Yarn Count Research Articles

Mathematical Modeling to Predict the Geometrical Properties of Float Stitches in Single Jersey Knitted Fabrics

This paper presents a novel mathematical model of float stitches in single Jersey knitted fabrics. The mathematical model has been used to deduce the fabric geometrical relationships that can be useful for predicting the properties of the fabric. Using AutoLISP and AutoCAD software, a program has been designed to simulate the surface appearance of knitted fabrics. The program inputs and outputs are also displayed with each type of float stitches. The proposed program and mathematical model demonstrated their effectiveness in using a wide range of yarn count, number of wales and courses, and predicting the different geometrical properties.

Comparison between Conventional Ring and Compact Spinning of some Egyptian Cotton Varieties

The current experiments was conducted at Plant Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba-Basha) Alexandria University, during 2019 season to evaluate the fiber and yarn properties of combed yarns by compact and conventional ring spun yarns for three Egyptian cotton varieties (Giza 94, Giza 92 and Giza 86) which belong to long staple category under three yarn count (Ne 80’s, Ne 100’s and Ne 120’s). The fiber properties were measured as well as yarn properties by two spinning system were made at Cotton Research Institute under comparable technological condition on RstI Marzoli ring and compact spinning fitted with Olfil system on one frame. The results showed that the compact spinning surpassed than conventional ring spinning in yarn traits i.e. lea count strength product (LCSP), single yarn strength (cN/tex), elongation (%), CV%, thin and thick places, neps, total imperfections and yarn hairiness. as that the compact spinning recorded the higher desirable values for lea count strength product (LCSP) (2900), single yarn strength (cN/tex) (25.39) and elongation (%) (5.03). as recorded the lower desirable values for CV%, thin (16) and thick places (36), neps (68), total imperfections (120) and yarn hairiness (1.60). As well as cotton variety Giza 92 recorded the desirable values for lea count strength product (LCSP) (3030), single yarn strength (cN/tex) (25.24) and CV% (12.08). On the other side, Giza 86 recorded the better values for thin (11) and thick places (21), neps (67), total imperfections (99) and yarn hairiness (1.80). Yarn count Ne 80’s gave the desirable values for above studied traits. The first order and second order interaction were significant differences for all studied traits. From the previous results it could be say that cotton variety Giza 92 under both compact spinning and Ne 80’s recorded the best values for the studied characters. In general, the properties of combed yarns produced with compact spinning system are better than the those with conventional ring spinning system, compact yarns were having better tensile properties, elongation ratio and lower hairiness than conventional ring yarns, that could be due to the elimination of spinning triangle in spinning system, and the decrease from the flight of fibers of structure yarn increase and this leads to higher yarn tenacity and elongation ratio. Also, Compact spun combed yarn was to found to have higher evenness and lower number of total imperfection values (thin places, thick places and neps). If the evenness property of compact yarn can be improved, it will have a potential for improving quality and profitability of cotton yarn manufacturing.

Determining the loop length during knitting and dyeing processes

Loop length is one of the most relevant variables to control while producing knitted fabrics because the final characteristics of the finished fabric depend on it to a great extent. The procedure followed to calculate it is based on standard UNE-EN 14970, and it is cumbersome, time-consuming and requires yarn-measuring equipment. This study investigated several single jersey and 1 × 1 rib structures produced with different yarn counts and 100% cotton yarns, and a 1 × 1 rib structure that was half-plated in alternating courses by defining four relaxation states of the different fabrics: two knits (knitting and dry relaxation and knitting and wet relaxation) and two dyed (dyed and dry relaxation and dyed and wet relaxation). The most significant dimensional variables were characterized in all the relaxation states and models were presented that explain the variability of the yarn length absorbed by the loop using other variables that are much simpler to analyze.

