Yarn Samples Research Articles

Temperature Regulation in Colored Infrared-Transparent Polyethylene Textiles

Summary Effectively regulating heat flow between the human body and its environment not only increases thermal comfort but also presents a novel and potentially cost-effective approach to reducing building energy consumption. Infrared property-engineered textiles have been shown to passively regulate radiative heat dissipation for effective cooling and warming of the human body. However, a lack of dyes that can tune the textile color without compromising the infrared properties remains a major impediment to textile commercialization. Here, we report a new strategy utilizing inorganic nanoparticles as a coloring component for scalable brightly colored, infrared-transparent textiles. The as-fabricated composite textiles not only show a high infrared transparency of ∼80% and a passive cooling effect of ∼1.6°C–1.8°C but also exhibit intense visible colors with good stability against washing. This facile coloration approach will promote the commercialization of radiative cooling textiles in temperature-regulating wearable applications for effective energy savings.

Modal–Cotton Fibre Blend Ratio and Ring Frame Parameter Optimisation Through the Taguchi Method

Abstract The influence of Modal–cotton (MC) fibre blend ratio and ring frame machine parameters such as front top roller loading and break draft on the blended yarn properties has been studied. Compact MC blended yarn samples of 14.75 tex with three different MC fibre blend ratio has been produced in a LR 6 ring spinning frame fitted with Suessen Compact drafting system. A robust design optimisation to minimise the variations of the output yarn properties such as blended yarn tenacity, yarn unevenness and hairiness caused because of the variations in the material as well as machine setting parameters is achieved through the Taguchi parametric design approach. It is found that the maximum compact MC blended yarn tenacity is 23.76 g/tex, which is influenced very much by MC fibre blend ratio but meagrely by top roller loading and break draft. Similarly, the minimum 9.54 U% and 3.59 hairiness index are achieved with 100:0 and 70:30 MC fibre blend ratio, respectively, at 23-kg top roller loading. Statistical ANOVA analysis is performed on the results and optimum values are obtained within the 95% confidential level through confirmation experiments.

Porosity and air permeability relationship of denim fabrics produced using core-spun yarns with different filament finenesses for filling

In this article, porosity and air permeability of denim fabric produced from filament core-spun yarns with different filament fineness and yarn linear density were demonstrated. For this purpose, 110 dtex drawn textured polyester filaments with conventional, fine, and micro finenesses were used as core part, and combed cotton fiber was used as sheath part to obtain core-spun yarns with four different yarn linear density on a modified ring spinning system with the same spinning parameters. Besides the production of core-spun yarns, 100% cotton ring-spun yarns were produced as control group at the same conditions for each yarn linear density, as well. To evaluate the effect of filament fineness and yarn linear density on air permeability and total porosity, denim fabrics were obtained by using 24 yarn samples as weft at the same cover factor with four determined weft densities. Results showed that filament fineness and yarn linear density have a significant effect on total porosity and air permeability at a significance level of 0.05. In addition, high correlation (79.4%) between air permeability and total porosity of denim fabric samples was observed at a significance level of 0.01.

Effect of pın spacer apparatus on the propertıes of knıtted fabrıcs from cotton-tencel yarns

Yarn quality is an important factor as it directly plays an important role in fabric properties. Among many attempts for improving yarn properties in spinning technologies, pin spacer is one of the developed apparatus which can be mounted separately on the compact spinning unit used for improving the yarn properties especially in terms of yarn evenness and hairiness. Cotton-Tencel blended compact yarns are widely preferred among the textile consumers owing to high comfort feature of Tencel fibers combined with cotton fibers’ unique properties. In this study, cotton (85%) – Tencel (15%) compact yarn samples were produced as yarn groups of combed yarn and carded yarn with utilizing and without utilizing pin-spacer apparatus at a linear density of Ne 40/1. In order to analyze the effect of pin-spacer apparatus on yarn properties, unevenness, imperfections, hairiness (H) and tensile measurements were evaluated. The greige and dyed single jersey plain knitted samples produced from those yarns were also compared in terms of dimensional changes in wale and course direction (%), pilling grades, bursting strength (kPa), air permeability values (mm/s) and the fabric surface color properties. According to test results, using pin-spacer apparatus generally improved carded and combed compact yarns’ some properties as well as some knitted fabric properties made of those yarns.

