Yarrow Plant Research Articles

Mitigation of salinity stress in yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) plants through spermidine application.

This study investigated the mitigating effects of spermidine on salinity-stressed yarrow plants (Achillea millefolium L.), an economically important medicinal crop. Plants were treated with four salinity levels (0, 30, 60, 90 mM NaCl) and three spermidine concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 μM). Salinity induced electrolyte leakage in a dose-dependent manner, increasing from 22% at 30 mM to 56% at 90 mM NaCl without spermidine. However, 1.5 μM spermidine significantly reduced leakage across salinities by 1.35-11.2% relative to untreated stressed plants. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids) also exhibited salinity- and spermidine-modulated responses. While salinity decreased chlorophyll a, both spermidine concentrations increased chlorophyll b and carotenoids under most saline conditions. Salinity and spermidine synergistically elevated osmoprotectants proline and total carbohydrates, with 3 μM spermidine augmenting proline and carbohydrates up to 14.4% and 13.1% at 90 mM NaCl, respectively. Antioxidant enzymes CAT, POD and APX displayed complex regulation influenced by treatment factors. Moreover, salinity stress and spermidine also influenced the expression of linalool and pinene synthetase genes, with the highest expression levels observed under 90 mM salt stress and the application of 3 μM spermidine. The findings provide valuable insights into the responses of yarrow plants to salinity stress and highlight the potential of spermidine in mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress.

Isolation, Identification and Determination of Effective Substances of Three plants, Yarrow, False Chamomile and Fennel

This research was conducted in order to determine the amount of effective substances of yarrow, false chamomile and fennel in Hamadan region. First, the alcoholic extract of the three above-mentioned plants was obtained by maceration method. In this way, the body of the desired plant is dried and crushed and immersed in 70% alcohol and left in the same state for 14 days, and then the mixture is filtered and the dried extract was weighed and the ratio of the weight of the liquid extract to the weight of the dry plant was obtained. Also, the numerical amount of total ash and ash insoluble in acid was determined to determine the amount of solutes. Also, the amount of protein, calcium and phosphorus was obtained in three plants. By performing TLC chromatography (paper method), the type of active substances in three plants was determined and the pH of each of the manufactured products was also determined, and the results are as follows: The amount of insoluble ash in fennel acid was 1.6%, yarrow 2.8% and false chamomile 6.8%, and the amount of total ash was 12.9%, 13.7% and 7.4%, respectively. The percentage of calcium and phosphorus in fennel is 0.4% and 0.13%, in yarrow 0.98% and 0.5%, and in false chamomile is 0.74% and 0.39%. The amount of protein in fennel was 4.8%, in yarrow 24.5% and in false chamomile 19.2%. The pH of the products was as follows: the product prepared from fennel is 85/6, yarrow 80/4 and false chamomile 80/5. The results of paper chromatography of three plant samples are as follows: In fennel, in the vicinity of solvent 1 (Rf = 0.6 and 0.51), which is related to antole, and in the vicinity of solvent 2 (Rf = 0.84 and 0.76), which is related to fanchon. In yarrow plant, Rf = 0.86 is related to betapinene, Rf = 0.72 is related to sineon, and finally Rf = 0.1 is related to Borneon's special substance. In the false chamomile plant, Rf = 0.21 is related to gamma element, Rf = 0.30 to beta element, and Rf = 0.39 to the effective substance transmatricaria ester. By performing these steps and comparing the results obtained from previous researches on these plants, a step was taken towards the realization of the aforementioned goals, which is to determine the amount and type of effective substances of these three plants in Hamadan region.

