YAG 1064-nm Laser Research Articles

Comparison of the fractionated Nd: YAG 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics and the fractional CO2 laser in atrophic acne scar treatment: a prospective, randomized, split-face study.

The 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics demonstrated significant efficacy in treating atrophic acne scars. Picosecond lasers with fractionated optics have enabled the development ofa breakthrough skin rejuvenation method. The authors compared the fractionated, non-ablative neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics and the fractional CO2 laser in treating atrophic acne scars. One side of each patient's face was randomly allocated and treated with three sessions of the 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics at 2-month intervals. In contrast, the other side was treated with the fractional CO2 laser. Participants were followed up 3 months after the final session. The primary outcome included the physicians' evaluation using the ECCA grading scale and a four-point scale to assess improvement. The patients' assessment of progress, their overall satisfaction and preferences, and the side effects were also evaluated. No significant difference was observed between the two lasers in terms of the mean ECCA scores after treatments (P = 0.209). The physicians' improvement assessment was more significant for the fractional CO2 laser (P = 0.001). The patients' evaluation of improvement and subjective satisfaction were consistent with physicians' four-point scale results. The picosecond laser side had fewer adverse effects (P < 0.001). The fractionated, non-ablative Nd: YAG 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics and the fractional CO2 laser were effective and safe in treating atrophic acne scars. Significantly better clinical outcomes were observed with the fractional CO2 laser, whereas fewer adverse effects were noted with the 1064-nm picosecond laser with holographic optics.

The efficacy and safety of low- versus high-fluence fractional picosecond Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser in the treatment of acne scars: A randomized split-face comparison study.

Differences in clinical efficacy based on the fluence of fractional picosecond laser treatment for acne scars are unknown. To compare the efficacy and safety of low-fluence versus high-fluence fractional picosecond Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser treatment in acne scar patients. In this 12-week, investigator-blinded, randomized, split-face study, 25 patients with moderate-to-severe acne scars received three sessions of high-fluence laser treatment (1.0 J/cm2 ) on one side of their face and low-fluence (0.3 J/cm2 ) on the other side every 4 weeks. Patients were assessed using acne scar counts, the scar global assessment (SGA), and the ECCA scar grading scale every 4 weeks. The histological analysis compared the acne scars obtained before and 4 weeks after treatment. At their last visit, 88.00% and 92.00% of the subjects achieved >30% reduction in scar counts on the low- and high-fluence sides, respectively, without a significant difference between the two sides. On both sides, the scar counts, SGA, and ECCA score significantly improved 4 weeks after the last treatment. Although the high-fluence side showed a greater reduction in scar counts (-66.73%) than the low-fluence side (-62.13%), the two sides had no significant difference in the grading scores. The high-fluence side showed significantly more severe pain and higher side-effect scores immediately and 4 weeks after treatment. Histological analysis revealed a significantly increased collagen, elastin, and vimentin expression after treatment on the low-fluence side. The low-fluence setting demonstrated comparable efficacy and superior safety in treating acne scars compared with the high-fluence setting.

Treatment Of Non-aesthetic Facial Veins: A Case Study Of The Combined Method Of Laser With Polidocanol Foam

Background: The veins in the frontal region of the face, Right Supratrochlear Vein, and Left Supratrochlear Vein can become exaggeratedly dilated in situations of emotion (crying or smiling), stress, physical exertion, lowering the head and other situations that can cause great embarrassment. Nd:Yag 1064nm is the most versatile LASER for the treatment of facial vessels, and can be used in telangiectasias and reticular veins. It’s different spot size and pulse duration settings allow the most suitable parameterization for different types of veins. Due to its ease, practicality of use and for delivering good results, sclerotherapy is still the gold standard technique for sclerosis of varicose veins and telangiectasias. The 1064 nm Nd:YAG LASER is also efficient. Its limit is more restricted in veins of larger caliber (&gt;3mm) and faster flow and, for physical reasons, the distance from the varicose vein to the skin should not exceed 3.5mm to 4mm. The pain at high fluences, the higher cost and the occurrence of relapses when used alone, make us opt for combined therapies in some situations. Case: Patient P.B.C, female, 43 years old, dancer, without previous comorbidities. She looked for an outpatient doctor with vascular care in February/2022 with a complaint of discomfort due to the forehead, with significant vessel dilation after physical exercise. Physical examination showed a dilated right and left supratrochlear veins. The treatment of sclerotherapy with polidocanol foam associated with the QS Nd:YAG 1064nm laser was indicated. Conclusion: Sclerotherapy associated with selective and immediate photo thermolysis, using the long-pulse Nd:YAG 1064 LASER increases the efficiency of the treatment of varicose veins, reducing possible complications when any of the techniques are used in isolation.

