XVIII-XIX Centuries Research Articles

ETHNOGRAPHY OF WESTERN KAZAKHSTAN IN RUSSIAN SOURCES

The article deals with ethnographic research, which is the direction of Russian expeditions aimed at exploring the kazakh land. Analytical studies of the ethnography of the kazakhs who inhabited the Volga and the Urals have been carried out. A voluminous material on the life and culture of the kazakhs of the Small zhuz is presented. The characteristics of the economy and profession of the West Kazakhstan people of the XVIII-XIX centuries have been developed. The analysis of the importance of trade in the Small zhuz and animal husbandry in everyday life is carried out. The main goals and objectives of travelers and their achievements are considered. The scientists' assessment of the place of nomadism in the lifestyle of the Kazakhs of the XVIII-XIX centuries between the Volga and the Urals will be worked out. The analysis of researchers' views on how the colonial policy of the tsarist government changed Kazakh life will be carried out. As a result of the study, it was found that travelers evaluated the Kazakhs of the Maly Zhuz in comparison with neighboring peoples (Tatar, Bashkir). The Kazakhs of the Maly Zhuz differ from the Kazakhs of the Older and Middle Zhuz, as shown in the works of scientists.It tells about the nature of traditional rituals in Maly Zhuz. In the final part, the importance of ethnographic exploration of the West Kazakhstan steppes at the historiographical level is determined and the influence of Russian scientists and travelers on the presentation of Kazakh history to the world is assessed.

The reasons for the low losses of the Don Cossacks in the wars of the Russian Empire

The article describes how in the XVIII–XIX centuries the Don Cossacks acquired the skills of conducting combat operations with minimal losses that were preserved until the beginning of the twentieth century. The number of wounded among the Don Cossack elite was calculated and the nature of the wounds themselves was clarified, the ratio of the minimum combat losses of Cossacks and losses of regular units of the Russian army, sometimes reaching a quarter or even half of the personnel, was obtained during the Swiss campaign of 1799, the Patriotic War of 1812 and the liberation campaign of 1813–1814, as well as during the First World War. It was established which layers of the Don Cossacks suffered the least losses. They turned out to be the children of officers involved in the service in adolescence. The greatest losses from cold steel were borne by the sons of priests who fell out of the Cossack education system in childhood, but reached higher ranks due to their literacy.

Transformations of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s visual image in the XIX century

The relevance of the study. Ukrainians have been interested in the figure of H. Skovoroda for 200 years. A great number of portraits with the philosopher’s diffe-rent faces have been created. In modern informational space we can come across a statement that there is no picture reflecting his real features. Yet, in fact such portraits do exist, though they are sparsely known to the public that is currently using mostly the variants transformed during the XIX century. Taking all the mentioned into account, the relevance of the research is extremely topical. The purpose of the article. To characterize the changes in the visual image of H. Skovoroda on the basis of the changes in depicting his face in the portraits of the end of the XVIII–XIX centuries. The methodology is based on the historism principle in combination with comparative method, which allowed to reveal common and different features in the portraits of the philosopher. The results. The article presents the results of analysis of 9 portraits of H. Skovoroda dated as the end of the XVIII–XIX century, printed on separate sheets and painted with oil paints. There is information about the authors of one painted (the work of a painter from Slobozhanshchyna, Lukianov, still non-identified) and two printed ones. One of them was stipple engraved by a Moscow artist Petro Meshcheriakov at the beginning of the XIX century. During the first half of the XIX century, while some people who personally knew H. Skovoroda were still alive, there were two editions of separate sheets of this work (an imprint from the first edition was pasted in the manuscript of Mykhailo Kovalynskyi’s memoir) and published in a book and two magazines. As there was no criticism from the contemporaries, there are grounds to consider the portrait to reveal H. Skovoroda’s facial features accurately. Five copies of this image painted with oil paint dated approximately as the XVIII–XIX century were analyzed. The one was singled out, which had been kept by V. A. Zadonskii till the beginning of the XX century and before that had belonged to his ancestors, the philosopher’s friend Donets-Zakharzhevskyi. The second, older engraving, which author was not identified, first used to be not well-know. Yet, after its lithographic copy was published in a Petersburg edition of the philosopher’s works in 1861, its reproductions started to dominate. In 1894 the artist from Petersburg, V. Mate, created on its basis a syncretic engraving by order of D. Bahalii and for his publication. Skovoroda’s face on this engraving is distinguished by a different picture perspective and by having become flatter. Conclusion. Two variants of H. Skovoroda’s face created by engravers at the beginning of the studied period were actualized in different periods of the XIX century and changed due to copying and rethinking, which resulted in transformation of the philosopher’s visual image spread in mass culture. The scientific novelty of the research. The first complex analysis of all known portraits of H. Skovoroda of the end of the XVIII–XIX centuries has been made. The practical significance of the article. The results of the work should be taken into account when writing scientific, popular-scientific articles and educational publications or courses, as well as when creating works of monumental art.

