Xylanase Production Research Articles

Isolation, morphological identification, and xylanase characteristics of anaerobic gut fungi Neocallimastix from Anatolian wild goat.

This study shows the morphological identification of anaerobic fungal strains isolated from fecal samples of goats inhabiting Turkey and the effects of various metal ions and chemicals on extracellular xylanase production. Three different anaerobic gut fungi isolated from wild goats in Turkey were identified as Neocallimastix spp. xylanase, cellulase, and lichenase production were tested in culture supernatants, and the maximum-specific activities were found as 560.42 ± 9.39, 159.70 ± 3.88, and 157.36 ± 3.83 (μmol/min/mg protein), respectively. While the optimum temperature range of exo-xylanases was found as 40-50°C, their optimum pH range was determined as 6.0-6.5. Xylanase activity decreased in metal ions and other chemical reactants based on dose. The metal ion that significantly inhibited xylanase activity was Fe+3 . It was found that the ferric ions inhibited xylanase activity in all three anaerobic gut fungi by 30%-90% depending on molarity. On the contrary, the 1 mM concentrations of the Mn+2 , Ba+2 , Co+2 , Cu+2 , Sn+2 , and Mg+2 metal ions and the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and β-mercaptoethanol reagents had a positive effect at rates in the range of 3%-92%. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that anaerobic gut fungus has very stable fibrolytic enzymes that need to be separated, as well and the existence of a unique resource for industrial applications.

A novel pressed coal from citrus and cooking oil wastes using fungi

Nowadays renewable energy with low prices is a global target that has taken the attention to compare alternatives energy sources with fossil fuels. Therefore, this study was established to find suitable and sustainable alternative low-cost fuels source. Cooking oil waste (COW) was mixed with non-pretreated citrus tree fibers (CTF) (0.5 mL to 1 g ratio) and pressed to formulate coal (CTF/COW). Otherwise, this mixture was subjected to in situ fungal pretreated using Aspergillus flavus isolate to simplify the mixture composition and pressed to offer in a usable form with enhancing their heating value for the first time. CTF/COW was characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal analysis (TGA) before and after treatment. The fungal isolate was observed with enzyme productivity and activity of CMCase, avicelase, xylanase, mannanase, α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, lignin peroxidase and lipase according to enzyme assays and the chemical compositions of CTF before and after fungal treatment, where the best PH for enzymes extraction was between 5 and 7. The fungal enzymes increased the heating value by about two and half folds in comparison with non-pretreated coal. Moreover, the calorific value of tCTF/COW was 43,422 kJ/kg, which was higher than CTF recorded 18,214 kJ/kg and COW recorded 39,823 kJ/kg. Our result suggests that fungal treatment of the mixture of citrus trees and cooking oil waste presents as a promising low-cost and eco-friendly coal.Graphical

Xylanases of Trichoderma koningii and Trichoderma pseudokoningii: Production, characterization and application as additives in the digestibility of forage for cattle

The work optimized the production of xylanases by solid-state cultivation by Trichoderma koningii and Trichoderma pseudokoningii. The xylanases were biochemically characterized, the catalytic potential of enzymatic extracts and their use as an additive in the feeding of ruminants were evaluated. The higher production of xylanases by T. koningii, approximately 524.3 U g−1 (or 52.43 UmL−1), was obtained for cultivation in a substrate composed of wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse in a 4:1 g ratio, respectively, containing 60% initial moisture, and kept at 20 °C for 120 h. The xylanase used by T. koningii showed excellent activity at pH 4.5 and 50 °C and remained stable at pH 3.0–9.5 and for 1 h at 45 °C. T. pseudokoningii had a higher production of xylanase, 721.0 U g−1 (72.10 UmL−1), when grown in wheat bran, with 50% initial moisture, at 25 °C for 96 h. The xylanases produced by T. pseudokoningii showed greater catalytic activity at pH 4.5 and 55 °C and were stable at pH 3.0–9.5 and for 1 h at 50 °C. The best results of in vitro digestibility were obtained in Mombaça grass containing the enzymatic extract of T. koningii, reaching a maximum gain of 12% in digestibility, expressed in dry mass. The chromatographic profile of the products resulting from the enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan indicated the predominant action of endoxylanases. Additionally, the enzymatic extracts showed reduced cellulolytic activity, which enables its use in cellulose pulp bio-bleaching processes.