Acne keloidalis nuchae treatment

Objectives To compare the efficacy of 1064-nm Nd : YAG laser and intralesional corticosteroid in the treatment of acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN). Background AKN is a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to scarring of the hair follicles, development of keloid-like papules and plaques, and scarring alopecia on the nape of the neck and occipital scalp. Patients and methods The study was conducted on 20 patients with AKN and was studied through the following regimens: group I included 10 patients treated by long pulsed Nd : YAG laser of 1064-nm wavelength, and group II comprised 10 patients treated by intralesional corticosteroid. Sessions were performed every 2 weeks for six sessions. Evaluation included papule count, keloidal plaque size assessment, and patient satisfaction before, at every session, and at the end of treatment. Results Patients' papule and pustule count in Nd : YAG group before treatment ranged between 3 and 30 (10.70±8.43), and after treatment, it was decreased significantly (3.70±3.37), whereas in intralesional corticosteroid group before treatment, it ranged between 2 and 9, and after treatment, it decreased significantly. There were no significant differences before treatment and after treatment, where P=0.218. Conclusion Treatment of AKN by Nd : YAG 1064-nm laser is much more promising than intralesional injection of corticosteroids and much more tolerated by patients.

Efficacy and Safety of Topical Silymarin Versus Low Fluence 1064-nm Q Switched Nd:YAG Laser in the Treatment of Melasma: A Comparative Randomized Trial.

The management of melasma is challenging and requires multiple uses of available therapeutic options. To compare the short-term efficacy and safety of topical silymarin and low fluence 1064-nm Q-switched ND:YAG laser for treatment of melasma with dermoscopic follow-up. Fifty female patients with melasma were included in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group A: 25 patients were treated with six sessions of low fluence Q switched ND:YAG 1064-nm laser, and group B: 25 patients were treated with topical silymarin cream 1.4% with a 3-monthtreatment duration. Patients were evaluated clinically by the modified melasma area and severity index (mMASI) score. Dermoscopic examinations were performed before and after the treatment sessions. The severity of melasma, as evaluated dermoscopically and clinically by mMASI score, was significantly reduced after treatment in all patients with no recorded side effects. There was no statistically significant difference between both studied groups regarding the change in mMASI score and dermoscopic assessment of the patients after the treatment sessions. Both low fluence Q switched ND:YAG 1064-nm laser and topical silymarin cream appear to be safe and effective modalities in the treatment of melasma. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety between a low-fluence 1064-nm Q-switched neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser and a conventional Q-switched 532-nm laser for the treatment of cafe-au-lait macules in 40 Chinese children: a prospective, randomized, parallel-controlled, evaluator-blinded trial.

