuakhali (40.08 ha), Khulna (27.92 ha), and Bagerhat (23.14 ha), besides minor ingression in other districts. The salinity level is almost double (2.8-18.5 to 4.0-42.8 dS/m) from 1973 to 2009 in Sharankhola Upazila of Bagerhat district, Dumuria Upazila of Khulna district and Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district (SRDI, 2010). Different causes are involved in increasing the water and soil salinity of the coastal area of Bangladesh, like withdrawal of fresh river water from upstream, irregular rainfall, faulty management of sluice gates and polders, regular tidal water flooding in an unprotected area, the capillary rise of soluble salts, decreased surface water availability, lowered ground water table, reduced soil moisture content, the introduction of unplanned shrimp cultivation, lack of drainage facilities. Some of the widespread soil and land management techniques adopted in the saline areas of Bangladesh to cope with the salinity are polder (123), farm-pond (khamar-pokor), sarjan procedure, usage of raised shrimp farm bund for year-round cropping, mulching (keeping land covered in winter and summer months), land leveling, pitcher (kolosh) irrigation to grow watermelon, dibbling method, the addition of organic matter, chemical fertilizers and cultivation of saline tolerant crop varieties, particularly rice. Vol. 10, No. 1, April 2023: 1-7

Toward Sustainable Greenhouses Using Battery-Free LiFi-Enabled Internet of Things

As the world faces a changing climate, agriculture needs to develop more efficient and sustainable food production systems. Traditional farming methods consume considerable amounts of energy and are largely manually controlled, which leads to sub-optimal production. Green-houses, which enable year-round crop growth, can play an important role in efficient food production. Leveraging the need for artificial light in greenhouses when the natural sunlight available is not sufficient, we envision that recent progress in Internet of Things (IoT) technology, together with novel Light-Fidelity (LiFi)-based methods have the potential to significantly reduce energy and resources used in food production. In this article we describe our work towards sustainable and precision greenhouses by using LiFi-enabled IoT. Here we present a battery-free wireless network of IoT sensor nodes that exploit LiFi for both communication and power harvesting, while monitoring environmental conditions for optimal greenhouse operation and plant production. We highlight the research challenges and the way forward to integrate LiFi to monitor and control greenhouses, as well as a proof-of-concept LiFi-enabled IoT system for a real-world greenhouse.

Dynamic changes of blue/red light supply affect yield, biometrical and biochemical characteristics of tomato cultivars

The utilization of Light Emitting Diodes (LED) is considered one of the most impacting innovations in modern tomato production systems. The characteristics of artificial light supplied to tomato in greenhouse conditions influence the fruit yield response over the year-round crop cycle. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of dynamic artificial light application on the growth of two tomato hybrids. The experimental protocol was based on the factorial combination between two artificial light spectra supplied to plants (a spectrum composed of blue 450 nm, red 660 nm with deep pink 400-800 nm as a background, and a white 4000 K light as a control) and two early ripening tomato hybrids (‘Signum F1’ and ‘Meteor F1’). The use of blue/red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in a growth chamber, accompanied by a gradual increase in the red component during the vegetation phase, significantly enhanced the yield of the two tomato cultivars, with an increase of 1.61 to 1.75 times compared to control plants exposed to white light. Notably, the predominant application of blue LEDs during the early stages of plant development resulted in a reduction in plant height by 1.2-1.5 times. The selected technology involving dynamic adjustments in blue/red light proportions led to a notable increase in chlorophyll and carotene levels in tomato leaves, with enhancements of 1.41-1.46 times and 1.29-1.37 times, respectively. Moreover, the variations in blue/red light demonstrated a significant positive impact on carotenoid accumulation in the fruit, resulting in an increase of 1.29 -1.37 times compared to control plants. The increase in fruit monosaccharide organic acid content in response to blue/red light application resulted in the production of tomato fruit with high taste index and nutritional value, suggesting interesting prospects of this new technology utilization

Numerical Investigation of Temperature Distribution in a Container-type Plant Factory

A container-type plant factory is a closed facility for crop production with artificial lighting and a controlled environment allowing year-round crop production. In a plant factory, a poor ventilation system can result in physiological problems and unequal post-harvest quality which will lower the crops' commercial value. This study was conducted to investigate the temperature distribution in a container-type plant factory via computational fluid dynamics (CFD), followed by experimental studies for validation. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed to simulate the container-type plant factory with air conditioning and an exhaust fan providing cooling air and ventilation across the plant factory. The predicted airflow distribution on the upper shelves accommodating crops shows that the average temperature is about 23.74 ℃ while for lower shelves is 23.59℃. This shows the temperature distribution is rather uniformly distributed across the plant factory. A validation between experimental data and simulated values indicated that the temperature distribution had a deviation smaller than 2%, suggesting the validity of the CFD studies. Hence, the CFD model was used to simulate several operational conditions towards optimizing the indoor condition of the plant factory.