Factorial Analysis of Xylanase and Cellulase Production from Pineapple Peel Waste

Pineapple wastes (skin, core and crown) are mainly composed of carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in feed are indigestible by the endogenous enzymes in poultry. Thus, exogenous enzymes (xylanase and cellulase) are required to overcome this problem. Due to high fiber content, pineapple wastes are unsuitable for animal feed. However, the fermented waste juice could be used to produce enzymes. The objective of this study is to produce xylanase and cellulase from the fermentation of pineapple waste using Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) bacteria inoculated from probiotic drink. The fermentation was performed using different screening parameters (incubation time, temperature, pH value and substrate concentration) according to Two-Level Full Factorial Design (FFD) by Design Expert. From this study, the incubation temperature and substrate concentration had the highest influence on the xylanase activity (39.82 U/mL) while the fermentation time and substrate concentration mostly affected the cellulase activity (8.05 U/mL). Meanwhile, the pH had the least influence on both enzyme activities. The pineapple waste at its best fermentation parameters not only offers an economical way of high enzyme production but also alleviates the agricultural waste disposal issue. Further optimization of the pineapple waste fermentation parameters is required though to maximize enzyme production.

Efficient biodegradation of straw and persistent organic pollutants by a novel strategy using recombinant Trichoderma reesei

Efficient biodegradation of lignocellulosic biomass needs a battery of enzymes targeting cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In this study, recombinant Trichoderma reesei ZJ-09 with Pycnoporus sanguineus laccase gene was used to degrade rice straw by in situ production of laccase, xylanase, and cellulases under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Effects of parameters on key enzymes (cellulase, xylanase, and laccase) in biodegradation during SSF were investigated. Under the optimized SSF conditions, the FPA, xylanase activity, and laccase activity reached 110.47 FPU/g, 5787.59 IU/g, and 24.45 IU/g, respectively, on day 12. The obtained recombinant T. reesei SSF system achieved efficient degradation of rice straw with the final mass loss up to 51.16% which was 1.4-fold higher than the host strain. Further, bioconversion of rice straw into a novel laccase-enriched koji for persistent organic pollutants bioremediation (LKPB) was conducted by the optimized SSF system. LKPB was found to degrade persistent organic pollutants (POPs) effectively without the addition of mediators. 4-h removal rates of three POPs mediated by LKPB (87.21% for 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, 92.45% for nonylphenol, and 90.73% for oxytetracycline) were comparable to those achieved by laccase-co-mediator system. The newly established recombinant T. reesei SSF system could be potential to effectively degrade lignocellulosic wastes as well as organic pollutants.Graphical abstract

Integrated xylooligosaccharides production from imidazole-treated sugarcane bagasse with application of in house produced enzymes

The application of biorefinery concepts to produce different value-added biomolecules such as xylooligosaccharides (XOs) generates economical competitive, sustainable and environmentally friendly processes. The objective of this work was to develop an efficient imidazole-pretreatment process of sugarcane bagasse (SB) and the use of the obtained hemicellulose fraction in the production of XOs with the application of in house produced xylanolytic enzymes using SB as substrate, under a biorefinery approach. SB imidazole pretreatment allowed the recovery of a hemicellulose rich fraction (34%) with 91.2% of delignification. Xylanase production by Aspergillus niger reached 53.1 U·mL−1 at 120 h. The application of produced xylanases in the enzymatic hydrolysis of extracted xylan, allowed the production of 6.06 g·L−1 of XOs, where xylotriose represented >70%. Great perspectives are viewed for the implementation of mixed processes in a sustainable closed cycle to produce biomolecules with concomitant valorization of subproducts from SB chain.

Statistical optimization of xylanase production using Box-Behnken Design and its application in paper bleaching

Statistical optimization of xylanase production using Box-Behnken Design and its application in paper bleaching

Safe production of Aspergillus terreus xylanase from Ricinus communis: gene identification, molecular docking, characterization, production of xylooligosaccharides, and its biological activities