HAVA-JETLİ TEKSTÜRE PBT İPLİKLERİN MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN VE KARARSIZLIK DAVRANIŞLARININ İNCELENMESİ

Hava-jetli tekstüre işlemi, sentetik filamentlerin iplik içerisindeki düzenli yerleşimlerini mekanik yolla değiştirerek, bu filamentleri birbirine karışmış, hacimli, doğal ipliklere benzer bir yapıya dönüştürür. Bu teknikte, uygulanan aşırı beslemenin yardımıyla her çeşit filament, tekstüre jetinden uygulanan süpersonik hava akımının tesiriyle karıştırılabilir. Hava-jetli tekstüre işleminde jetten tekstüre olarak çıkan ipliğe, alım silindiri ile sevk silindiri arasında bir mekanik germe işlemi uygulanır. Mekanik germenin amacı, tam olarak ilmek oluşturamamış filamentlerin çözülmesi ve ilmek oluşturabilmiş filamentlerin daha iyi kilitlenerek ipliğin mekanik özelliklerini daha kararlı hale getirmektir. Hava-jetli tekstüre ipliklerin yapısında bulunan ilmeklerin bir kısmı uygulanan kuvvetlerin etkisiyle yok olabilir, iplik üzerinde kalan ilmeklerin miktarı bu ilmeklerin “kararlılığı” ile ilişkilidir. Poliesterler ana zincirlerinde ester bağları bulunduran sentetik liflerdir. Bu lifler olumlu performans özellikleri nedeniyle konvansiyonel ve endüstriyel alanlarda sıklıkla tercih edilmektedir. Farklı poliester çeşitleri arasında, polibütilen tereftalat (PBT) lifleri özellikle iyi toparlanma davranışının istendiği uygulamalarda tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada hava-jetli tekstüre PBT ipliklerin mekanik özellikleri ve kararsızlık davranışları incelenmiştir. Yapılan ön denemelerde, mekanik germe oranının %6’nın üzerinde olduğu durumlarda iplik yapısında deformasyon gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada en yüksek %6 olacak şekilde 4 farklı mekanik germe (%0-2-4-6) ve 3 farklı aşırı besleme oranında (%20-40-60) hava-jetli tekstüre PBT iplikler üretilmiştir. Üretilen bu numunelerin, iplik numaraları, mekanik özellikleri ve elastik toparlanma davranışları incelenmiştir. Çekme ve elastik toparlanma deneylerinden elde edilen sonuçlar optik mikroskop deneyleriyle ilişkilendirilerek açıklanmıştır. Yapılan deneyler sonucunda, hava-jetli tekstüre PBT ipliklerde aşırı besleme oranındaki artışa bağlı olarak ilmekli yapıda bir artış gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, numunelerin iplik numarası ve kopma uzaması değerlerinde bir artışa, elastik toparlanma davranışlarında ise azalmaya neden olmuştur. En az ilmekli yapının gözlendiği %20 aşırı besleme ile üretilen numunelerde filamentler iplik eksenine olan paralelliklerini kısmen korumuştur. Dolayısıyla bu numuneler için hava-jetli tekstüre iplik yapısından ziyade filamentleri meydana getiren molekül zincirlerinin özellikleri ön plana çıkmış ve en iyi toparlanma bu iplik grubunda gözlenmiştir.

The effect of core geometry on flexural stiffness and transverse shear rigidity of weight‐wise identical corrugated core sandwich panels reinforced with 3D flat spacer knitted fabric

AbstractThis article aims to evaluate the effect of core geometry on flexural stiffness and transverse shear rigidity of corrugated core sandwich panels both experimentally and numerically. Using vacuum‐assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method, three composite sandwich panels reinforced with 3D weft knitted spacer fabric with rectangular, hat‐type (trapezoidal) and triangular cross‐sectional geometries were produced. In order to eliminate weight variation among the produced sandwich panel samples, the unit cell dimensions, core wall to skin angle, and the yarn count used to knit the core wall were carefully chosen. Results pointed to existence of statistically significant difference between the load‐carrying capacity and transverse shear rigidity in the direction of corrugation of the structures. It was concluded that triangular and rectangular structures have the highest and lowest load‐carrying capacity, transverse shear rigidity, and core shear modulus in the direction of corrugation, respectively.