Application of Pulsed Electric Field‐Ultrasound Technique for Antioxidant Extraction from Yarrow: ANFIS Modeling and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity

Oxidation reactions negatively impact the taste and shelf life of the oils. Antioxidants are commonly employed to mitigate the development of off‐flavors and rancidity and thereby extend the shelf life of oil. In response to consumers’ increasing demand for healthy foods, there is a notable focus on incorporating naturally sourced antioxidants. Yarrow plant is a good source of natural antioxidants which could be used in improving the quality of the oils. Therefore, in this study, adaptive ANFIS was employed to investigate the extraction of antioxidant compounds from the yarrow plant using the pulsed electric field‐ultrasound method. The extraction process was performed at varying pulsed electric field intensities (0.25, 3.25, and 6.25 kV/cm) and different ultrasound durations (20, 40, and 60 minutes). Then, the impact of incorporating the plant extract on the oxidation parameters of sesame oil was assessed during storage. Results demonstrated that the extraction efficiency consistently increased with rising pulsed electric field intensity and ultrasound treatment time. However, the levels of total phenol, DPPH, and ascorbic acid content initially increased and then decreased at higher pulsed electric field intensity during longer ultrasound treatment. Furthermore, an increase in acidity and thiobarbituric acid index was found during prolonged storage time, while the peroxide level in the samples peaked on the 5th day of storage before declining. The high correlation coefficients between experimental results and model outputs underscored the models’ accuracy, representing their efficacy in controlling the extraction conditions using the pulsed electric field intensity‐ultrasound extraction method and utilizing the extract in sesame oil.

Heavy metal accumulation and chemical composition of the essential oils of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) cultivated on heavy metal-contaminated soils

Comparative research has been conducted to determine the content of heavy metals and the chemical composition of yarrow oils, as well as to identify the possibility of yarrow growth on soils contaminated by heavy metals. The experimental plots were situated at different distances of 0.5 km and 15 km, respectively, from the source of pollution, the Non-Ferrous-Metal Works (MFMW) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. On reaching the flowering stage, the yarrow plants were gathered. The content of heavy metals in flowers was determined by microwave mineralization and analyzed by ICP. The oils were obtained from the flowers of the plant by hydro distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Heavy metals do not affect the development of yarrow and the quality and quantity of oil obtained from it. The heavy metal content of yarrow essential oil is very low and is not affected by the degree of heavy metal contamination of the soil. Twenty components were identified in oils. In yarrow oil, the highest content was oxygenated sesquiterpenes (36-38%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (24-25%), oxygenated monoterpenes (20-21%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (17-19%). For the first time, it is reported yarrow oil with mixed α-bisabolol oxide B, α-bisabolol, and β-caryophyllene chemotype. The essential oil of yarrow can be a valuable product for the farmers from polluted regions.

Abiotic stresses and ways to overcome them on <I>Achillea millefolium</I> L. in conditions of the Western Precaucasus

Relevance. An important place in the extensive assortment of ether-oil cultures belongs to the common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), phytopreparations produced on its basis are widely used in the treatment of inflammatory processes, the normalization of the gastrointestinal tract.Methodology. To provide the pharmaceutical industry with this type of medicinal raw materials, it is necessary to create adapted technologies, where an important link will be the development of techniques for adapting the culture to unstable weather conditions.Results. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the North Caucasus branch of VILAR (West Ciscaucasia) in 2019-2021, by conducting small-scale experiments. The indicators of growth and development of yarrow of the II-V years of vegetation, the yield of raw materials, the content of essential oil and its collection per hectare under unstable weather conditions were studied. It was found that with sufficient moisture supply and a comfortable level of air temperatures in 2021, a high yield of medicinal raw materials of this crop is observed. At the same time, low water supply and high temperatures in 2020 had a negative impact on plant development, a drop in yield of 1.35-1.65 t/ha was established, which led to losses in the collection of essential oil per hectare by 3.23-4.32 kg/ha. A decrease in the degree of negative impact of drought on yarrow plants of the II-IV years of vegetation was achieved through the use of silicon-containing microfertilization Siliplant. Double treatment with this drug contributed to a decrease in the yield of raw materials to 5-6% and the collection of essential oil per hectare to 5-7%. in the control – 21-24% and 22-24%, respectively. Despite the high yield of raw materials in the III-III years of yarrow vegetation, the use of Siliplant allows collecting ether-oil raw materials for 4 years. Thus, the inclusion of Siliplant microfertilization in cultivation technology allows plants to adapt to hydrothermal stress conditions and makes it possible to obtain stable yields of raw materials with a high collection of essential oil per hectare, regardless of weather conditions.