BackgroundThe production of industrial enzymes such as xylanase using sufficient cost-effective substrates from potent microorganisms is considered economically feasible. Studies have reported castor cake (Ricinus communis) as the most potent and inexpensive alternative carbon source for production of xylanase C by using Aspergillus terreus (A. terreus). ResultsA. terreus strain RGS Eg-NRC, a local isolate from agro-wastes, was first identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of a nuclear DNA encoding gene cluster deposited in GenBank (accession number MW282328). Before optimization of xylanase production, A. terreus produced 20.23 U/g of xylanase after 7 days using castor cake as a substrate in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system that was employed to achieve ricin detoxification and stimulate xylanase production. Physicochemical parameters for the production of xylanase were optimized by using a one-variable-at-a-time approach and two statistical methods (two-level Plackett–Burman design and central composite design, CCD). The maximum xylanase yield after optimization was increased by 12.1-fold (245 U/g). A 60–70% saturation of ammonium sulfate resulted in partially purified xylanase with a specific activity of 3.9 IU/mg protein. At 60 °C and pH 6, the partially purified xylanase had the highest activity, and the activation energy (Ea) was 23.919 kJmol. Subsequently, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity tests in normal Ehrlich ascites carcinoma human cells demonstrated xylooligosaccharides produced by the xylanase degradation of xylan as a potent antioxidant and moderate antitumor agent. Further investigations with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis then determined the molecular weight of partially purified xylanase C to be 36 kDa. Based on the conserved regions, observations revealed that xylanase C belonged to the glycosyl hydrolase family 10. Next, the xylanase-encoding gene (xynC), which has an open reading frame of 981 bp and encodes a protein with 326 amino acids, was isolated, sequenced, and submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (accession number LC595779.1). Molecular docking analysis finally revealed that Glu156, Glu262, and Lys75 residues were involved in the substrate-binding and protein-ligand interaction site of modeled xylanase, with a binding affinity of −8.7 kcal. mol−1. ConclusionThe high production of safe and efficient xylanase could be achieved using economical materials such as Ricinus communis.

Adding value to rice straw waste for high-level xylanase production using a new isolate of Bacillus altitudinis RS3025.

An investigation was carried out using rice straw as a low-cost substrate to study the optimization of xylanase production using a newly identified endospore-forming bacterium, Bacillus altitudinis RS3025. The highest xylanase activity was achieved using 2% rice straw (pretreated with 2% NaOH at 100°C) at pH 7.0, 37°C temperature, and with 72-h incubation time. Under the optimized conditions, xylanase activity reached 2518.51 U/mL, which was 11.56-fold higher than the activity under the initial conditions using untreated rice straw as substrate. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the rice straw using crude xylanase of B. altitudinis RS3025 demonstrated the hydrolyzation efficiency of the rice straw waste, especially alkaline rice straw. The highest level of released reducing sugars was 149.78mg/g substrate. The study demonstrated the successful utilization of rice straw waste for high-level xylanase production using B. altitudinis RS3025 and reducing sugar production using low-cost crude enzyme, which has the advantages of reducing the processing cost and environmental concerns associated with rice straw waste management.

English

Grass constitutes the nutritional basis for most livestock, whether domesticated or wildlife. The present study evaluates the enhancement of the nutritional value of five different pasture grasses: Palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha), Biscuit grass (Paspalum vaginatum), Giant star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus), Goose grass (Eleusine indica), and Stubborn grass (Sida acuta) for use as animal feeds and xylanase production. The grasses received two different treatments:  Autoclaving and solid state fermentation. Analysis carried out on untreated, autoclaved and solid state fermented grasses showed an increase in pH for all autoclaved grasses and solid state fermented grasses when compared to the control. The total flavonoid content was significantly improved in the solid state fermented grasses (116.7 ±1.4 μg/ml for palisade grass). There was a significant increase (p<0.05) in soluble protein content from 21.86 ± 1.7 to 44.06 ± 1.3 mg g-1 of palisade grass fermented with Rhizopus oligosporus. Similarly, there was a substantial rise (p < 0.05) in glucose concentration of solid state fermented biscuit grass (54.6 ± 3.3 mg g-1) when compared to the control (32.4±1.6 mg g-1). The total flavonoid content was improved in the solid state fermented (73.53 ± 0.35 μg/ml for biscuit grass) compared to the control (64.6±3.35μg/ml). Biscuit grass subjected to solid state fermentation was more potentially active (62.4±1.3μg/ml) when compared to the control (42.2 ± 0.9 μg/ml). For xylanase production, solid state fermented goose grass showed the highest enzymatic activity. These results indicate that solid state fermentation enhanced the nutritional value and antioxidant profile of grasses, which can also be used in livestock feeding and as a substrate for the production of xylanase. Key words: Grasses, animal feeds, solid state fermentation, xylanase, autoclave.