Cafe-au-lait macules (CALMs) affect the appearance of patients and can result in serious psychological problems. Successful treatments without adverse effects remain challenging. We designed a prospective, randomized, controlled, evaluator-blinded trial on 40 pediatric patients to compare the efficacy between a low-fluence 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and a Q-switched Nd:YAG 532-nm laser for the treatment of solitary CALMs in children. We randomly assigned participants into 2 groups. We treated those in the first group with 3 sessions of 532-nm QS laser at 1-month intervals, and those in the second group with 6 sessions of 1064-nm LFQS laser at 2-week intervals. We found no significant differences in treatment efficacy (p = 0.14). The 1064-nm laser group referred significantly less pain than the 532-nm laser group (p = 0.0001). Side effects were detected in 5 patients in the 532-nm laser group. The difference of the side effects was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Two patients in 532-nm laser group were recurred and none in 1064-nm laser group. On a univariate logistic regression analysis, lesions with brown color, small size, and irregular edges were significantly associated with better outcomes (> 50% clearance). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that brown lesions and lesions with irregular edges had higher odds of getting > 50% clearance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the 1064-nm LFQS laser produced fewer side effects, less pain, and shorter recovery time than the 532-nm laser. Irregular-bordered, smaller, brown lesions improved better than smooth-bordered, larger, light brown lesions. Moreover, the 1064-nm laser may be a better choice for treating large size CALMs. However, no significant differences were found in terms of the treatment efficacy and recurrence.

A combination of 1064nm Q-switched fractional ND-YAG laser with a nonfractional microsecond pulsed technology has a synergistic effect for nonablative facial rejuvenation.

Non-ablative fractionated lasers for facial rejuvenation are increasingly preferred over ablative lasers due to their minimal downtime and fewer adverse events. The synergistic effect of the Q-switched fractional (QSF) 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser, in combination with the non-fractional microsecond pulsed technology has yet to be fully evaluated. Our objective was to determine the safety and efficacy of this combination treatment for skin rejuvenation. Patients who underwent treatment using the QSF-Nd:YAG laser, followed by the non-fractional microsecond pulsed Nd:YAG were evaluated retrospectively using a novel 3D imaging modality for degree of facial erythema, wrinkles surface area, and wrinkle depth. Pain perception, adverse effects, and patient satisfaction were assessed at the 2-month post-treatment follow-up visit, graded on a scale of 1- 5 (1=not satisfied, 5=very satisfied). Ten female patients' ages 44-67 (mean 55years) completed both treatment and follow-up period, with an overall mild improvement in facial erythema and wrinkle surface area (mean improvement of 18% and 19.5% accordingly), as well as a mild improvement in overall wrinkle depth. Pain and adverse effects were mild and transient. Patients' satisfaction was high. The combination of the QSF-Nd:YAG laser and non-fractional microsecond pulsed technology, using a single Nd:YAG 1064nm laser platform, was found safe and effective as a non-ablative modality for facial rejuvenation, as demonstrated by a novel 3D imaging modality.

KTP-Nd:YAG 532-nm Laser for the Treatment of Telangiectasias of Various Localizations

KTP-Nd:YAG 532-nm Laser for the Treatment of Telangiectasias of Various Localizations

Combined isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol and low-fluence Q-switched Nd: YAG laser for the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation: A randomized, split-face study.

Isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (ITR) is a novel anti-tyrosinase recently shown to be effective in the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser (LFQS) has proven to be effective for various hyperpigmentary conditions. However, there is no study on the efficacy and safety of combined ITR and LFQS treatment. To compare the efficacy and safety of combined ITR and LFQS with LFQS monotherapy for facial hyperpigmentation. Patients with symmetrical facial hyperpigmentation were treated with five sessions of once weekly LFQS on the whole face. One side was randomly treated with ITR and the other side received a placebo cream for 12weeks. Patients were followed for 8weeks after the last laser treatment. Relative lightness index (RL*I), Facial Hyperpigmentation Severity Score on the malar area (FHSSm ), patient satisfaction, recurrence, and adverse events were recorded. Twenty-four patients completed the study. Both sides demonstrated significant reductions of mean RL*I and mean FHSSm from baseline (P<.01). At the 4th week, the ITR-treated side showed more improvement of mean RL*I than the placebo-treated side (62.5% vs 47.3% improvement, P<.05). The mean FHSSm on the ITR-treated was reduced at a significantly higher percentage than the placebo-treated side (54.4% vs 40.2% reduction, P<.05). Partial recurrence was observed on both sides. No serious side effects were noted. Combined ITR and LFQS therapy was more superior than LFQS monotherapy in the treatment of facial hyperpigmentation. ITR may serve as adjuvant for patients with such condition.

