XVIII-XIX Centuries Research Articles

Estate, Capital and Province in the Alexander Potyomkin’s novel Man is canceled (2007)

The article analyzes the novel of the modern Russian writer A. Potyomkin Man is canceled (2007), which received a wide public response. The main idea of the work is the need for a radical change of the “mass man” of the turn of the XX-XXI centuries at the psychosomatic level. The ideological and compositional center is the specially built Rimushkino estate in the Oryol province, where the serf spirit of the Russian Empire at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries is reproduced. To answer the question of why the estate space of Russia is becoming the most representative field for anthropological experiments of the beginning of the XXI century, we consider the estate neo-myths of the Silver Age (the lost paradise on earth) and the Soviet period (the camp hell living in the mentality), as well as the imperial-colonial concept of the postmodern era (the estate as a frontier in the process of class-oriented internal colonization of the country). The multidimensional semiotics of the estate sets a new relationship between “metropolitan” and “provincial” concerning the other loci of the novel.

Confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the western part of Kazakhstan (mid XIX – early XX centuries)

Undoubtedly, the western region of Kazakhstan is unique and strategically important compared to other regions. First of all, the influence of the Kazan and Ufa madrassas, the largest Muslim centers in the region due to their geographical location, and the international nature of the Jadid movement, and secondly, the richness of archival data and the independence of religious representatives from the region should be accentuated. At the same time, the Muslim influence of Tatar mullahs’ activeness in the region weakened, and the number of educated Kazakh clerics increased, who, in their turn, joined forces with the Alash intelligentsia to intensify the struggle for national liberation. The western region of Kazakhstan has long been distinguished by its close historical and cultural ties with Volga Bulgaria, the Caucasus, the Black Sea and developed Muslim centers such as Iran and Khorezm. Especially in the late XVIII-XIX centuries cultural ties with the Volga-Ural region intensified as the Kazakhs of Junior Zhuz became Russian citizens and further integrated into the Empire. In other words, favorable historical conditions have been created in this region for the rapid development of Islam. Therefore, the geographical scope of the topic is based on the western regions of Kazakhstan.

HRYHORII SKOVORODA: UKRAINIZATION OFTHE IMAGE

Within the article the attempt is made to study the perception of the XVIII century philosopher Hryhorii Skovoroda’s image and its philosophy through the prism of the later national identities. The fact is stressed that the statement of the issue concerning the Hryhorii Skovoroda’s image Ukrainization and the history of its solution turns out to be the consequence of the process of establishing the Ukrainian modern self-identity which started in the ХІХ century. The situation is emphasized that within “all-Russian” identity one can come across its three variations: Skovoroda is a “Russian” (meaning “all-Russian”); Skovoroda is a “Malorussian” (meaning a representative of a regional variant of a “Russian” identity) and Skovoroda is a “Ukrainian” (meaning a native from the land that is called Ukraine). At the end of the ХІХ century Skovoroda’s image was interpreted within Ukrainian personal identity. The conclusion is made that during ХІХ-ХХ centuries and even nowadays two national identities for Skovoroda’s personality remain relevant: Ukrainian and Russian. The Russian one is a result of the XVIII-XIX centuries “all-Russian” syncretism state being transferred into the modern particular Russian national self-identity. The process of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s image Ukrainization (in other words its extraction from the “all-Russian” context) developed through several stages. At the beginning of the ХІХ century he was “Ukrainian” because he had a Ukrainian territorial identity and was related to Slobidska-Ukrainian province. Later he became “Ukrainian” because he represented “simple” Ukrainian people. Finally he is “Ukrainian” because he belongs to the Ukrainian ethnic nation and therefore his philosophy belongs to Ukrainian philosophical culture.

Human Soul Sculptor

The article is written in connection with the comprehensive exhibition project “Blagovestnov. Prophecies of the Present” (April 28 – October 2, 2022). In a carefully thought-out author`s space exposition works by Alexey Blagovestnov, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts, from Pereslavl Museum-Reserve and private collections were combined with the works of Russian wooden sculpture of XVIII-XIX centuries from the collection of Rostov Kremlin, selected by the artist and first shown to the public. The article included direct quotations from an interview conducted by the author of the article in Blagovestnov's Moscow studio.