Control of phenotypic diversification based on serial cultivations on different carbon sources leads to improved bacterial xylanase production.

Thermobacillus xylanilyticus is a thermophilic and hemicellulolytic bacterium of interest for the production of thermostable hemicellulases. Enzymes' production by this bacterium is challenging, because the proliferation of a cheating subpopulation of cells during exponential growth impairs the production of xylanase after serial cultivations. Accordingly, a strategy of successive cultivations with cells transfers in stationary phase and the use of wheat bran and wheat straw as carbon sources were tested. The ratio between subpopulations and their corresponding metabolic activities were studied by flow cytometry and the resulting hemicellulases production (xylanase, acetyl esterase and β-xylosidase) followed. During serial cultivations, the results pointed out an increase of the enzymatic activities. On xylan, compared to the first cultivation, the xylanase activity increases by 7.15-fold after only four cultivations. On the other hand, the debranching activities were increased by 5.88-fold and 57.2-fold on wheat straw and by 2.77-fold and 3.34-fold on wheat bran for β-xylosidase and acetyl esterase, respectively. The different enzymatic activities then stabilized, reached a plateau and further decreased. Study of the stability and reversibility of the enzyme production revealed cell-to-cell heterogeneities in metabolic activities which could be linked to the reversibility of enzymatic activity changes. Thus, the strategy of successive transfers during the stationary phase of growth, combined with the use of complex lignocellulosic substrates as carbon sources, is an efficient strategy to optimize the hemicellulases production by T. xylanilyticus, by preventing the selection of cheaters.

Cellulase and Xylanase production by Ganoderma lucidum in solid-state fermentation using amazonian lignocellulosic wastes

Ganoderma lucidum is a basidiomycete whose production is of great interest due to its medicinal properties, and analyzing the potential of Amazonian lignocellulosic residues in the cultivation of G. lucidum is a way to enable the use of this material in mushroom cultivation and the production of biomolecules, including enzymes of commercial interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of cellulases and xylanases produced by G. lucidum when cultivated in açaí seed (Euterpe sp.) residues and marupá (Simarouba amara) sawdust under supplemented and non-supplemented conditions. Solid-state cultivation was carried out in 250 mL flasks containing 50 g of lignocellulosic residues, plus 2% of CaCO3, under supplemented (18% of rice, wheat and corn bran) and non-supplemented conditions. The flasks were incubated in a BOD incubator at 25 ºC. Enzyme extraction was performed from the fungus growth substrate over 30 days of cultivation, with collections every two days. The enzymatic extracts had their endoglucanase (CMCase), total cellulase (FPase) and xylanase activities determined. The highest enzymatic activity of CMCase and xylanase were 5.97 U/g and 1.90 U/g, respectively, on the 26th day of cultivation in the supplemented marupá sawdust substrate. While the maximum FPase content was 0.24 U/g, which was observed in the 8th day for the supplemented açaí substrate. Thus, the tested residues proved to be promising for the mycelial development of G. lucidum, with the supplementation with corn, rice and wheat bran being favorable to the production of enzymes with biotechnological interest.

Xylanase from thermotolerant Bacillus haynesii strain, synthesis, characterization, optimization using Box-Behnken Design, and biobleaching activity

AbstractThe economic value of xylanolytic enzymes is derived from their use in a variety of industrial processes, which necessitates a cost-effective manufacturing procedure. In the current study, forty bacterial isolates were isolated from water samples and investigate their efficacy to producing xylanase enzyme. The most potent bacterial isolate was identified by sequencing and amplifications of 16Sr RNA gene as Bacillus haynesii strain K6. The impacts of various culture conditions on the productivity of xylane were examined. Data showed that the highest xylanase production was achieved at pH 7, in presence of 3 g/L xylan, 5 g/L peptone, and incubated at 40 °C for 24 h. The Box-Behnken model was used to find the best parameters for the relevant variables, and the results revealed an increase in xylanase production with values of 35.02 U/mL. The maximum precipitation of xylanase from the optimized culture was attained by ammonium sulfate (60%) followed by purification using dialysis and sephadex G100 column chromatography. The purified xylanase had a 12-fold enrichment, with a specific activity of 84 U/mg and a molecular weight approximately 439 KDa determined by thin-layer chromatography (TLC)/mass spectrometry. The amino acid analysis of the purified xylanase enzyme revealed the presence of 15 amino acids, with the highest concentrations of 1940 and 1520 mg/L for proline and cysteine, respectively. Finally, the physical properties of wastepaper pulp were improved after treatment with xylanase enzyme. The whiteness and softness of xylanase-treated wastepaper were improved with percentages of 34.6% and 16.2%, respectively. Therefore, we recommend the use of xylanase enzyme in the bleaching process as it is a biologically synthetic material, safe, and suitable for industrial use, and it reduces the use of harmful chemicals.