Er:YAG laser for snoring: a systemic review and meta-analysis.

A new outpatient non-surgical method using Er:YAG laser for snoring has been demonstrated. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of this treatment on snoring. Relevant 1548 articles were searched from various databases from 1 January 2000 to September 2018 including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus and reference lists. Meta-analysis was performed with RevMan software. Cochran's Q and I2 statistics were used to assess heterogeneity. The overall effect was evaluated using z-tests. Seven studies and two hundred forty-seven participants treated with two to three sessions of Er:YAG 2940nm laser (long pulse mode, 10Hz, fluence 1.6J/cm2) were included. There was a statistically significant reduction of pooled snoring VAS (mean difference (MD) (95% CI), - 6.89 (- 7.62, - 6.15)). Patient satisfaction rate after laser treatment was 80% (95% CI, 70.69, 89.05) of cases. A widening of the upper airway dimension was revealed; however, changes in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and respiratory disturbance index (RDI) were not significantly different. Mean follow-up period was 3 to 36months. Patients tolerated the procedure well without anesthesia. There were minimal side effects without serious adverse effects. Er:YAG laser is shown to be effective in a way to reduce snoring without significant AHI or RDI changes. However, randomized controlled trials, objective data, multicenter cooperation, and long-term outcomes are needed to confirm the benefits of this laser for snoring.

Randomized controlled trial comparing long‐pulsed 1064‐Nm neodymium: Yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser alone, topical amorolfine nail lacquer alone, and a combination for nondermatophyte onychomycosis treatment

Studies of the laser treatment of nondermatophyte mold (NDM) onychomycosis are limited. Long-pulsed neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) 1064-nm laser has been introduced as an adjuvant dermatophyte onychomycosis treatment. To investigate the efficacy and safety of long-pulsed Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser for NDM onychomycosis treatment, compared with topical amorolfine nail lacquer alone and a combination treatment. This randomized controlled trial was conducted at the Nail Clinic, Siriraj Hospital. Patients diagnosed with NDM were included and randomly assigned to three treatment groups: laser at 1month interval (1064-nm Nd:YAG at a fluence of 35J/cm2 , pulse width 30ms, and pulse rate 1.0Hz); topical amorolfine nail lacquer alone; and a combination treatment. Sixty patients completed the study. The patients treated with the laser, amorolfine, and the combination achieved mycological cure rates of 35%, 60%, and 65%, respectively (P=.05), while 10%, 30%, and 30% of the patients in the respective groups were clinically cured. The mean durations to the mycological cures in the patients treated with laser, amorolfine, and the combination were 5.9, 4.8, and 5.2months, respectively. By comparison, the corresponding mean durations to the clinical cures were 6.9, 6.5, and 5.9months. Both the times to the mycological cures and the clinical cures did not differ significantly between the groups (P=.290 and P=.309, respectively). There were no serious complications with the laser treatment. Laser alone achieved only a 30% mycological cure rate for NDM onychomycosis. The combination treatment yielded similar outcomes to the topical treatment alone.

Efficacy and safety of ND:YAG 1064nm lasers for photoepilation: a systematic review.

Using light sources in phototherapy has presented promising results regarding several types of facial and body skin affections for centuries. The neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (ND:YAG) 1064nm laser has become a standard treatment in dermatology for dermatological disturbances related to the pilous follicle and the structures surrounding it. Despite the reports of its clinical benefits, few scientific studies show its actual safety and efficacy. To substantiate the effects, benefits, and safety of applying an ND:YAG 1064 laser in the epilation process during esthetic treatment, a systematic review was carried out between October 2018 and January 2019, on studies published in the last 20years. Randomized clinical trials in humans were considered that evaluated the efficacy, safety, and benefits of ND:YAG laser application at 1064nm wavelengths for hair removal. A total of 198 articles were identified; 58 articles remained after their titles and abstracts were read; and 21 articles were selected after the removal of duplicates. After the integral reading, 13 of these articles were included in the systematic review (734 patients). The ND:YAG 1064nm laser presents safety and promising, beneficial effects in epilation. However, further scientific studies with better methodologic quality are necessary to better standardize ND:YAG laser therapy and clarify its parameters for photoepilation.