A New Approach to Evaluate Fabric Hand Based on Three-Dimensional Drape Model

Abstract Fabric quality and performance is assessed subjectively by the customer using an important and complex phenomenon of fabric hand. Objectively, it is evaluated with complicated and expensive instruments, such as Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F) and Fabric Assurance with Simple Testing (FAST). The present research explores a non-touch objective approach, i.e., three-dimensional (3D) drape model to estimate fabric hand. Fabric hand prediction was testified on different commercial fabrics spanning a wide range of areal weight, thickness, yarn count, and fabric density. Fabric objective ranks based on drape indicators using principal component analysis (PCA) were compared with subjective ranks of fabric hand. Additionally, fabric drape is evaluated three dimensionally and a new drape indicator drape height (DH) is proposed. The cosine similarity results have proved fabric drape as an objective alternate to fabric hand.

PEG‐PLA‐PCL based electrospun yarns with curcumin control release property as suture

AbstractThis work presents an interesting method using an electrospinning process to fabricate suture yarns loaded with curcumin to achieve reasonable mechanical properties as well as tunable drug release behavior. Different structures including different yarn counts and twists as well as core‐sheath structures were used to adjust drug release properties along with improving the yarn's mechanical properties. The core parts were made of polycaprolactone and the sheath parts were made of polyethylene glycol, polylactic acid, and polycaprolactone. Drugs can be incorporated in both parts based on the required condition and application. Electrospun yarns were compared using both structural properties and their drug release profiles as metrics. The results of comparing drug release profiles of six electrospun yarns with different yarn counts and twists showed that yarns with finer fiber diameters in the core part have more drug release as well as more initial release. Overall evaluations showed that core‐sheath drugloaded yarn with appropriate physical and mechanical properties can be a useful material as a drug delivery system to the site of damaged tissue. It can also be concluded that the amount and duration of drug release can be controlled using the structural parameters of electrospun yarns as an engineering tool for designing suture yarns with required properties.

Multifunctional Spun Yarns and Textiles from Nickel‐Titanium Microfilaments

AbstractImprovements in multifunctional materials have led researchers to reinvigorate traditional textile structures by integrating emerging material technologies to offer novel solutions to diverse industries. However, there exist few multifunctional materials capable of being produced with micrometer diameters that can be spun into yarns for textile manufacturing, limiting the wearability and tunability of multifunctional textiles. Here, the creation of nickel‐titanium (NiTi) smart material‐based yarns is enabled by the availability of small diameter (≤10 µm) NiTi filaments that can survive the yarn spinning manufacturing process. NiTi microfilament yarns exhibit traditional superelastic and shape memory properties, and afford additional improvements to mechanical performance such as a tunable structural stiffness, plateau strength, and actuation contractions through the introduction of controllable geometric parameters—yarn count, surface twist angle, and manufacturing strains. This work concludes in a densely knitted, closed‐form textile with shape memory actuation and superelastic recovery. NiTi microfilament yarns and textiles have promising impacts in actuating and energy‐absorbing technologies for medical, robotics, aerospace, and defense applications.

Effect of yarn structure variables on comfort properties for cotton towels

The main purpose of this research is to study the effects of yarn structure variables as key factors influencing the comfort characteristics of cotton towel fabrics. Results of this work can help the producers or manufacturer to create desired quality towel fabric using optimum yarn parameters. The heaviest Grams per Square Meter (GSM) and the highest water vapor permeability were recorded by the Egyptian variety (Giza 90) while the maximum water absorption and air permeability were recorded by the Sudan variety (Acala). It is shown that the mean values of all comfort properties except air permeability decreased when the yarn count and twist multiplier increased. It is obvious that most interaction effects among the yarn parameters (cotton materials, yarn count and twist multiplier) were no significant for all towel comfort properties. It is found negatively and highly significant correlation coefficient between air permeability and each one of the other towel comfort properties. On the other hand, it is indicated that the heavier and thicker towel had more ability to water absorption and water vapor permeability. Also, there was positive and highly significant relation between water absorption and water vapor permeability. Results indicated that there were positively and highly significant associations between yarn hairiness and all towel comfort properties except air permeability. On the contrary, negatively and highly significant associations were obtained between yarn properties being number of neps, thin and thick places and evenness CV % from one side and all towel comfort properties except air permeability from the other side. It is clear that the yarn elongation and yarn tenacity had weak and ineffective effects on the towel comfort properties.