High cellulase‐free xylanases production by Moesziomyces aphidis using low‐cost carbon and nitrogen sources

AbstractBackgroundEnzymes involved in xylan hydrolysis have several industrial applications. Selection of efficient microbial hosts and scalable bioreaction operations can lower enzyme production costs and contribute to their commercial deployment. This work aims at investigating the Moesziomyces aphidis yeast cultivation conditions that deliver maximal xylanase titres, yields and productivities using low‐cost nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) sources.ResultsNaNO3 and KNO3 supplementation improved xylanase production 2.9‐ and 2.7‐fold (against 67.2 U mL−1), respectively, using xylan as C source. Interestingly, the use of KNO3, instead of NaNO3, results in 2‐ to 3‐fold higher specific activity, highlighting the potassium ion role. In addition, this study investigates synergetic effects on using ionic and organic N sources. A 4.9‐fold increase in xylanase production, with high specific activity, is attained combining KNO3 and corn steep liquor (CSL). Exploring the previous findings, this study reports one of the highest extracellular xylanase production titres (864.7 U mL−1) by yeasts, using a media formulation containing dilute‐acid pre‐treated brewery spent grains (BSG), as C source and inducer, supplemented with KNO3 and CSL. Replacement of dilute‐acid pre‐treatmed BSG by untreated BSG had low impact on xylanase production, of only 6%.ConclusionEfficient production of M. aphidis xylanolytic enzymes, using low‐cost N and C sources, is attractive for deployment of on‐site enzyme production targeting different biotechnological applications under circular economy and biorefinery concepts. Potential xylanases end‐users include industries such as brewing (using BSG as substrate for enzyme production), pulp and paper (benefiting from the cellulase‐free xylanase activity) or lignocellulosic ethanol (for cellulase supplementation). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Optimization of procedural factors for advanced xylanase synthesis by Lysinibacillus fusiformis using Kolanut husk as substrate

Xylan is a complex hetero-polysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides held together by glycosidic and ester bonds. Extracellular xylanase fashioned by numerous microbes principally from bacterial species such as Bacillus species are responsible for cleaving the glycosidic linkages. Microbial xylanases exhibit different substrate specificities and biochemical peculiarities. This study was carried out for optimization of cultivation conditions for xylanase production using the bacterium Lysinibacillus fusiformis and Kolanut husk as a component of cultivation medium. The bacterium was isolated from Kolanut plantation waste soil and screened for the production of xylanase qualitatively on xylan nutrient agar and quantitatively under submerged fermentation. The different conditions optimized included substrate concentration, additional sugars, incubation period, temperature, initial pH, nitrogen supplementation and inoculum mass through one factor at a time approach. Maximum xylanase production was obtained at substrate concentration of (1 % xylan and 1.5 % Kolanut husk), nitrogen source (yeast extract plus peptone), carbon source (sucrose), incubation period (24 h), pH (5.0), temperature (35 oC) and inoculum size (1 %). Lysinibacillus fusiformis has been proven to be a promising bacterium for xylanase production using Kolanut husk as substrate. The use of Kolanut husk as foremost carbon source is predominantly precious as being an agricultural waste, affordable, and locally available compared to expensive commercially sold xylan.