ПРОГРАМА РЕСТАВРАЦІЇ БІЛОКАМ'ЯНОЇ СКУЛЬПТУРИ ЯНА НЕПОМУЦЬКОГО ПОЧАТКУ ХІХ СТОЛІТТЯ З СЕЛА ВЕЛИКА ВИШЕНЬКА, ЯВОРІВСЬКОГО РАЙОНУ, ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The following article is the first attempt to analyze and systematize the sculptural images of St. John of Nepomuk in the late XVIII-XIX centuries in Galicia, determine the accurate location to suggest the authorship of the work and develop a restoration program to put into effect work on the monument. Having conducted a stylistic inquiry, we can say that the author was a sculptor Jan Nepomuckski from the village of Velyka Vyshenky. He was under the influence of such Lviv sculptors as Peter and Matthew Poleiowski. Compositional techniques, manner of interpretation of folds, and plasticity testify to close cooperation with these authors. The similarity to the mode of Peter Poleiowski is especially noticeable. Matthew Poleiowski was a talented organizer, had great authority and performed an impressive number of works. He organized other sculptors under his guidance, and there is a suggestion that Ivan Poleiovsky was the leading one. Therefore, probably since Matthew signed contracts for the work, we see the work of the whole shop, and one of these sculptors was the author of sculptures, Jan Nepomuk, from the villages of Velyka Vyshenka and Tovstolug. The sculpture under restoration suffered significant damage and loss. There is no pedestal on which it had initially located. But the round column remained smooth and without decor. From the elbow, along with the hands, both hands are missing. Also, parts of the folds of clothing are missing. There are numerous chips and cracks. The saint's face is barely visible. A traditional attribute of the saint, the metal halo, is also missing. Although, we found traces of them, such as mounting slots on the sculpture. Before restoring the white stone sculpture of Jan Nepomuk from the village of Velyka Vyshenky, we developed the program. It includes the following steps: 1. To execute the photo-fixation of the object, make all necessary measurements and drawings. 2. To carry out a preliminary inspection to assess the damage and condition of the stone. 3. To determine the sequence of works on stone conservation. 4. To perform stone cleaning by dry method with brushes. 5. To clean the stone with a steam generator; 6. To clean the neck and head part from the remnants of cement with the help of metal tools, so-called preliminary restoration and pre-moisten the concrete with water. 7. Take measures to salt the stone with cellulose compresses and distilled water. 8. To perform structural strengthening of the stone with silicon-organic elements. 9. Glue the head and part of Christ with epoxy-based material from TENOX. 10. To supplement the lost items of clothing with mineral restoration solution. 11. To make several elements, such as hands, lost parts of the figure of Christ from plasticine. To make a plaster mould and reconstruct them from artificial stone. 12. To strengthen the structure of the stone with silicon-organic substance. 13. To cover the work with a biocidal solution of long-lasting action. 14. To perform sculpting of wood. 15. To conduct hydrophobization of the work. 16. To develop recommendations to organize the exhibition of works, providing optimal storage conditions. The white stone sculpture of Jan Nepomuk from the village of Velyka Vyshenka is an invaluable example of the late Baroque masters of the Lviv School of Sculpture, created by Ivan Poleiowski. However, today it is impossible to chronicle this. In the process of restoration of the Jan Nepomuk Sculpture, we used established and original restoration technologies and methods. It may allow displaying this sacred work as an object for prayer and worship. We would recommend exhibiting it under the cover to protect from the aggressive impact of precipitation.

ГЕНЕЗИС РЕГИОНАЛЬНО-СРЕДОВОГО ПОДХОДА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ

The purpose of the article is to reveal the content of the regional-environmental approach and to characterize its genesis in the advanced Russian social thought and historical and pedagogical science. The definition of the approach is given and the process of its development over the past two and a half centuries is described in detail. The following scientific methods were used in the course of the study: diachronization (periodization), retrospective analysis, reconstruction of historical events, actualization and historical-typological, as well as axiological methodological approach, which allows to identify the value content of the subject under study. These scientific tools were implemented in the course of characterizing the views of leading Russian thinkers of the XVIII-XIX centuries (V. V. Krestinin, A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. H. Wessel, K. D. Ushinsky, D. D. Semenov, etc.) and twentieth-century scientists and educators (B. V. Vsesvyatsky, G. N. Volkov, A. I. Kondakov, etc.) on this issue. The article provides material on the activities of various organizations (provincial statistical committees, scientific archival commissions, etc.) and individuals — local historians, teachers and patrons of different eras (N. M. Meyer, P. K. Meyer, A. I. Veshtomov, T. T. Rapinov, V. I. Fedyaev, etc.), who contributed to the implementation of the regional-environmental approach in educational practice with their theoretical and practical deeds. The conclusion is made about the socio-political significance and scientific and pedagogical relevance of a consistent, scientifically formulated study of the regional-environmental approach in the theory and history of pedagogy. Permanent changes in the regional educational environment and society as a whole make it socially necessary and socially significant for pedagogic theorists to comprehend constantly the complex of problems related to regional educational topics and, in particular, to determine the role and disclosure of the content of the regional environmental approach in the history of education, including the present time.