Effect of polyamide ratio on the flammability of wool/PA blended aircraft seat fabrics

Wool and polyamide blended fabrics are widely preferred for aircraft seats. Due to the requirements of the flammability regulations of airline authorities, aircraft fabrics have to pass vertical flammability and smoke density tests. In this work, polyamide/wool blended yarns produced in five different ratios. Yarn samples were knitted on a circular knitting machine. Fabric samples were dyed in overflow dyeing machine. Following the washing of the fabric samples, well known low smoke Zirpro flame retardant treatment based on a zirconium salts were applied. The effect of polyamide content on the flammability properties, the thermal behavior and heat release properties of the wool/polyamide blended knitted fabric samples were investigated. For this aim, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, smoke density and vertical burn tests were performed. Results showed that polyamide content decreased the flame retardancy of the wool fabrics.

Characterization of flame-retardant performance of polyester/flame-retardant viscose blended yarn

In this paper, a flame-retardant blend yarn was designed with flame-retardant viscose fiber and polyester. Flame-retardant viscose fiber was blended with polyester by core-spun method. Polyester was set as a core and the flame-retardant viscose fiber was set as a sheath to change the flame retardancy and disadvantage of moisture permeability. After the flame-retardant viscose fiber was spun into roving, polyester was added in spun yarn. The core yarn samples with different ratios were prepared by adjusting the amount of flame-retardant viscose fiber. The flame retardancy of core-spun yarn was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared techniques. Limiting oxygen index of the yarn with 50% flame-retardant viscose fiber and 50% polyester was 27.6% and just decreased slightly to 27.1% after 30 washing cycles. Polyester begins to melt from inside core-spun yarn after heating and the molten polyester flows to outer layer of yarns by the diversion effect of higher temperature. Then it was carbonized by the polymetaphosphate which was generated by the flame-retardant viscose fiber. In thermal processes, the major product of thermal decomposition was CO2.

Effect of rotor spinning transfer channel modification on fiber orientation and yarn properties

The vortices are generated at the conventional transfer channel, having adverse effects on fiber configuration. In a former research, a conventional transfer channel was modified via rounding the transfer channel inlet corner and adding a bypass channel. The simulation results obtained with the modified transfer channel showed that the vortices were eliminated and the inlet air velocity increased. We present the impact of this modification on the yarn properties and fiber straightness. Four groups of yarn samples were spun using the conventional and modified spinning system. Yarn properties and fiber straightness along the rotor groove were evaluated. Results revealed that tenacities of the yarns spun on the modified system, increased in comparison to that of the conventionally spun yarns. The number of nearly straight fibers is increased by 25.55% by using the modified system, which was mainly attributed to the decrease in the number of fibers with trailing and leading hooks.

Investigation of the concurrent sliver-opening mechanism and unveiling features of the new dual-feed rotor spinning concept

To examine the effectiveness of the new dual-feed rotor spinning system, we performed a set of experiments to assess the influence of the opening roller type, sliver feed method, and direction of fiber feeding into the rotor on the quality of a polyester/cotton blend yarn. Six yarn samples of 58tex consisting of 55/45 polyester/cotton were prepared in this study. Their respective properties, such as tenacity, elongation at break, mass irregularity, hairiness, thick (+35%) and thin (−30%) places were tested and statistically analyzed using Minitab. ANOVA analysis showed that the tested yarn quality properties were statistically significant among groups except for thick places (+35%). Tukey’s post hoc test based on the honest significant difference was performed to determine the implication of results within groups at the value of α = 0.05. The dual-feed blend yarn (PCLR) spun with opening roller type OK37 on the left and OK40 on the right exhibited superior yarn quality characteristics compared to other samples. Dually carded slivers yielded better yarn quality compared to simultaneously carded ones. The combing direction did not produce a clear trend on the quality of yarns. The study provides important insights into the potential of the dual-feed rotor spinning concept.

Effect of polyester and elastane linear density on the physical and mechanical properties of dual-core-spun cotton yarns

ABSTRACTThe use of single-core elastic spun cotton yarns is well established in textiles and denim industry but interest in the use of dual-core-spun yarns has started to grow only recently. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of polyester and elastane linear density on the physical and mechanical properties of dual-core-spun cotton yarns. Yarn samples were prepared on industrial-scale spinning machines using cotton as the sheath fibers and two different linear densities of polyester and three different linear densities of elastane filaments in the core. Statistical analysis of the results revealed that yarn tenacity, elongation, uniformity, and hairiness are significantly affected by the linear densities of both the polyester and elastane filaments in the core, with statistically significant interaction between them. Yarn imperfections (IPI), however, are affected mainly by the polyester denier, while the elastane linear density did not show statistically significant effect on the IPI. Regression equations for different yarn properties were also developed which showed fairly high values of coefficient of determination (R-sq).