Regulation of Schizophyllum commune BCC632 cellulase and xylanase activities

The polysaccharide-hydrolyzing enzymes of Schizophyllum commune BCC 632 have been analyzed in submerged fermentation conditions to elucidate the effect of chemically and structurally different carbon sources on the expression of cellulases and xylanase. Production of cellulase and xylanase by S. commune BCC 632 requires the presence of inducing substrate in the culture medium. Crystalline cellulose appeared to be the best carbon source providing the highest endoglucanase (53.5 U/mL) and total cellulase (9.2 U/mL) activities. In particular, this fungus appeared to be a super-producer of xylanase (636.1 U/mL). Among complex lignocellulosic substrates, mandarin pomace provided high enzyme activity whereas wheat straw appeared to be a poor substrate for both cellulases and xylanase secretion. However, the supplementation of wheat straw-based medium with mandarin pomace or glycerol resulted in a significant secretion of cellulase and xylanase by the fungus. Nevertheless, the addition of 0.5% glucose to the Avicel-containing medium caused short-term catabolite repression of the synthesis of both cellulase and xylanase while the addition of α-deoxy-D-glucose completely prevented enzyme secretion. Extracellular protein electrophoresis and inhibitory assay using cycloheximide and actinomycin D has shown that both cellulase and xylanase are inducible enzymes and subject to catabolite repression by readily metabolizable sugars.

Valorization Parameters to Determine the Fermentative Applicability of Selected Fruit Peels for Xylanase Production

Valorization Parameters to Determine the Fermentative Applicability of Selected Fruit Peels for Xylanase Production

Isolation and molecular identification of cellulose/hemicellulose degrading bacteria from agricultural compost and determination of their hydrolytic potential

Nine cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from agricultural residues compost on selective culture medium amended with cellulose (filter paper) as the sole carbon source. Five of the nine isolates (CX2, CX4, CX5, CX7 and CX9) were able to degrade both cellulose (CMC) and xylan in congo red agar plates. The five isolates were able to depolymerize the agricultural wastes, rice straw and sugarcane bagasse. CMC-ase and xylanase production by the five isolates were determined on rice straw and sugarcane bagasse. CX2 and CX9 exhibited the highest CMC-ase and xylanase production on both rice straw and sugarcane bagasse. Among the isolated strains, CX9 produced the highest CMC-ase activity (71 pKat ml−1) on rice straw, whereas CX9 produced the highest xylanase activity (7.83 nKat ml−1) on sugarcane bagasse. In general, higher CMC-ase and xylanase production was obtained on rice straw compared with sugarcane bagasse. According to the sequences of the 16 s rRNA genes, the five isolates were identified as: Paracoccus kondratievae strain GB (CX2 and CX4), Paracoccus communis (CX5), Bacillus australimaris (CX7) and Bacillus pumilus (CX9). The sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of five isolates were submitted to the gene bank.

Formulation of the agro-waste mixture for multi-enzyme (pectinase, xylanase, and cellulase) production by mixture design method exploiting Streptomyces sp.

The demand for enzymes in different industries is continuously increasing, and the use of a pure form of carbon and nitrogen source for enzyme production is expensive. Thus, organic waste as a low-cost substrate is used to produce enzymes, mitigate the market demand, and reduce the production cost. Besides, this action helps in decreasing organic waste and finally pollution. This study aims to utilize agro-waste for maximum multi-enzyme production by Streptomyces sp. and to formulate the three agro-waste mixtures using a statistical approach; extreme vertices mixture design (EVMD). The study illustrated the bacterium produced a maximum of 4.24 ± 0.05 U/mL pectinase, 2.88 ± 0.05 U/mL polygalacturonase (PGase), 9.43 ± 0.16 U/mL xylanase, and 1.62 ± 0.09 U/mL cellulase by formulating the agro-waste mixture of orange peel, pomegranate peel, and pumpkin pulp+seeds. Also, the mixture of agro-waste enhanced enzyme production rather than the single feedstock, and the enzyme production depends on the agro-waste mixture.

Production and Partial Purification of Xylanase with Special Application in Pharmaceutical and Food Industries

Enzymes are used in a variety of ways in the biopharmaceutical industry. Enzymes are the focal point of metabolic and biochemical processes. Xylanase is one of them which are widely used in various purpose. Xylanase is a naturally occurring enzyme present in bacteria and fungi. Xylanases are members of the CAZymes (carbohydrate-active macromolecular biocatalyst) community and are classified as glycoside hydrolases, further divided into clans and families. Xylanases are produced by solid-state or submerged fermentation (SMF) techniques. SSF processes have many advantages over SMF processes, including lower fermentation cultivation costs, lower risk of contamination, improved enzyme stability. The microorganism Aspergillus spp. was used to produce xylanase, and this organism was isolated from soil. Solid-state fermentation is done with 80% moisture content for the production of this extracellular enzyme. After fermentation, purification is done in 70% saturated ammonium sulfate salt fractionation because the best result is found in this condition. After production and purification of xylanase, which is stored in desiccators cause, the enzyme is hygroscopic.