Phrasebook in Text Typology: a Type of Textbook or an Independent Type of Text?

Introduction. A phrasebook as a type of text is aimed at providing the basics of communication in situations when the knowledge of a foreign language is absent. It can not be classified as a type of a dictionary, textbook or manual for the development of speaking skills. The article examines the problem of determining the status of a phrasebook in the typology of text types. The study is aimed at a diachronic analysis of the texts and structure of phrasebooks to identify features that unite a phrasebook with a textbook, as well as to determine the properties inherent only to a phrasebook, allowing it to be distinguished as an independent type of text. The lack of works that consider the problem of determining the status of a phrasebook determines the relevance of the study.Methodology and sources. The research material – the texts of German-Russian and Russian-German phrasebooks of the XVIII–XXI centuries, covering the time period from 1795 to 2011, which were created both for teaching the German or Russian language, and for practical use during travel. The general (educational and tourist) phrasebooks were chosen because of the fact that they reflect different aspects of interaction between representatives of language communities in predetermined situations.Results and discussion. The comparison has shown that a phrasebook is an independent type of text, at different stages of its historical development having more or less similar features with a textbook, dictionary and a manual for the development of oral speech skills, but differing significantly from them. In the course of its historical development, the cohesive connections between the linguistic units of the phrasebook weaken: from a book containing coherent and logical dialogues on various topics (XVIII–XIX centuries), the phrasebook turns into a manual with a set of thematically organized template phrases and lists of words (late XX–XXI centuries).Conclusion. The phrasebook, thus, is a type of text that is closely related to the era of creation, which is reflected not only in the theme and structure, but also in the strength of the cohesive connections of the linguistic units that make up the phrasebook.

Features of the Architecture of Modern Residential Buildings in the City of Vladimir

For the first time, an analytical review of examples of the inclusion of new residential buildings in different time periods from the 1930s to the first quarter of the XXI century in the development of the city of Vladimir is given. One of the most important tasks of modern architecture is to find a practical solution to the theoretical problem of the interaction of tradition and innovation. The study of this problem on the example of historical cities in Russia occupies a special place in the theory of architecture, since a valuable historical and architectural environment needs a delicate approach when integrating new objects into it. The valuable historical buildings of the city of Vladimir mostly consist of stone houses built in the classicism style of the XVIII–XIX centuries, which formed the image of the historical center. However, not only the conscious appeal of architects to historical examples of local architecture served to reflect classicism in the appearance of buildings of subsequent eras, but also political and socio-economic aspects. The peculiarities of environmental adaptation techniques used in the construction of residential buildings by Soviet and Russian architects are noted.

Political and cultural situation in Kazakhstan in the XVIII–XIX centuries (historical aspect)

The article describes the political situation and cultural situation of the Kazakh land in the period of the Russian Empire and describes the fact that in the XVIII–XIX centuries, the Tsarist authorities carried out various reforms for the final rule of the Kazakh steppe, expanding the countryethnic basis of the Kazakh people, dividing the ethnic groups, dividing them into provinces and districts, depriving the country of integrity. Our article reflects the colonial policy of the Tsarist government towards the Kazakh Steppe, which in some cases was tactically different from the open robbery attacks of the Khiva and Kokand khanates. It is indicated that the Tsarist government began to use an underground policy that led to the exposure of the Kazakh people to the influence of the Russian state and constant subordination to that state. The article also analyzes the policy of the Tsarist government, how the rulers of the Kazakh steppes work for them, buy them with a large reward.