Evaluation of essential oil composition and antioxidant activity of yarrow as influenced by foliar application of humic substance-based products: Using multivariate exploratory method

The growth-promoting ability with the organic fertilizers especially humic substance-based products, it has caused their use to be considered. This research aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of humic and fulvic acids on essential oil compositions and antioxidant activity of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and calculating the selection criterion (SC) to identify the main chemical compositions. Treatments consisted of four applied levels of humic acid, HA (Control: 0, HA1: 250, HA2: 500, and HA3: 1000 mg L−1) and fulvic acid, FA (Control: 0, FA1: 250, FA2: 500, and FA3: 1000 mg L−1). According to the results, two PCs had eigenvalues ≥ 1 and showed 80.75% and 65.84% of variance with application of HA and FA, respectively. Based on the results, HA and FA had significant effects on the amount of important medicinal compounds. The main essential oil compounds of different HA- and FA-treated plants were: α-pinene (0.81–6.44%), 1-octen-3-ol (2.68–16.55%), p-cymene (2.85–6.90%), 1,8-cineole (0.45–4.06%), camphor (0.36–6.90%), borneol (3.91–22.83%), myrtenol (2.02–2.88%), thymol (1.01–2.59%), E- caryophyllene (0.39–1.98%), spathulenol (2.3–19.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.93–12.60%). According to the calculated coefficient of determination (R2), the maximum positive effects of FA addition were observed for E- caryophyllene, α-terpineol, terpinen-4-ol, and benzaldehyde (R2 = 0.98, 0.93, 0.91, and 0.84, respectively), and that of HA application were obtained for cis-cadin-4-en-7-ol and spathulenol (R2 = 0.99 and 0.92). Results showed that the antioxidant activity of yarrow plant extract significantly improved when FA especially at high levels (i.e., 500 and 1000 mg L−1) was applied. On the other hand, in HA-treated plants, only application of 1000 mg L−1 had a positive effect. Findings of the present study can be used to manage production of medicinal plants and the quality of their products. In addition, in sustainable agriculture, using humic substances can reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizers, thereby maintaining the environment.

STUDY OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF REGENERATING OINTMENT MADE ON THE BASIS OF CHITOSAN

Secondary plant metabolites found in the organs of medicinal plants have therapeutic properties due to the presence of complex chemicals of various compositions. That is why, extensive microbiological studies of hibiscus flowers (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.), clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and yarrow plants (Achillea millefolium L.) have been conducted and it has been found that the essential oils in these plants (eugenol, acetyl evgenol, cariophyllen etc.), flavonoid derivatives (rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, etc.), as well as various organic acids and vitamin-mineral compounds, have strong antimicrobial properties. Phytoextracts obtained from these plants in optimal proportions and by efficient technological methods have been proven to have a sufficient antibacterial and antifungal effect. It is considered expedient to prepare regenerating and anti-inflammatory ointments and creams on the basis of phytoextracts using various natural polymers that ensure the transport of drugs. [1, 2, 3].

Foliar-applied magnesium nanoparticles modulate drought stress through changes in physio-biochemical attributes and essential oil profile of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.).