АБЫЛАЙ-КИТ, СЕМИПАЛАТ ҚАМАЛДАРЫНЫҢ САЛЫНУ ТАРИХЫ ХҮІІ-ХІХ ҒАСЫРЛАРДАҒЫ БАТЫС, ОРЫС ЗЕРТТЕУШІЛЕРІ ЖАЗБАЛАРЫНДА (мақсаты, маңызы)

The article describes the history of the construction of medieval Jungian cult buildings Abylaikit, Semipalatinsk and Dolon - Karagai in the eastern part of Kazakhstan on the basis of the works of European and Russian researchers of the XVIII-XIX centuries and their functions. The features of the construction of these religious structures are given, analysis of the reasons for their destruction. Based on the construction and operation of these construction sites, a description of the course of Kazakhstan-Dzhungarian and Kazakhstan-Russian relations in East Kazakhstan, the Altai Territory of that period is given. It is estimated to be the place of these religious monuments in the history of Kazakhstan. Diplomatic relations of the Kazakh Khanate with neighboring countries in the XVIII century and mutual conflicts between the Kazakh Khanate and the Dzhungarian Khanate, the heroic feats of Abylai Khan, Cabanbai Batyr, Bogenbai Batyr and others during the invasion of the Qin Empire in the Kazakh Khanate to the State Archives of Russia and Kazakhstan, the actual data considered And systematically represented on the basis of ancient and modern scientific literature in domestic and foreign scientific libraries. Famous from the beginning of the 18th century, one of the few scientific destroyed rooms in Abilaykit, retained the remnants of religious books written by the Mongolian letter, thus the construction has even more religious and historical significance.

Soil Pollen Indicators of Historical Arable Horizons from the Zvenigorod Biological Station of the Moscow State University

In this work we present the results of spore and pollen analysis of forest soils from the Zvenigorod biological station of Moscow State University (Moscow Region, Russia). A comparative analysis of forest soils formed on the site of historical fields of the XVIII–XIX centuries and beyond showed that a specific complex of pollen and spores remains in the residual arable horizons, characteristic only of soils that have passed through the stages of plowing and fallow. It includes pollen from cultivated cereals and arable weeds (buckwheat, cornflower blue), spores of the mace-shaped plaunus (Lycopodium clavatum), as well as spores of the mosses Riccia glauca and Anthoceros spp. The latter are exclusive indicators of fallows, since they are practically not found in other habitats. The identified pollen indicators can be used in landscape and archaeological research to interpret the data of spore-pollen analysis of cultural layers, buried soils, gully-ravine sediments. They can also be used to define the boundaries of ancient fields under modern vegetation.

INFORMATION CAPABILITIES OF THE STATISTICAL DOCUMENTS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE XIX CENTURY FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE FORMER TERRITORIES BELGOROD DEFENSE LINE

The study of the frontier zone spaces is an urgent issue in modern Russian and foreign historiography. In the historical realities of the XVI-XVII centuries, the zone of the Russian frontier was located to the south of Moscow and stretched over a huge area of the forest-steppe zone, starting from the headwaters of the Don and going deep into the Steppe. Since the second half of the XVII century, thanks to the creation of the Belgorod defense line, rapid development of the territory of the line itself and adjacent territories began. But the real socio-economic ef fect of the construction of this line of defensive fortifications arose much later, by the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. In our article, the main emphasis is placed on the information capabilities of statistical sources of the first half of the XIX century on the socio-economic history of the Belgorod region. The territory of the Yelets county of the Oryol province, which was a historical part of the defense line, was taken as the object of the study. The study of socio-economic processes at the local level in a broad chronological framework is a promising direction in modern historical science. Shifting research emphasis from fixing the actual state of processes at a certain time in favor of studying their historical evolution over a long chronological period can help a scientist to take a fresh look at both little-studied and well-known facts. The research methodology consists of the use of both traditional methods and modern source-based methods. Our article describes the main markers with the help of which a comprehensive assessment of socio-economic changes in the studied territory will be carried out over a long chronological period. Based on the results of the work, it was concluded that statistical sources of the first half of the XIX century have a wide range of information opportunities for the history of socioeconomic processes that took place on the territory of the county. The obtained information is well combined with the information from mass sources of the XVII-XVIII centuries, without violating the basic methodological principles, but only expanding the possibilities of applying this approach to other territories located near or bordering the Belgorod line.