Research regarding electromagnetic shielding achieved by the fabrics support

Electromagnetic shielding achieved by flexible materials has gained an increased significance in today’s radiation polluted environment. One of the modern approaches for obtaining electromagnetic textile shields with good surface electrical conductivity is the deposition of metallic thin films onto the fabrics. The use of the magnetron sputtering technique ensures some advantages, e.g. improved reflections of the fabric once metallic coatings are deposited on both sides of the fabric, as well as lightweight and excellent flexibility due to nanoscale thickness of layers. In the present work, cotton and polyester fabrics with various structural parameters, such as yarns count, fabric density, and specific mass were used as samples to be coated. PVD magnetron sputtering technique was utilized for the deposition of metallic layers with various thicknesses, either on one side or on both sides of the fabrics, in order to ensure good conductivity of the fabric. Besides, fabric samples with inserted conductive yarns of silver and stainless steel were considered as substrates, as well. The electromagnetic shielding tests using TEM cell evidenced good shielding effectiveness of 10-34 dB within 0.1-1000 MHz.

Investigating the performance of polyester microfibers in situ bags using different weft yarn count and density

Microfiber fabrics are more efficiency in retaining fine-particles that increase the variation in in situ degradability. The aim of this was to examine the performance of in situ bags made from different microfiber fabric for meeting the required specification and their ruminal degradability compared with standard Ankom in situ bags. Four fabrics were manufactured using polyester microfiber with 1.04 denier, weft yarn counts (150 and 300), weft density (22 and 28 picks / inch), plain 1/1 textile structure. Physical and mechanical properties of manufactured fabrics were measured before and after incubation. Ruminal degradability was measured for three feedstuffs (soybean meal, wheat bran and berseem hay) using three rumen-fistulated rams as a replicates after 24 and 48 hours. Fabric's pore size was significantly decreased as either yarn weft count or density increased. Yarn weft count had a significant effect on all fabric's properties. Air permeability was significantly decreased as fabric's weft yarn count increased. Sample (1) meet the specific requirements for in situ bags and showed the nearest degradability values to those observed using Ankom bags for all feedstuffs in most incubation times. Microfiberin situ bags could be used in in situ ruminal degradation trials to reduce the variation in results due to the present of the fine particles.

A STUDY ON THE PARAMETERS EFFECTING YARN SNARLING TENDENCY

The yarn is subjected to many internal stresses due to the raw material and yarn spinning steps used. The yarn get rid of these stresses which it subjected to and it gives opposite reaction againts rotation, which is described as yarn liveliness. Yarn liveliness, may cause the spirality problem especially in the structure of knitted fabrics. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of yarn spinning system, yarn count and twist coefficient on the tendency of yarn snarling. In this study, yarns were produced using 100% cotton materials, in five different spinning systems, taking two different twist coefficients into consideration, and in two yarn counts. Yarn liveliness values of samples were measured by Kringel Factor Meter Test Apparatus. As the twist coefficient of the yarns increases and the yarn becomes thicker, the snarling tendency increases. However, the highest yarn liveliness values were seen in the compact spinning system.

New insights into the splitting failure of textile-reinforced concrete

Textile-reinforced concrete is ideally suited to complement ordinary steel-reinforced concrete, as the use of textile reinforcement with its outstanding mechanical properties and durability allows the construction of slender, lightweight structural elements. Despite the increased interest in this innovative composite material making it a subject of various research projects carried out during the past two decades, questions regarding its specific properties remain. An economically driven trend towards using rovings with a high yarn count and coated with a stiff impregnation material has surfaced in recent years, which has led to an increased occurrence of splitting failures in textile-reinforced concrete elements. This paper describes investigations aimed at clarifying the theoretical background of this failure mode. Preliminary experimental studies were carried out to identify and quantify the impact of several influencing parameters thought to be responsible for inducing longitudinal cracking in textile-reinforced concrete. In subsequent numerical computations with a particular focus on bond behaviour, the stress distribution in the concrete during fibre strand pull-out was visualised. The analysis of the different investigations carried out by the authors showed that the geometric characteristics of the fibre strands have a significant influence on bond behaviour and particularly on splitting failure in textile-reinforced concrete.