Nanoparticles (NPs) are an emerging tool for mitigating environmental stresses. Although beneficial roles of NPs have been reported in some plants, there is little data on magnesium (Mg)-NPs in alleviating drought stress. Therefore, the field experiment was conducted to study changes in biochemical attributes and essential oil (EO) compositions of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) plants under drought stress and Mg-NPs in 2016 and 2017. Irrigation regimes were used in two levels as well-watered (irrigation intervals of 7days) and drought stress (irrigation intervals of 14days) conditions, and Mg-NPs were sprayed on leaves in four levels (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5g L-1). The results showed drought stress led to increased electrolyte leakage (EL), proline, carotenoid, anthocyanin, and total flavonoid content (TFC). However, flowers yield and EO yield were lower in plants exposed to drought stress as compared to well-watered conditions. The 0.3 and 0.5g L-1Mg-NPs were more effective in alleviating drought stress by enhancing these traits. Heat map results showed that EL and TSS represented the high variability upon different treatments. The GC and GC/MS results represented that α-pinene (8.60-12.20%), 1,8-cineol (9.03-14.02%), camphor (6.84-9.80%), α-bisabolol (8.54-18.81%), chamazulene (14.23-22.50%), and caryophyllene oxide (7.20-9.80%) were the min EO constitutes of yarrow plants. Totally, drought decreased monopertens but increased sesquiterpenes of EO. To sum up, foliar applied Mg-NPs in a range of 0.3-0.5g L-1 can be recommended as effective tool to improve plant yield through changes in biochemical attributes of yarrow plants.

Morfološke osobine biljke i reproduktivna sposobnost semena hajdučke trave (Achillea millefolium L.) u zavisnosti od pedo-ekoloških uslova

The paper analyzes the influence of soil type and its agrochemical characteristics on the morphological and productive parameters of different yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) populations. At 8 locations the following fertility parameters were analyzed: pH (H2 O), pH (KCl), CaCO3 (%), humus (%), total N (%), available P2 O5 and K2 O (mg 100 g-1 soil). From the morphological parameters, the following were measured: plant height, number of leaves, number and diameter of the head, from the productive parameters, the fresh above-ground masses per plant, the fresh above-ground masses and seeds yield per hectare and the harvest index were analyzed. Among the quality parameters of yarrow seeds, germination energy, total germination and weight of 1,000 seeds were examined. The largest number of heads (13.6), a diameter of heads (1.9 cm) and seed yield (386.0 kg ha-1) had the population of yarrow from the location Pančevo (Am1). In this variant, seeds with the highest germination energy (48.8%) and total germination (53.4%) were obtained. The population in this locality was in second place in fresh above-ground masses yield (15,604.0 kg ha-1). The highest fresh above-ground masses yield per hectare, was obtained in variant Am5 (location Starčevo "rit"). The lowest values of morphological and productive parameters and the weakest quality of seeds were found in the yarrow plants originating from soils with less natural fertility and soils located in urban areas.

VITAMINS AND ALKALOIDS IN SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS (ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L., CAPPARIS SPINOSA L., HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L.) AND THEIR EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH

This article provides information on the morpho-physiological characteristics, chemical composition, especially the amount of alkaloids and vitamins, and their function in the body, as well as thorn bushes, hole field, yarrow plants, which are considered medicinal plants.The article deals with the botanical and morpho-physiological characteristics of the plant Achillea Millefolium L., one of the medicinal plants used in scientific medicine, systematics, some biologically active substances in the chemical composition, especially vitamins and alkaloids, their function in the body and their role in human health. details are given.The following article describes the role of Capparis spinosa L. in modern taxonomy, its distribution, the structure and properties of the most common alkaloids and vitamins in the plant, and its biochemical functions in the human body.The article concludes with a detailed description of the morpho-physiological characteristics of the plant Hypericum Perforatum L., its chemical composition, especially the amount of alkaloids and vitamins and their function in the body and their role in human health.