Effectiveness of 4% tranexamic acid cream and low-fluence QS Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser on melasma: a double-blind, randomized and controlled study

Effectiveness of 4% tranexamic acid cream and low-fluence QS Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser on melasma: a double-blind, randomized and controlled study

Sterilization of Biofilm in Foam Using a Single Cavitation Bubble

This article presents the sterilization of bacteria using cavitation bubbles. Cavitation generated by ultrasound creates a cavitation cloud. Therefore is more advantageous to generate the cavitation bubbles by laser-induced breakdown, because it is possible to generate individual bubbles for the purpose of study single impact and physical mechanism of acting. The cavitation bubble is generated by a Nd: YAG 532nm laser beam, a short 10ns pulse. Here, we used optics to focus the laser beam and a high-speed camera to visualize characteristics the bubble. We used the method of long-distance microscopy and shadowgraph lightening for the visualization. We used the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method to determine the interaction of the bubble with the surrounding liquid and solid surface. The main goal of the research is to use cavitation to sterilize bacteria and biofilm in impact of single bubble collapse on living cells.

Efficacy of Two-Stage Treatment of Onychomycosis Using a Long-Pulsed Nd:YAG 1064-nm Laser.

Objectives Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail bed, nail matrix, and nail plate. Lasers have recently been studied as future clinical options for onychomycosis. We sought to evaluate the efficacy of the long-pulsed Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser on onychomycosis using a two-stage treatment. Methods A total of 100 affected nails (88 toenails and 12 fingernails from 22 patients) were treated using a long-pulsed Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser. The self-controlled treatment schedule included the first stage (1 session per week for 8 weeks) and the second stage (1 session every 4 weeks for 16 weeks). Patients were followed up with for 12 weeks after the last laser treatment. Direct microscopy, cultures, and clinical assessments were performed at various time points. Results Of the nails studied, 84% were infected by Trichophyton rubrum, while others were coinfected with T. rubrum and other fugal strains. The mycological clearance rate and the clinical efficacy rate of the nails were 29% and 21% after the first stage, 69% and 35% after the second stage, and 67% and 39% during follow-up, respectively. The second stage of laser treatment significantly improved the mycological clearance and clinical efficacy. Conclusion Long-pulsed Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser two-stage treatment was effective for onychomycosis, with significantly improved mycological clearance and clinical efficacy. This trial is registered with ChiCTR 1900021669.

Low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser versus Q-switched Nd:YAG 532-nm laser in the treatment of hyperpigmented lips: a prospective, randomized, controlled, evaluator-blinded trial.

Lip hyperpigmentation is an esthetic problem. Clinical data from controlled comparative studies is insufficient to support the efficacy of laser treatments for hyperpigmented lips. This study is aimed to compare the efficacy of low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG 1064-nm laser (LFQS 1064-nm) versus Q-switched Nd:YAG 532-nm laser (QS 532-nm) for the treatment of hyperpigmented lips. A randomized, controlled, evaluator-blinded study was conducted in thirty subjects. They were randomized into 2 groups. The first group was treated with five treatment sessions with a 2-week interval of LFQS 1064-nm laser while the second group was treated with a single session of QS 532-nm laser. The evaluation was conducted at baseline, 2weeks of each post treatment, and 4weeks after the last treatment session. The efficacy was assessed by melanin index, Methuen colored plate, photographic evaluation, pain score, patient's satisfaction, and patient's Dermatology Life Quality Index. The adverse effects were also recorded. All patients attained throughout the study protocol. The most frequent fluence applied was 2.4J/cm2 (2.2-2.5J/cm2) and 2.0J/cm2 (1.7-2.4J/cm2) in the LFQS 1064-nm group and QS 532-nm group, respectively. The results of the QS 532-nm group showed greater percentage of melanin index reduction and better average mean of photographic evaluation percentage changes from the baseline than the LFQS 1064-nm group (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The adverse effects were less likely to occur in the LFQS 1064-nm group. Few cases of scale, hypopigmentation, bleb formation, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, and labial edema occurred only in the QS 532-nm group.