Burial rite of the population of the Golden Horde city of Madjar: problems of study and debatable issues

The paper deals with some issues in the historiography of the burial rite of the population of the Golden Horde city of Madjar. From 1989 to 2020, some small sites in the trade and craft quarter and in the cemetery in Madjar were examined. Recently, craniological, archeozoological and palynological studies have been carried out. Since the beginning of the 2000s, a number of valuable archival materials of the XVIII–XIX centuries have been found and published. In 2021, the boundaries of the ancient settlement were established. Alongside with these achievements, there has been a lag in the study of the burial rite of the city’s population, which was caused by insufficient study of the city’s cemetery. In 2020, I.B. Tishchenko excavated 10 burials in the north-western part of the cemetery, significantly adding to the available source base. In 2022, E.I. Narozhny, I.B. Tishchenko and A.A. Sazonov published a series of articles with the analysis of the burials which had been studied in 2020. The articles contain controversial statements that do not take into account the materials of the research on the Madjar necropolises and some other Golden Horde sites. The Madjar cemetery needs large-scale research.

КОЛЛЕКЦИЯ ОЛОВЯННОЙ МИНИАТЮРЫ КАК ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ИСТОЧНИК

The article analyzes the history of Petr Fedorovish Kosmolinsky’s col-lection in the funds of the National Museum of the History of Buryatia as uni-formological source. The author studies its content and also the experience of using the museum collection of the military historical miniature in the exhibi-tion activities. The author comes to the conclusion that the collection of tin miniature is a unique source for studying the uniform of the XVIII-XIX centu-ries of the Russian imperial army and arouses interest of the younger genera-tion in exploring the history of Russia.

Statistical information about some towns of the North in Russian geographical dictionaries of the late XVIII–XIX centuries

Statistical information about some towns of the North in Russian geographical dictionaries of the late XVIII–XIX centuries

Historical retrospective of the formation of the institution of autonomy and self-determination of peoples

This article examines the evolution of the concept of the right of nations to self-determination from the ideas of the Enlightenment to the modern enshrinement in international law. It traces the genesis of the ideas of popular sovereignty and natural human rights in such thinkers as Locke, Grotius, Vattel and Rousseau. The key stages of formation of the institution of national autonomy are analyzed: national liberation movements of the XVIII-XIX centuries, the activities of the League of Nations, the formation of the system of minority protection within the UN. Particular attention is paid to international documents that enshrined the right to self-determination - the UN Charter, Declarations, Covenants on Human Rights. Controversial issues of correlation of this principle with the territorial integrity of states are considered. It substantiates the relevance of finding compromise solutions to ensure stability in the realization of the right to self-determination through various forms of autonomy and the formation of new states.

Geopolitical Processes at the Turn of the XVIII-XIX Centuries and the Caucasus

Geopolitical Processes at the Turn of the XVIII-XIX Centuries and the Caucasus

Становление юридического образования в России в XVIII-XIX вв.

проследить основные этапы развития специального юридического образования в России в XVIII-XIX вв. Методология: при написании статьи использовались как общенаучные методы научного познания, такие как наблюдение, анализ, описание, обобщение и сопоставление, так и методы специальные, характерные именно для юридической науки. Выводы: Зарождение в России юридических образовательных учреждений было связано с проведением в первой четверти XVIII в. судебной реформы. Однако практика его реализации, с учетом реализации государственных задач, была связана с военными юридическими образовательными учреждениями. Дальнейшее развитие российской формы государственного правления и государственного аппарата потребовало увеличения сети юридических образовательных учреждений. Как следствие, к концу XIX века 43,1% студентов Российской империи обучалось на юридических факультетах высших образовательных учреждений. При этом в первой половине XIX в. в Российской империи появляется специализированное учебное заведение для подготовки кадров юстиции, в том числе судебной системы – Императорское училище правоведения. Училище являлось первым специализированным образовательным учреждением для подготовки кадров судебной системы страны. Научная и практическая значимость. Полученные результаты исследования могут использоваться научными и практическими работниками, преподавателями, аспирантами и студентами юридических вузов, а также оказаться интересными для всех, кто интересуется историей отечественного юридического образования. to trace the main stages of the development of special legal education in Russia in the 18th-19th centuries. Methodology: when writing the article, both general scientific methods of scientific knowledge were used, such as observation, analysis, description, generalization and comparison, and special methods, characteristic specifically for legal science. Conclusions: The origin of legal educational institutions in Russia was associated with the holding in the first quarter of the 18th century. judicial reform. However, the practice of its implementation, taking into account the implementation of state tasks, was associated with military legal educational institutions. Further development of the Russian form of government and the state apparatus required an increase in the network of legal educational institutions. As a result, by the end of the 19th century, 43.1% of students in the Russian Empire studied at law faculties of higher educational institutions. Moreover, in the first half of the 19th century. In the Russian Empire, a specialized educational institution for training justice personnel, including the judicial system, appears - the Imperial School of Law. The school was the first specialized educational institution for training personnel in the country's judicial system. Scientific and practical significance. The results of the study can be used by researchers and practitioners, teachers, graduate students and students of law schools, and may also be of interest to anyone interested in the history of domestic legal education.