Designing woven velour printed terry fabric for improved colour fastness

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of pick density, pile height and pile yarn count (both single- and double-ply yarn) on the colour fastness to crocking, colour fastness to washing, colour fastness to water of woven velour printed terry fabrics. These variables have also been optimized for developing high-quality fabrics.Design/methodology/approachVariables were selected on the basis of past research experience and samples were prepared according to the Box–Behnken design of experiments. The samples were tested for colour fastness to crocking, colour fastness to washing and colour fastness to water by following AATCC 8, AATCC 61, 2A and AATCC 107, respectively.FindingsThe colour fastness to crocking, washing and water of woven velour printed terry fabrics increases with the decrease in pile height and pick density. The colour fastness properties of the fabric increase with increase in fineness of the pile yarn count. Woven velour printed terry fabric with 16.25 picks per cm, 3.5 mm pile height and 16 Ne pile yarn will show best colour fastness. Woven velour printed terry fabric (plied pile yarn) with 16.25 picks per cm, 3.5 mm pile height and 2/24 Ne pile yarn will show best colour fastnessPractical implicationsProved a practical approach to control fastness properties of the fabric by changing fabric variables.Originality/valueColour fastness properties of woven velour printed terry fabrics have never been reported. The research work gives the better understanding to develop high quality of fabrics by reducing pile height and pick density. This will also reduce the cost of the fabric.

Effect of shed geometry on starting mark of woven fabric

This paper aims to analyze the formation of starting mark on loom and the effect of shed geometry formed by warp yarns under various conditions. The actual cause of starting mark in woven fabric is variable pick spacing and cloth-fell displacement due to the relaxation nature of the warp yarn and fabric and the loom’s dynamic characteristics after restarting. Herein, nine woven fabrics of different constructions, compositions are used on an air-jet loom with a series of settings. Three shed angles were selected for specific warp yarn count, and other loom settings like heald frame height, back-rest height and depth, air pressure, take-up correction, automatic start offset, stop position were triggered to change the shed geometry, and then the effect of starting mark on fabric was checked. The pick spacings were then measured from fabric using a projection microscope, whereas various plots were generated utilizing the obtained data to check the pick spacing variation after a certain period of loom stoppage and restarting. Finally, the experimental results were analyzed with standard deviation, coefficient of variation % analysis using the IBM SPSS statistical program.

Low-Stress Mechanical Properties of Wool-Cotton Blended Fabrics

ABSTRACT Hand-spun and hand-woven textiles made of natural fibers are known as khadi fabrics. Khadi fabrics are known for their luxury, excellent handle, and comfort properties. These properties can not be obtained using the methods employed for machine-made textiles. The fabric handle is associated with low-stress mechanical properties. In this work, the low-stress mechanical properties of wool-cotton blended khadi fabrics are studied and the effect of different blend proportions of wool fibers and yarn count on the fabric properties is investigated. The combination of different wool varieties was spun using a hand-operated spinning machine (charkha) and used as weft, while the various cotton-wool blends were employed as warp. A total of 27 types of wool-cotton khadi fabrics were woven on a handloom. The low-stress mechanical properties were measured using the SiroFAST system. It was found that the extensibility, formability, shear rigidity, bending rigidity, relaxation shrinkage, and hygral expansions of fabrics were influenced by the proportions of wool blend/mix and yarn linear density. The shear and bending rigidity of wool-cotton fabric are significantly influenced by the wool content in wool-cotton blended warp yarn as well as the proportion of AM wool in weft yarn (p < .001). From a formability point of view, wool-cotton fabrics perform well during garment manufacturing irrespective of a wool type. Relaxation Shrinkage in wool-cotton fabric is higher in warp wise than weft wise and increases with increasing the amount of wool for each type of fabric. The wool dominant fabric has higher hygral expansion in the weft direction than the warp direction.