Önemli Tıbbi Bitkilerden Biri Olan Achillea millefolium L. (Civanperçemi) Bitkisinin Besin Elementi Konsantrasyonları ve Antioksidan Aktivitesi

Bu çalışmada, tıbbi nitelik taşıdığı bilinen Achillea millefolium L. (Civanperçemi) bitkisinin besin elementi konsantrasyonlarının ve antioksidan aktivitesinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla; Sivas ili Divriği ilçesinden toplandığı bilinen Civanperçemi bitkisinin makro ve mikro besin elementi konsantrasyonları ile su ekstresinin toplam antioksidan seviyesi (TAS), toplam oksidan seviyesi (TOS) ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSI) değerleri belirlenmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre; Civanperçemi bitkisinin bazı makro ve mikro besin elementi konsantrasyonları bakımından yeter düzeyde olduğu, makro elementlerden azot (N), fosfor (P), potasyum (K), kalsiyum (Ca) ve magnezyum, mikro elementlerden demir (Fe), çinko (Zn), mangan (Mn) ve bakır (Cu) konsantrasyonlarının sırasıyla %1,01 N, %0,63 P, %2,43 K, %2,22 Ca, %0,70 Mg, 360,4 mg/kg Fe, 47,6 mg/kg Zn, 85,5 mg/kg Mn ve 28,3 mg/kg Cu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Antioksidan potansiyelinin ise orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, bitkinin oksidan kapasitesi ve oksidatif stres indeksi düşük olarak tespit edilmiştir.

EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS POTASSIUM SOURCES ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH, FLOWERING, ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTIVITY AND SOME CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF YARROW (ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L.) PLANT

Achillea millefolium is a major medicinal and aromatic herb and has antioxidant, antimicrobial, antispasmodic and antitumor effects in its essential oil. This research was conducted at Floriculture Farm and in the Laboratories of Horticulture Departments, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons to study the effect of foliar spraying at 2000 mg/l with various potassium sources i.e., potassium chloride, potassium citrate, potassium humate, potassium nitrate, potassium silicate, potassium sulphate, monopotassium phosphate and di-potassium hydrogen phosphate on vegetative growth, flowering, essential oil productivity and some chemical constituents of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) plants. Results showed that various potassium sources scored highly significant effects on vegetative growth and flowering of A. millefolium L. plant, particularly potassium nitrate followed potassium humate. Moreover, the richest leaf N% was resulted by potassium nitrate, whereas, spraying A. millefolium L. plants with monopotassium phosphate treatment induced the highest values of the percentage of P (%) and total chlorophylls content (%) as well as the maximum K (%), while total carbohydrate content was given by potassium sulphate. In addition, spraying yarrow plant with potassium citrate treatment induced the maximum values of essential oil parameters. Furthermore, the constituents of volatile oil of A. millefolium L. showed 13 components have been recognized. The major components were α-bisabolol oxide B, limonene, carvacrol and chamazulene. Consequently, spraying A. millefolium L. plants with potassium nitrate or potassium humate is recommended, to boost growth, flowering and some chemical constituents, whereas potassium citrate and potassium silicate treatment induced the richest values of essential oils production

Elicitation Improves the Leaf Area, Enzymatic Activities, Antioxidant Activity and Content of Secondary Metabolites in Achillea millefolium L. Grown in the Field

Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that stimulates the growth and metabolism of plants, also acting as an abiotic elicitor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of SA on leaf production, leaf area and synthesis of secondary compounds in yarrow plants. The experiments were conducted under field conditions in two consecutive years and f-received SA foliar applications (T1-control; T2-1.0 mmol L−1 applications at 20, 60 and 100 days after planting (DAP) and T3-1.0 mmol L−1 applications at 100 DAP during 3 days). The exogenous application of SA resulted in increases in leaf area (total and specific), number of leaves and leaf mass ratio of yarrow plants, polyphenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase enzymes and the antioxidant activity of the plant extract. The HPLC–DAD–MS/MS analysis of phenolic compounds revealed increases in the amounts of quinic acid and rutin. The results of this research lead us to affirm that SA exerted both the hormonal effect on number of leaves and leaf area, and also acted as eliciting substance.