Художественное наследие в актуализации традиционных педагогических технологий и реализации инновационных идей образования

The purpose of the research is to create a comprehensive methodology with the inclusion of traditional pedagogical technologies based on the system of the historical Russian school of fine arts. Using the example of planning ensembles of a Russian manor with the definition of their influence on the cultural development of life in urban suburbs during the heyday and development of art workshops and crafts in the late XVIII and early XIX centuries. The paper provides an analysis of a number of methodological approaches in the educational system, which is based on the educational and cultural component of art education. The purpose of this article was to analyze the social features of the planning, content and distribution of functions of the socio-cultural development of the Russian estate. The research can be successfully applied in educational programs and additional education, in the field of architecture, design, restoration and ecology.

Islamic monuments in Azerbaijan in the XVIII-XIX centuries (based on the documents of the Russian State Military History Archive)

The article presents the history of Islamic religious monuments in the territory of Azerbaijan in the 18th and 19th centuries. The presented scientific article includes research on the mosques and religious beliefs of the population in the territory of Azerbaijan in the 18th and 19th centuries based on the documents of the Russian State Military History Archive. From the documents in the archival materials, it is clear that the most of the population are Muslim and Islamic religious monuments are the majority. The article relies on the drawings of the master plans of Azerbaijani cities kept in the funds of the Russian State Military History Archive. It is clear from the archive materials that economic and cultural life in Azerbaijani cities revolved around the mosques, especially the Friday mosques. Thus, the cities were erected not only around the palaces of khans and rulers, but around the Friday mosques, too. Also, at the end of the study, it is possible to come to the conclusion that Juma mosques functioned not only as the religious places of worship, but also as economic, cultural and social centers. In addition, the significance of the study of the documents stored in the Russian State Military History Archive is that it is possible to restore the historical appearance of Friday mosques in the present period from the drawings stored in its funds.

Source Analysis of Turkism in the Balkan Languages

The connection of Turkic tribes with the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula has a long history. With the conquest of the Ottoman Empire, the influence of the Turks on the countries living in the Balkan region increased, and this situation led to significant changes for the Balkan peoples. Words of Turkic origin in the Balkan languages became the basis for the study of Turkic influence in the Balkans. Researchers should first of all determine from which language Turkic vocabulary was introduced. The term “Orientalism” is widely used by linguists to define words and phrases from any Eastern language (Turkish, Arabic, Persian). First, since orientalism entered the Balkan languages through the Ottoman Turkish language, which was spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire and its territories, many researchers used the term “Turkism” to denote the characteristics of the way of life of the eastern countries. When linguists of the XVIIIXIX centuries defined the term “Turkism”, they relied on a small number and insufficient information about the origin of Eastern words. The purpose of this study is to make a detailed description and detailed analysis of the words that have entered the Turkic language in the Balkan languages. The research focuses on Romanian, Serbian, and Albanian languages, where the most Turkic words can be found.

History of Kazakh, Chinese and Russian Relations (XVIII-XIX centuries)

Relevance. This article delves into the intricate historical relations between Kazakh tribes, the Russian Empire, and China during the XVIII-XIX centuries, shedding light on diplomatic, trade, and social dynamics pivotal to understanding contemporary geopolitics in the region. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the multifaceted relationships between the Kazakh tribes, the Russian Empire, and China during the XVIII-XIX centuries. Methodology. This research employs a historical analytical approach, utilizing both theoretical and methodological literature to construct a detailed narrative of the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Archival data and primary sources are systematically analyzed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings. Results. This research article examines the history of the Kazakh tribes' contacts with the Russian Empire and China in the first half of the XVIII-XIX centuries, encompassing diplomatic, trade, and social development, among other things. For this purpose, the article considers this period as an object of study and analyzes it based on the theoretical and methodological literature, the scientific circulation of archival data, the chronological order of events in a scientific manner. In addition, the research examines the Tsarist Russian Empire's military-administrative actions in the Kazakh steppes from the middle of the XIX century, as well as the deliberate operations of prominent Kazakh sultans such as Ablai. This article describes the Qin Empire's interaction with prominent Kazakh sultans and other powerful persons in order to capture the eastern half of Kazakhstan and the Altai Territory, as well as its ambitions. Conclusions. The article identifies the importance of the participation of local Kazakhs in the above-mentioned region in foreign trade between Russia and China on a regular basis, its economic efficiency and importance. Therefore, it very important to study such important topics through theoretical and methodological justification and publish it as a scientific article in international publications. Keywords: international relations; historical research; historical essay; archival research; diplomacy