Examining the Water Vapour Transmission of Socks

The present study investigated effects of fabric parameters on the water vapor transmission of socks fabric, which was measured by the cup method. It was found that the water vapor transmission of fabric was negatively proportional to the content of cotton and yarn count, before washing. Meanwhile, washing was found to increase the water vapour transmission.

Development and characterization of conductive textile (cotton) for wearable electronics and soft robotic applications

This study aims to manufacture and characterize various types of conductive cotton fabrics through the copper metal coating approach. Thus, we selected nine-combed cotton knitted fabrics with different yarn fineness and elastane percentage in order to see the effect of these parameters on conductivity and physical properties of the samples. We also explored the surface morphology of all the knitted cotton fabric samples before and after the coating method via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed a remarkably uniform deposition of copper on the fabric surface, and performed SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine the coated material content on the surface of the fabric after the metal coating process. The results revealed that knitted cotton fabric of 5% elastane with the finer yarn count (Ne = 40/1) showed excellent conductivity compared to the other knitted cotton fabric of 10% elastane with a finer count (Ne = 40/1) or coarser 5% elastane (Ne = 30/1). Therefore, the knitted cotton fabrics of 5% elastane having the finer count (Ne = 40/1) can be considered a suitable candidate for e-textile applications.

Effect of spinning factors on stress-strain curves in egyptian cotton

This investigation aimed to determine the effect of spinning system, yarn count and twist multiplier and their interactions on single yarn mechanical properties. Also, the Stress-Strain curves were plotted with the yield points and breaking points and their corresponding yarn properties (toughness, stiffness and Initial Young Modulus) were derived and calculated. As well as, the relative importance % of three spinning factors toward the single yarn mechanical properties was measured.Resultsrevealed that the main effects of spinning factors i.e. spinning system, yarn count and twist multiplier were generally significant or highly significant on all single yarn mechanical properties except stiffness and initial Young's modulus. Regarded the first and second order interaction effects, they were no significant for all single yarn mechanical properties indicating that each one of the three spinning factors reflected similar behavior under the other two factors. It is obtained that the compact and ring spinning systems produced yarns are markedly stronger, good elasticity and more durable than the yarns spun by open-end system. Result indicates that finer yarns are weaker and have lower extension at break than coarser yarns. It is obvious that yield strain, breaking extension, breaking tenacity and toughness significantly increased as a result of increasing the twist multiplier from 3.5 up to 4.5. Results exhibited that the spinning factors explained the most single yarn mechanical properties variation expressed as coefficient of determination (R2). The maximum relative importance % was obtained by yarn count followed by twist multiplier for yield strain, yield stress and breaking extension while the spinning system was the second important factor for breaking tenacity and toughness. On the other hand, it is appeared that the studied spinning variables accounted for least and ineffective part of the variation of stiffness and Initial Young's Modulus.

A Regular Study on Yarn Count, Size Box Temperature and Machine Speed to Increase Weaving Efficiency of Cotton Fabric

Sizing is an inherent part of weaving works, consisting in the coating of the warp yarn with a polymeric adhesive, such as starch, in order to assist efficient weaving. The study is aimed to assess the effects of squeezed roller pressure, dryer temperature, yarn count, machine speed (rpm) on cotton fabric weaving. Coarser and finer cotton yarn samples were prepared using sizing solution BENSIZE 850. Different size box temperature, yarn count, fabric construction, machine speed, squeeze roller pressure were considered to construct different weaving designs to study yarn breakages parameter. A warping plan was designed on TAROKO V5.4 (190325) software. The results established that size box lower temperature and higher machine speed provide the smallest amount yarn break during weaving for coarser cotton yarn and the highest for finer cotton yarn. Size box higher temperature and lower machine speed provide maximum yarn breakage during weaving coarser cotton yarn and minimum for fine yarn. Size penetration is uniform, which provides a higher strength of the yarn to less breakage. This aspect of the research suggested that higher yarn strength gives a lesser amount of breakage.