Compatibility of Natural Dyes on Aluminum Pre-Mordanted Woolen Yarns by Determination of Diffusion Coefficient

In the present research, a method of assessing relative compatibility rating of single and binary mixtures of walnut green shell, cochineal, and weld natural dyes on aluminum pre-mordanted woolen yarns was proposed, where a proportion of the calculated diffusion coefficients of dyes was postulated. To calculate the diffusion coefficient values, the uptake behavior of dyes was derived as the K/S and the exhaustion curves by dyeing the woolen yarn samples with the individual dye as well as with the mixtures of dyes obtained from practical conditions of dyeing. A typical method was employed to dye the samples at two temperatures of 80 and 95 oC. The method proposed for determination of the compatibility of dyes was more verified at higher temperature, that is, 95 oC, against a conventional method of solution analysis. The results of compatibility showed that the selected binary mixtures of cochineal-weld have an excellent compatibility. The other mixtures, that is, walnut green shell-cochineal and walnut green shell-weld showed weak-moderate and very weak compatibility, respectively.

Statistical analysis of yarn to metal frictional coefficient of cotton spun yarn using Taguchi design of experiment

Yarn’s surface to metal friction is an important consideration in the subsequent process of knitting and weaving as it influences mainly the ends down rate, fly generation, process efficiency, wear and tear of machine parts, and production rate of the process. These frictional properties are measured in terms of the coefficient of friction of yarn. The effect of cotton type, yarn twist, yarn linear density, process type, and finishing treatment was studied on the surface to the metal friction coefficient of cotton spun yarn using Taguchi experimental design. The experiments were conducted with Pakistani and Indian cotton using combed and carded ring spinning processes. Using Taguchi design of experiment, a total of 36 samples of cotton ring-spun yarns were produced. The coefficient of friction between the yarn’s surface and metal’s surface is measured in compliance with ASTM D3108. The outcome of the Taguchi model to predict the coefficient of friction of yarns with a predefined combination of constituting parameters was further confirmed with nine yarn samples. The frictional characteristics of yarns are found to be influenced by all factors. In addition to the application of wax, the longer fiber length, lower trash count, lower short fiber index, and the optimum level of twist are found advantageous to reduce the yarn coefficient of friction.

Geometry of fiber distribution in Marl yarn using the computational method

In this research, the structure of a type of bi-component composite yarns so called Marl yarn was studied. Fibers packing density factors within the yarn cross section as well as the effect of twisting on the resultant yarn were investigated. Samples of Marl acrylic yarns were provided using different twisting levels. Images of the cross sections of the produced yarn were obtained using the transverse sectioning method. The images were captured using the optical microscopy. The prepared images of the yarn cross section were then analyzed using image processing methods. In the first stage, yarn central coordinates and radiuses were calculated. In order to investigate the uniformity of fibers distribution and packing density within the yarn cross section, the fiber distances from the yarn center within the small radial and polar elements were calculated and the coefficient of variations (CV %) was determined. The maximum value of the fibers packing density was determined. The results showed that the fibers were mostly concentrated within the central region of the yarn; this was followed by the decrease in the fibers packing density while moving into the yarn’s outer layers. It was also concluded that increasing the intensity of the applied twist would result in higher fibers packing as well as the decrease in the yarn radius.

Single vision based identification of yarn hairiness using adaptive threshold and image enhancement method

In order to measure the yarn parameter information more accurately with the image analysis method, an adaptive grayscale enhancement and linear region threshold segmentation algorithm are proposed systematically. The grayscale contrast of the yarn and background is enhanced to avoid the poor effect of single threshold based image segmentation method, thereby improving the recognition and measurement accuracy of the yarn hairiness. Using the self-developed image acquisition system to acquire the image sequence of yarn samples, the accuracy and effectiveness of the image analysis algorithm were validated accordingly. Experimental results show that the proposed two algorithms can significantly reduce the information loss of yarn image and good robustness could be achieved. The length and number of yarn hairiness detected by the image methods are highly correlated with those of the visual inspection method, and the CV of yarn evenness is also consistent with the traditional method.