Minimally invasive erbium laser treatment for selected snorers

The aim of this paper is to present our results and experience in the treatment of snoring using the non-ablative Erbium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) laser. Twenty-four patients (18 male and 6 female) with snoring problems due to soft palate hypertrophy were treated with 3 treatment procedures with Er:YAG 2940-nm laser (long pulse mode, 10 Hz, fluence 1.8–2.0 J/cm2) performed at 2-week intervals. The treatment procedures were performed in outpatient settings. One treatment session lasts 15–20 min. Subjective (questionnaires) and objective (polygraph) outcome measures were assessed at baseline and 3 months after the final laser treatment. Wilcoxon Signed Rank was used to compare before and after scores. All polygraph variables showed some improvement 3 months after the end of treatment; however, only the reduction of the number of hypopnea episodes per hour was statistically significant (p = 0.034). In 13/24 patients, snoring time accounted for less than 5% of the sleep time after the treatment compared to 6/24 patients at baseline. The questionnaire survey showed statistically significant improvement in the quality of sleep and life of the patients as well as their partners after Er:YAG treatment (p < 0.001). The assessment of daytime sleepiness using the Epworth scale also improved 3 months after the end of treatment (p = 0.010). Based on our observations, the treatment of snoring with the Er:YAG laser is an effective and non-invasive therapeutic method. Further studies with long-term follow-up and a control group are warranted to confirm the promising results obtained in case series.

Clinical efficacy of laser combined with menstrual regulation in the treatment of female melasma: a retrospective study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of using a Medlite C6 Q-switch Nd:YAG laser combined with menstrual regulation-based traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of female melasma. Forty cases of female patients with melasma, who were treated between December 2013 and December 2015 at the Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty patients received Q-switch Nd:YAG 1064nm laser treatments combined with menstrual regulation treatments (experimental group), and 20 patients were treated only with the laser (control group). All treatments lasted for 6months. The patients' faces were photographed before, immediately, and 6months after treatment. The therapeutic efficacy was assessed by the reduction in the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score and the total skin damage score, and this was then compared between the two groups. Immediately and 6months after the treatment, both the MASI and total skin damage scores in the experimental group were significantly lower compared to those in the control group (P < 0.001). The experimental group had significantly higher basic recovery and effectiveness rates than the control group (P = 0.020 and P = 0.008, respectively) and had a significantly lower invalidity rate (P < 0.001). Results from Medlite C6 Q-switch Nd:YAG laser treatment combined with menstrual regulation are superior than those obtained using only a laser for the treatment of female melasma.

Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis with Er:YAG 2940nm laser alone or combined to piperine drug delivery: a pilot and comparative study

Treatment of idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis with Er:YAG 2940nm laser alone or combined to piperine drug delivery: a pilot and comparative study

Performance of a Vertical 4H-SiC Photoconductive Switch With AZO Transparent Conductive Window and Silver Mirror Reflector

A new vertical geometry photoconductive switch device based on vanadium compensated 4H Silicon Carbide (4H-SiC) is presented with the structure of aluminum doped ZnO (AZO) transparent conductive window on the top of 4H-SiC and a silver mirror reflector on the backside. For this new structure, laser can trigger the device convenientlyby irradiate the electrode face directly. A circuit without load resistor is used to test the performance of device, and a switch is triggered by Nd:YAG 532-nm laser (10-ns full-width at half-maximum). Results show that the minimum on-state resistance is 7.5 Ω at an illumination density of 18.2 MW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and the breakdown voltage is 12 kV (breakdown electric field is 260 kV/cm). In particular, the optical utilization efficiency of laser energy and the minimum on-state resistance performance are significantly improved in this new vertical geometry photoconductive switch by the AZO film and mirror reflector.