Political and Public Activity of the Institute of Batyrs of Western Siberia as Part of the Russian Empire (XVIII-XIX centuries)

Political and Public Activity of the Institute of Batyrs of Western Siberia as Part of the Russian Empire (XVIII-XIX centuries)

Natural Law in Editions of the 18th Century from the Library of the Irkutsk Theological Seminary as a Historical Source

The article gives a historical and book review of Western European publications of the XVIII century on natural law, preserved in the Scientific Library of the Ural State Law University (previously in the collection of the library of the Irkutsk Theological Seminary). Books are considered as a complex historical source with an inexhaustible source-study potential for studying the history of book culture. The facts of the history of the formation of the Irkutsk Theological Seminary library fund at the end of the XVIII – early XIX century and the geography of the spread of the ideas of lawyers of Western Europe, obtained by studying readers’ records, library labels and book signs, are presented. The article not only presents bibliographic descriptions of book rarities of the Enlightenment era (five books in 13 volumes), but also describes in detail all traces of their existence. As a result of the study, the picture of the development of book distribution, librarianship and reading in Siberia in the XVIII–XIX centuries is supplemented.

Документи Львівського шляхетського суду (1784-1855) як джерело до генеалогії та історії шляхти Галичини

The purpose and objectives of the research are to analyze the source studies the potential of the documents of the Lviv Nouble court (Forum Nobilium) through the prism of studying the genealogy and history of the Halych gentry in the late XVIII-XIX centuries. The research methodology is based on the principles of historism, scientificity, verification, as well as on the use of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that a source review of archival material formed because of the activities of the Lviv Noble Court (Forum Nobilium) was done. During the XIX-XX centuries, the given documents were out of the attention of historians and not used in the study of the history and genealogy of the noble families of Halychyna. Conclusions. The affiliation of Halychyna into the Austrian Empire marked the beginning of the reorganization of the judiciary in the former Russian voivodeship. One of the newly formed levels in the legal system had become the Lviv noble court, better known as Forum Nobilium. This institution had an extensive government apparatus, empowered to conduct pretrial proceedings and make decisions in cases of determining the heirs, the implementation of guardianship, the resolution of disputed financial and property disputes. Because of the court’s activities for the period from 1784 to 1855, a large document collection was formed, numbering more than 50 thousand cases. These documents contain data on several thousand noble families and open the curtain on certain aspects of their history, such as circumstances surrounding the death of a member of the family, the presence of family ties, financial status, conflicts over the acquisition and loss of movable and immovable property and so on. The information contained in the documents of the Lviv Noble Court (Forum Nobilium) can significantly embellish our knowledge about the nobility in Halychyna for the period from the end of the XVIII to the middle of the XIX century and facilitate the reconstruction of the genealogy of noble families.

BASIC MEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT “TENDERNESS” IN RUSSIAN AND SPANISH LANGUAGE PICTURES

The article is dedicated to understanding of the concept of “tenderness” in Russian and Spanish linguistic pictures of the world in comparison. During research the connection between language and culture is indicated, reflected in the linguistic picture of the world through the functioning of the concept as its unit. The focus of attention is focused on the emotional concept that expresses the image, assessment, and cultural significance. On the basis of the learnt linguistic researches in the field of language theory, the concepts of “language picture of the world”, “concept” and “emotional concept” are revealed. A comparative analysis of the data of etymological, explanatory dictionaries, as well as dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms of the Russian and Spanish languages is carried out. The obtained results are compared with the events of the domestic and foreign political life of Russia and Spain of the designated time periods (Etymology, the Middle Ages, the XVIII-XIX centuries, the XX century, the XXI century). The nuclear zone of the concept “tenderness” is being formed in the Russian and Spanish language pictures of the world. The article analyzes the content structure of the concept “tenderness” and the transformation of its components from the moment of its origin to the present day. It clearly reflects which components of the concept values appear and disappear according to the dictionaries from one epoch to another. The most frequent components of the values of the nuclear zone of the concept, common and periodic for each of the studied world pictures, are identified. In conclusion, are formed findings about the similarity and difference of changes in the concept due to the historical formation and its modern functioning in the Russian and Spanish language pictures of the world. It was revealed that in the transformation process, the concept of “tenderness” acquired the status of a deep comprehensive feeling. Nevertheless, despite the general similarity, there are also specific features for each language picture of the world, which are reflected by the analyzed language data recorded in dictionaries. It follows from this that the linguistic representation of the same concept of “tenderness” in the Russian and Spanish linguistic cultures is quite different due to the mental characteristics of each of these cultures.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE KARAKALPAK PEOPLE