Analysis of mechanical and dimensional properties of the denim fabrics produced with double-core and core-spun weft yarns with different weft densities

Elastic structures are preferred for improving the elasticity and recovery properties of denim fabrics. With the intention of improving comfort during body movements in denim jeans, 10–35% elasticity is required. In this study, the effect of the composition of double-core (dual-core) and core-spun weft yarns and weft density on the mechanical properties of denim fabrics was investigated. For this purpose, different core materials were used in the production of elastic yarns. The sheath material was cotton for all yarn types. Yarn samples were spun with the same yarn count and twist coefficient. 100% cotton Ne 8/1 Ring slub warp yarns were used as warp yarn while double-core and core-spun yarns were used as weft yarns in weaving. The weaving process was performed with three different weft density values (16, 22, and 28 weft /cm) and the other production parameters were kept constant. Twill 3/1 woven fabrics were treated according to standard denim finishing procedures. After domestic washing processes, mechanical properties of the samples were tested and statistically evaluated.

Electro-spun PLA-PEG-yarns for tissue engineering applications

Electro-spinning is widely used in tissue-engineered applications mostly in form of non-woven structures. The development of e-spun yarn opens the door for textile fabrics which combine the micro to nanoscale dimension of electro-spun filaments with three-dimensional (3D) drapable textile fabrics. Therefore, the aim of the study was the implementation of a process for electro-spun yarns. Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were spun from chloroform solutions with varying PLA/PEG ratios (100:0, 90:10, 75:25 and 50:50). The yarn samples produced were analyzed regarding their morphology, tensile strength, water uptake and cytocompatibility. It was found that the yarn diameter decreased when the funnel collector rotation was increasd, however, the fiber diameter was not influenced. The tensile strength was also found to be dependent on the PEG content. While samples composed of 100% PLA showed a tensile strength of 2.5±0.7 cN/tex, the tensile strength increased with a decreasing PLA content (PLA 75%/PEG 25%) to 6.2±0.5 cN/tex. The variation of the PEG content also influenced the viscosity of the spinning solutions. The investigation of the cytocompatibility with endothelial cells was conducted for PLA/PEG 90:10 and 75:25 and indicated that the samples are cytocompatible.

The mechanical and comfort properties of cotton and regenerated fibers blended woven fabrics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the 100 percent pure cotton and 50:50 cotton and regenerated fibers (tencel, modal, bamboo, viscose) blends. The blends of regenerated fibers with cotton are studied so as to replace 100 percent cotton fabrics with the cotton blends as cotton cannot fulfill the demand of clothing due to the increasing population.Design/methodology/approachIn order to conduct this study, cotton, as natural cellulose fiber, was used. Regenerated fibers include viscose, tencel, modal and bamboo. Five yarn samples of Ne 30/1 of 100 percent cotton and blends (50:50) of cotton with tencel, modal, bamboo and viscose fibers were produced. The blending was done in the Blow-room, and yarn samples were produced by employing the ring spinning technique. Plain woven fabrics samples with Ends (76) and Picks (68) per inch of 120 gsm were prepared. The fabric samples were tested for mechanical (warp and weft tensile and tear strengths) and comfort properties (air permeability, moisture management and thermal resistance).FindingsCotton:tencel fabric has the excellent mechanical (tensile and tear strength) as well as comfort properties (air permeability, moisture management and thermal resistance). It means that the most suitable blend that cotton can make with the regenerated fibers is the tencel. Therefore, to have more comfortable fabrics, the fabrics which are being made by 100 percent cotton can be replaced with the cotton:tencel.Originality/valueTo the authors’ information, no study has been reported in which all the regenerated fibers blended with cotton were studied. Hence, the aim of this work is to study the mechanical and comfort properties of the regenerated fibers (modal, tencel, viscose and bamboo) blended with cotton. The blends of cotton with regenerated fibers might replace 100 percent cotton in clothing applications as cotton cannot fulfill the increasing demanding of clothing.