Biodiesel production from non-edible crops using waste tyre heterogeneous acid catalyst

ABSTRACT The present study aims at the ways and means of decreasing environmental pollution using spent tyre waste as an acid-based catalyst intended for the synthesis of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata, a year-round crop that costs roughly 1300 $/tonne, whereas coal costs around 50 $/tonne. Heterogeneous catalysts were developed as a successful replacement for homogeneous catalysts because they have unique benefits over homogeneous catalysts, especially the ability to separate and reuse the solid catalyst used. The characteristics of the produced waste tyre acid-catalyst were studied using instrumental analysis such as EDX, scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Operating parameters studied for the catalyst were methanol-to-oil molar ratio (12:1 to 24:1), catalyst loading (1–5 weight %), reaction temperature (30–70°C), and reaction duration (1–4 h) were tuned upon the steady stirring rate of 400 rpm. At optimal conditions, the spent tyre waste activated by pyrolysis gives maximum conversion of biodiesel (82.1%). The pseudo-first-order model with a rate constant of 0.0269 min−1 (at 60°C) and activation energy of 21.53 kJ/mol was found to be the best match for demonstrating the methanolysis kinetics of Pongamia pinnata oil. When compared to other solid base catalysts reported in the literature, the catalytic activity of the waste tyre acid-catalyst provided a high yield of biodiesel under relatively mild reaction conditions.

Energy utilization assessment of a semi-closed greenhouse using data-driven model predictive control

With the global increase in food demand, closed and controlled greenhouses are an essential source for year-round crop production. Maintaining the optimum conditions inside the greenhouse throughout the year is critical to improving crop quality and yield. However, greenhouses consume more resources than other commercial buildings due to their inefficient operation and structure. Therefore, a data-driven model predictive control approach for a semi-closed greenhouse is proposed for temperature control and reducing energy consumption in this study. The proposed method consists of a multilayer perceptron model representing the greenhouse system integrated with an objective function and an optimization algorithm. The multilayer perceptron model is trained using historical data from the greenhouse with solar radiation, outside temperature, humidity difference, fan speed, HVAC control as the input parameters to predict the temperature. The greenhouse model's performance is evaluated under varying scenarios, such as increasing the prediction time step and changing the number of samples in the training data set. Results illustrated that the MPC approach had a better temperature control than the greenhouse adaptive control system for winter and summer with an RMSE value of 0.33 °C and 0.36 °C, respectively. Similarly, model predictive control resulted in an energy reduction of 7.70% for winter and 16.57% for the summer season. The proposed model predictive control framework is flexible and can be applied to other greenhouse systems by tuning the model on the new data set.

Diversity and Parasitism by Parasitic Wasps That AttackDalbulus maidis(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Year-Round and Seasonal Maize Agroecosystems

Agroecosystems undergo frequent anthropogenic disturbance that may affect the diversity, community, and abundance of natural enemies living there. In the tropics, annual crops such as maize are planted two times (year-round crops) or one time (seasonal crops) per year. Little is known about how natural enemies of insect pests respond to maize agroecosystems planted one vs. two times during each annual cycle. The objective was to investigate the diversity and parasitism of egg parasitoids of the pest Dalbulus maidis (DeLong) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in maize agroecosystems planted year-round and seasonally. Potted maize plants with D. maidis eggs were placed within these two maize agroecosystems to attract egg parasitoids during the maize-growing wet season in Mexico. In these two maize agroecosystems, similar levels of diversity were found, using the Shannon-Wiener index (H'). Communities of parasitic wasps were found attacking the eggs of D. maidis in both maize agroecosystems, but there were differences in the composition of these communities. In the year-round maize agroecosystem, Paracentrobia sp. near subflava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was the most common, while Anagrus virlai Triapitsyn (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was most common in the seasonal maize. A greater total abundance and total rate of parasitoid emergence were found in the year-round maize agroecosystem compared with the seasonal maize. In addition, a positive relationship between the number of D. maidis eggs and parasitoid abundance was found in both maize agroecosystems. However, a negative density dependence between the number of D. maidis eggs and the percentage of parasitism was found in both maize agroecosystems.

Peracetic Acid Sanitation on Arugula Microgreens Contaminated with Surface-Attached and Internalized Tulane Virus and Rotavirus.

Hydroponic production of vegetables is becoming more common, especially in regions with unfavorable climate for year-round crop production. However, if viruses are present in the hydroponics feed water, then there is a chance that infectious viruses will be internalized into the tissues of hydroponically grown vegetables. When this happens, surface sanitization of postharvest vegetables may not be effective because the sanitizer cannot disinfect the internalized viruses. In this study, we determined if the effectiveness of peracetic acid (PAA), a sanitizer used in the vegetable industry, is affected by the location of viruses (produce surface or interior tissue) in microgreen arugula. Either internally or externally contaminated hydroponically grown microgreen arugula was then treated with PAA at either 30 or 80ppm for up to 3min. The PAA disinfection efficacy was higher when the RV was on the arugula surface (approximately 5-log10 in PFU after 3min of exposure), instead of the arugula interior (1.5-log10 in PFU after 3min of exposure). However, PAA disinfection efficacy of TV was not dependent on the virus location in arugula. For both internalized TV and RV, the disinfection efficacy was less than 2-log10 in PFU using all the tested PAA concentrations and exposure times examined here. Thus, both the type and location of virus in fresh vegetables may influence the virus disinfection of postharvest vegetables. Therefore, the optimization of sanitation for postharvest fresh vegetables is needed to reduce foodborne viral infection risks.

イタリアンライグラス「Kyushu1」およびソルガム「ナツサカエ」の現地実証栽培とそれらを組み合わせた周年作付体系の紹介

イタリアンライグラス「Kyushu1」およびソルガム「ナツサカエ」の現地実証栽培とそれらを組み合わせた周年作付体系の紹介