This article discusses the history of the study of the material culture of the Karakalpak people. Kara, Balykchi, Beshkum, Kazanketgan, Qum-uzak in the Ustyurt plain are among the largest settlements with real and mobile housing in the middle of the XVIII-XIX centuries. In the XVIII and XIX centuries, on the southern shores of the Aral Sea, in the Tollik and Beshkum and again in the Shamishkol Uzun-Kair-Tilla oases, the Karakalpaks lived a semi-sedentary lifestyle and engaged in cattle-breeding, hunting, and fishing with the Kazakhs. engaged in obtaining dyes from plants. The central cities of Karakalpakstan where trade was developed were: Chimbay, Kungrad, Khojaly.

Historical development of administrative responsibility for bullying (harassment) in Ukraine

The article examines the historical development of administrative liability for bullying in Ukraine. The historical and legal literature on the genesis of administrative responsibility for violence against children, including bullying, is considered and analyzed. It has been established that child abuse has been present in all historical times, but at certain intervals it was considered the norm and accepted by society as appropriate behavior. Attitudes toward chil-dren in primitive, slave-owning, and feudal societies were cruel. They were beaten, sacrificed, sold into slavery, or simply left to die. The legal norms were only of a “recommendatory” nature, and sanctions were not applied or were applied only in the case of the murder of a child. The situation of children in the XVIII-XIX centuries. improved, but limited to parental authority. During this period, administrative liability is applied to certain illegal acts against children. The period of the XX - XXI centuries. can be considered - the “century of recognition of childhood”, be-cause a number of regulations - legal acts, which confirmed that childhood - a priority value of the state. From 2018, Ukraine provides for administrative liability for bullying.
 By analyzing the source base, the historical periods of the genesis of administrative responsibility for bullying in Ukraine are highlighted, which is presented as follows:stage 1 - the 16th century initial (the rules of law governing the treatment of a child were of a recommendato-ry nature, and therefore liability for their violation was not provided).Stage 2 - XVII - XIX centuries weakening (weakening of abuse of the child, strengthening of its rights, however, in the specified period the responsibility for violence against the child, including bullying was not applied).Stage 3 - XX century. legislative (ratification of in-ternational treaties and the adoption by Ukraine of regulations governing and protecting the rights of the child; the introduction of administrative liability for violations of the rights of the latter).Stage 4 - XXI century. modernized (legislative consolidation of administrative responsibility for bullying in Ukraine).It is concluded that the history of mankind is permeated through the prism of cruelty to children and among them and emphasizes that there have always been ways to prevent this phenomenon and Ukraine has taken a big step towards combating bullying by introducing appropriate legal liability , including administrative.

Reconaissance Researches of Kemerova Village: on the Issue of the Russian Settlement Archaeology of the XVII–XIX Centuries

The subject of this research is the history, chronology and archaeological artifacts from the Kemerova village (Kemirova, Komarova, Temirova). The research is a part of a scientific topic of exploring Russian settlements in the Tom’ River region of the XVII–XIX centuries. The aim of this work is to identify the archaeological layer structure, determine the stages of Kemerovo village site development using stratigraphic data and archaeological objects, to compare the archaeological data with the results of written and cartographic sources. The archaeological research results showed two archaeological layers well stratigraphically recognizable. The lower archaeological layer contains artifacts of the middle of the XVIII century – the cusp of the XIX–XX centuries. So, it is about pre-industrial rural society’ life. The upper layer separated from the lower one by a layer containing some coal dates from the XX century. The artifacts bear witness of how the village was transforming into a industrial township. Comparison of the archaeological data and other historical sources materials highlights the need to find cultural remains of Kemerova village emerging period and a clearer differentiation of the middle of the XVIII–XIX centuries which requires further researches on the site. The area of use of the received results includes not only the history of Kemerovo but also issues of emergence and development of Russian and other ethnic groups’ settlements in the XVII–XIX centuries in the Tom’ River basin. Main conclusions: the received results allow us to determine two periods (pre-industrial and early industrial) in the history of Kemerova village before its inclusion into the territory of Shcheglovsk town (Kemerovo since 27 March 1932). It can be suggested that Kemerova village with the other Kemerovo rural settlements (Krasnaia, Shcheglova-Ust’- Iskitim, Kuchukovy Yurty / Ulus-Mozzhukha, Evseeva, Borovaia and others) formed the urban territory. In this context, the role of Kemerova village is not only in using its name for the mine, the train station and, finally, for the city but the early idea of connection of this rural settlement with the «burnt hill», coal deposits (1721) which defined the further industrial potential of Kemerovo