Evaluation of Achillea millefolium essential oil compounds and biological effects on cervix cancer HeLa cell line

Abstract Yarrow essential oil is used in complementary and alternative therapy for several diseases. Biological effects of essential oils span various cells and microorganisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of the essential oil obtained from the yarrow plant (Achillea millefolium) on HeLa (CCL-2) cells. The components of the essential oil were studied by means of GC-MS analysis. Out of 10 determined compounds in the essential oil; 1,8-Cineole, Camphor, Beta-eudesmol and Camphene were found to be higher than others; and their biological effects were depicted with Ingeniuty Pathway Analysis (IPA) analysis. Moreover, cell cycle and proliferation tests were conducted on HeLa cells where yarrow plant’s essential oil was used. When extracted yarrow oil applied on HeLA Cells, apoptotic effects had been determined, furthermore proliferation of these cells decreased. In addition, activation of cell cycle control points was observed . Essential oil components could arrest the development of HeLa cells due to induction of cellular damage control mechanisms. In conclusion, we propose that the essential oil had a more repressive effect on HeLa cells, decreases their proliferation and prevented the increase in the number of cells.

Ascophyllum nodosum extract improves phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of medicinal and functional food plant Achillea millefolium L.

Genetic, biochemical and physiological parameters can be changed by applying seaweed extract-based products. However, there is scarce information about the influence of seaweed extract on yarrow performance (Achillea millefolium L.), which is widely used in the folk medicine. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of Ascophyllum nodosum extract on plant development (leaf and root biomass, and leaf area), physiological indexes (leaf weight ratio, and root: leaf ratio), secondary metabolite (phenolic compounds) content and antioxidant activity of yarrow. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (seaweed extract concentrations 0, 3, 6 and 9 mL L-1) and 10 replications. The higher concentration of seaweed extract caused higher total dry weight of plants (from 17.8 to 19%), especially due to increases in the root biomass (up to 28.5%). Only plants that received the highest concentration of seaweed-based product presented increments in the number of leaves when compared to the control plants (18.3 %). Furthermore, the use of A. nodosum extract 9 mL L-1 provided increases in the antioxidant activity and content of phenolic compounds in leaves (up to 30.44%). In conclusion, application of A. nodosum is a potential tool strategy to improve the quality of raw material from yarrow plants, since it increased the phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity in leaves, which are the plant organs commonly used in folk medicine.

SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITES ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM AND GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L. AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL EFFECTIVENESS AGAINST THE RED SPIDER MITE

The biological activity of secondary metabolites with respect to pest insects is a poorly studied field of scientific research and opens wide possibilities for revealing many aspects of the theoretical and practical plan.
 The aim of the work is to create a plant protection product against the effects of a red spider mite of complex action on the basis of secondary metabolites of yarrow Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) and cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae).
 The chemical composition of the aerial part of the A. millefolium plant collected in the foothill areas of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan was studied. A high yield of eucalyptol (1,8-cineol) – 37.71% of the amount of the extract was revealed by chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method of high-performance thin layer chromatography revealed that the main component of Uchkun's preparation was the sum of polyprenyl homologs with 10–12 isoprene units, the content of which reached 69.5%. Other components of the extract were phytosiosterol and tocopherols in an amount of 30.5%. A synergistic effect was established in the combination of monoterpenoids of the yarrow plant of ordinary and polyprenols of Uchkun. The composition becomes more effective, having both a toxic effect on the red spider mite and further improving the state of the photosynthetic apparatus in damaged leaves of cucumber plants. As a result of the work carried out, it is shown that with a degree of infection of plants within the range of 100–150 pieces per sheet, the developed composition can replace the treatment with a chemical protective agent – a drug based on abamectin – Vertimec.