New advanced extraction and analytical methods applied to discrimination of different lichen species used for orcein dyed yarns: Preliminary results

In this paper, the preliminary results of a study aimed to discriminate between the different species of lichens, from which orchil dyes originate, are presented. A multi-analytical approach has been used to analyze several species of lichens, in particular Roccella tinctoria DC, Lasallia pustulata L. and Ochrolechia tartarea L., in an attempt to identify distinguishing markers within different orchil mixtures. In the first part of the research, samples of yarns dyed with the different species, prepared in laboratory after the proper raw lichens treatment, have been subjected to SERS on fiber analyses. Hence an innovative ammonia protocol has been applied to all the specimens. Firstly, in order to evaluate the difference among the different species, HPTLC has been applied to the extracts of dyed yarns and the dye baths. All the spots present on the TLC plates have been analyzed through SERS (HPTLC-SERS), in order to obtain a SERS database of each single compound, fixed on the yarns. Then, HPTLC-MS and HPLC-MS experiments have been carried out, in order to deep into the identification of compounds corresponding to each spot.

Influence of dyeing conditions of natural dye extracted from Berberis integerrima fruit on color shade of woolen yarn

ABSTRACTA new source of natural dye was introduced to obtain different colors on woolen yarn by varying the dyeing condition and formulation recipe. The fruit extract of Berberis integerrima was used as a natural dye for coloration of wool fibers. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been applied to design experimental runs to evaluate the interactive effects of the operating variables. The concentration of natural dye, concentration of mordant, pH of dye bath, and dyeing time at boiling temperature was selected as independent parameters. The effect of these parameters was examined on color shade (Hue angle) of dyed yarn samples as a dependent factor. The results were indicated that the different hue angles and color shades were achieved at proposed dyeing condition of wool fibers with B. integerrima which was in the range of 25° up to 282°. Extracted natural dye from B. integerrima was presented an inhibition zone at all applied concentrations and it was dependent on its concentration.

Reactive dyeing of ramie yarn washed by liquid ammonia

The washing efficiency of water, nonionic soap solution, reflux solution, pure liquid ammonia (99.99%), and solvated liquid ammonia was studied on dyed ramie yarns. The ramie yarn samples were dyed with a 2% on weight of fiber (o.w.f) shade with five types of reactive dye by the classical exhaustion method. The washing performances of these solvents were quantified by the dye removal rate, the color uniformity, and the color fastness properties (washing, rubbing, and lightness). Furthermore, the influence of these wash methods on the physical properties of the final yarn samples including shrinkage, tensile strength, and elongation was schematically examined. The results of these measurements revealed that the dye removal rates during the washing in pure liquid ammonia and solvated liquid ammonia were lower than the yarn washed in water, soap solutions, or reflux solutions. The color uniformity (expressed as the standard deviation of K/S values for all dyed ramie yarns) was within the acceptable limits with the satisfactory color fastness levels. The shrinkage values of yarns that were washed in the pure liquid ammonia and the solvated liquid ammonia were both similar (9.0%) and considerably higher than the samples washed in water (1.8%), soap solution (2.4%), or reflux solution (2.6%). The tensile strength and the elongation of the resultant yarns improved significantly when the samples washed in pure liquid ammonia. The yarns that were washed in the solvated liquid ammonia solutions had decreased tensile strength and elongation. The cause of the decrease was determined by the XRD measurements, which confirmed that the crystallinity, and the orientation of these fibers decreased dramatically after being washed in the ammonia system solutions. The samples that were washed in the liquid ammonia had a smoother surface morphology than the other washing processes.

Biomordanting Potential of Acacia nilotica (Babul) in Conjunction with Kerria lacca and Rheum emodi Natural Dyes

ABSTRACTThis study was undertaken to propose an alternative use of Acacia nilotica bark extract as a potential source of biomordant for the development of ecofriendly shades of varying hue and tone in conjunction with Kerria lacca (Lac) and Rheum emodi (Himalayan rhubarb) natural dyes. The colorimetric analysis of K. lacca and R. emodi natural dyes were evaluated onto the woolen yarn samples adopting pre-mordanting technique using 1.0–5.0% (o.w.f.) A. nilotica as biomordant. The hue of color developed was found to be in yellow-red coordinate of color space diagram with hues shifted toward red region for K. lacca and toward yellow region for R. emodi dyed samples. The color strength (K/S) values were found to increase with increase in the concentration of biomordant and were found highest for 5.0% (o.w.f.) A. nilotica mordanted samples. Color fastness with respect to light exposure, washing, rubbing for the developed shades ranged between good to very good ratings of 4–5 on grey scale, confirming the possibility of using A. nilotica bark extract as a potential source of biomordant for enhancing the colorimetric and fastness characteristics of dyed woolen yarn samples.