Book marks on books from the library of Lutsk-Zhytomyr seminary

The article provides a bibliological review in the historical retrospective of book marks on the publications of the library of Lutsk-Zhytomyr seminary, which is stored in the funds of the department of library collections and historical collections of the Institute of Bibliology of the National Library of Ukraine named after V. I. Vernadsky. Materials of bibliographic works of E. Khvalevik, S. Mishchuk, I. Tsiborovska-Rymarovych on the study of literature and book signs from the library of Lutsk-Zhytomyr seminary are represented. The composition and filling of the library fund of Lutsk-Zhytomyr seminary are analyzed. When applying the chronological method of research, the classification of book signs in historical retrospect is given. Bookmarks of foreign bookstores and various European bibliophiles (XVIII—XIX centuries), book marks of the Soviet period in Ukraine are singled out. The analysis of various information resources on book marks made it possible to find out the ways of forming the library fund of Lutsk-Zhytomyr seminary and storing books from the seminary library in various private and public libraries. Due to the use of various information resources, the informativeness of the source material of book signs has been expanded, which has contributed to their more thorough study and attribution. Book studies and historical information on the role of foreign book trade in Kyiv, Moscow and St. Petersburg in the process of replenishing the library of the Lutsk-Zhytomyr Seminary are provided. The bibliological information about books from private libraries, which got into the funds of the library of Lutsk-Zhytomyr seminary, is given. The receipt of the books of the seminar library in the funds of the library of the Office of Arab-Iranian philology in Kyiv, which was created under the leadership of A. Krymsky, is noted.

Ревизорская деятельность начала XIX века как практический источник развития правовых воззрений сенатора И. В. Лопухина (1756—1816)

The article examines the influence of audit trips on the formation of the legal views of one of the prominent Russian lawyers of the turn of the XVIII—XIX centuries, Senator I. V. Lopukhin, regarding the principle of legality in the administration of justice.

About the juvenile direction of criminal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan: historical background and development issues

The article considers the paradigm of the Republic of Kazakhstans juvenile criminal policy, reveals its historical background and development problems. The article describes the features of the Biy judicial system in the Kazakh society up to the middle of the XVIII century. The article examines the characteristics of applying criminal punishment to juveniles after the accession of the Kazakh khanates to the Russian Empire in the XVIIIXIX centuries. The conclusion is made about the continuity of juvenile justice foundations in pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary Russia and modern Kazakhstan. The article confirms the ineffectiveness of further lowering the age of criminal responsibility, as well as traditional punishments that provide for the deprivation or restriction of liberty of juveniles. The idea of re-socialization of juveniles who have served a criminal sentence and are released from it is defended. To re-socialize, it is recommended to expand the practice of alternative punishments without isolation from society related to labor impact and the introduction of probation with labor impact concerning juveniles in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Образ русской знатной дамы в поэзии Шарля де Линя

The article considers a series of poems by Prince Charles de Lin (1735–1814), dedicated to Russian women of the Catherine era. The novelty of the research is that these poems have not yet been studied and published in Russian. A description of the Prince de Lin’s relations with Russia is presented. The list of poetic messages of the “Russian cycle”is given. Information is given about the personalities of the addressees-representatives of the highest (titled) Russian aristocracy of the second half of the XVIII and early XIX centuries. The circumstances of the creation of individual poems, which caused their pathos, are indicated. A genre classification of works is proposed — madrigals, poems in albums, humorous songs. The above quotes indicate the collective image created by Prince de Lin of a high-class Russian lady of the end of the Enlightenment era. It is a whimsical combination of grandeur, coquetry, piety, courtesy, and artistic taste. With all the unique personality of each addressee, we see the personification of beauty and tenderness, refinement and kinship. The generally idealized view of the enlightened Belgian on the Russian high society of that era, when emancipation and cosmopolitan education of noblewomen were already more than a century old, has a certain historical significance and deserves attention in the light of the dialogue between the two cultures.