Study on the growth of (Achillea millefolium L.) medicinal plant by soil inoculation of mountainous area with selected mycorrhizal fungi

In recent years, the use of soil microbial potential including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi is widely considered to enhance the better growth and nutrition of plants. This research was conducted in order to study the impact of mycorrhizal fungi on the increase of yarrow production and the plant establishment affected by the symbiotic relationships between fungi and yarrow plant, based on factorial experiment as a randomized complete block (RCB) design with 4 treatments. Inoculated treatments included non-inoculated condition as control mode, inoculated with G. fasciculatum, G. mosseae and G. intraradice fungi. At the end of growth season, some growth parameters such as colonization, plant establishment, essential oil percentage and also morphological properties including fresh and dry weight of shoot and root and the root volume were measured. Results showed that the inoculation of Achillea millefolium L. with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have a significant effect on the measured parameters. This means that the inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi leads to increasing the plant establishment and essential oil percentage, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, and also the root volume compared to the control mode. It is noteworthy that among the three treatments done with fungi, the treatment of G. fasciculatum showed the most increase in the above parameters.

Effect of Mineral Fertelizer and Compost on Vegetative Growth and Essential Oil Content of Yarrow (Achillea millefolium l.) Plant.

Two pot experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Faculty of Agric., El-Mansoura Univ., Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 to investigate the effect of NPK fertilizer and compost treatments on vegetative growth and essential oil of yarrow plant (Achillea millefolium L.). Treatments were arranged in a split block design with 3 replicates, which were the simple possible combinations between compost rates (0, 11, 22 and 33 g/ pot) as main plots and NPK rates (0, 1, 2 and 3 g/ pot) as sub plots. The effect of treatments on vegetative growth parameters, inflorescences production ,essential oil percentage and content of the inflorescences were recorded. Data revealed that increasing compost levels significantly increased all the pre-mentioned parameters. The highest values recorded for compost treatments were those using compost at a rate of 33g/ pot. As for NPK fertilization, data also showed that plants received 3 g /pot produced the highest values of all the previously mentioned parameters of yarrow plants. On the same way, the interaction between compost treatments and NPK fertilization significantly affected all traits. The highest values of all parameters in both seasons were recorded from plants received the interaction treatment of compost at 33 g/ pot plus NPK at 3 g/pot.

English

Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound present in plants and has multiple functions, including hormonal effect on stimulus of plant growth and development and induction of plant defense responses under conditions of biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies related to SA’s elicitor action on the synthesis of secondary metabolite in medicinal plants have been conducted in order to increase the economic value of these species. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of SA foliar application on biomass production and the synthesis of secondary compounds in yarrow (Achillea millefolium L. - Asteraceae). The experiment was conducted in potted plants under greenhouse conditions. The SA application was done at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mM 20 days after transplanting the seedlings to pots. The effect of SA on the metabolism of yarrow plants was evaluated through biometric parameters of growth and biochemical parameters. The SA at 0.50 mM resulted in linear increases in biomass accumulation of roots, total dry mass, ratio root/shoot and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a+b content in yarrow plants.The application of SA at 0.50 and 1.00 mM was most effective in eliciting the production of essential oils and total phenols, with a consequent improvement of the antioxidant activity of the plant extract. It can be concluded that SA application constitutes an advantageous management practice for commercial production of Achillea millefolium, increasing the nutraceutical and medicinal values of this species. Key words: Photosynthetic pigments, essential oil, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity.

The effect of yellow yarrow (Achillea santolina) aqueous extracts as a factor in seed priming of canola and flax

Seed priming is one way to improve germination and establishment of seedlings of crops. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of priming with yellow yarrow plant extract on seed germination of canola seed (Brassica napus) and flax seed (Linum usitatissimum) in 2013 at the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Islamic Azad University of Karaj. In this study, factorial experiment was used in a completely randomized design with four replications. Factors of the experiment consisted of priming with the extracts of various organs of yellow yarrow at two levels (shoot and root) and five levels of extract concentration (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). The results showed that by increasing extract concentration of various organs of yarrow, germination percentage and radicle and plumule length increased and that the aqueous extract of various organs of yarrow had stimulating effects on germination characteristics of canola and flax seeds. Maximum germination percentage was observed in priming with yarrow extract and the least germination percentage was seen in seeds hydroprimed (distilled water). The higher germination rate in prime treats with yarrow extract indicates biological effects of this plant on seeds germination.