ХVIII-ХІХ ҒҒ ҚАЗАҚ ҚОҒАМЫНДАҒЫ БАТЫРЛАР ИНСТИТУТЫ ЖӘНЕ ОНЫҢ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯСЫ

This article examines the formation of the Institute of heroes and analyzes the history of development as an institution. An overview of the historiography of the Institute of Heroes is given, an assessment of the role and activities of the Institute of heroes in Kazakh society is given with an analysis of the works of the authorsencountered in the study of the problem under consideration. The Institute of Heroes is a subject of research considered in the research of modern authors both in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. The work of A. I. Levshin, the diary of the embassy visit of A. I. Tevkelev, M. P. Vyatkin, etc. Since the authors' works provide the first information about the Institute of Heroes, the article gave priority to the analysis of the main thoughts and opinions of the authors in these works. Analyzing the opinions about the Institute of Heroes in the works of authors of different periods, the history of the institute of heroes in the Kazakh society of the XVIII-XIX centuries and the course of its transformation are shown. The prerequisites for the transformation of the Institute of heroes, the main reason for which is the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia, are analyzed. The consequences of changes in the institute and their impact on society are analyzed. The Institute of Heroes has gone a long way in development, leaving behind a rich history. We can definitely say that at some point he served for the unity and independence of his country and people. Thanks to the study of the history of the Institute of Heroes, as a result of its new pages, it becomes clear that this contributes to strengthening the independence of our country.

VASILY DIMITRIEVICH DIMITRIEV, A RESEARCHER OF THE HISTORY OF THE CHUVASH PEOPLE, IS 100 YEARS OLD (in memory of the scientist)

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in January 2024, Vasily Dimitrievich Dimitriev, an outstanding researcher of the history of the Chuvash and other peoples of the Middle Volga region, turned 100 years old. His life and work are an example of service to science; his works are of lasting value for modern and future generations of researchers. The purpose of this article is to trace the life path of V.D. Dimitriev and evaluate his contribution to science, socio–political and cultural development of the republic and the country as a whole. Materials and methods. The main source base of the research was made by materials published in various publications about the personality of V.D. Dimitriev as a scientist, organizer of science and public figure, memoirs of his relatives and colleagues, unpublished documents and materials stored in the State Archive of Modern History, the personal archive of one of this article authors V.I. Sokolova, etc. In the context of the problem’s historiography, one can identify the research made by T.S. Sergeev, A. Kappeler, I.I. Boyko, S.M. Kashtanov, Y.P. Smirnov and many other researchers of V.D. Dimitriev’s works. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the biography, the role and the place of V.D. Dimitriev in studying the history of the Chuvash people, the Chuvash region, the Middle Volga region, the Urals and Russia as a whole are described in detail. Study results. Professor V.D. Dimitriev dominates among the researchers of the Ural-Volga regions of the XVIII–XIX centuries. It should be noted that he was the first who began to study the history of the Chuvash and other peoples of the Volga region since ancient times, the first to include oral folk tales in the study. Conclusions. The article presents a brief biography and results of V.D. Dimitriev’s activities as a scientist, public figure, teacher and organizer of education. His significant contribution to the development of science and education of the republic is noted.

The right to freedom of expression and its limitations according to Albanian legislation

Abstract The right to freedom of expression, not without purpose provided for in the first amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, is one of the main basic rights on which modern democratic states were founded. The enjoyment of this freedom is closely related to a series of other equally basic rights, such as freedom of belief, freedom of organization, the right not to be harassed for personal opinions, the freedom to be attached to a certain political party, etc (Salvatore, 2019). The right to freedom of expression is one of the oldest freedoms that arose as a result of freedom of religion, mentioned by the first Christian writers during the II-III century, and then during the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the centuries XVI-XVII. On the other hand, it was encouraged and elaborated by the great theorists of the freedom of scientific research (just think of Descartes and Galileo) and of political freedom (such as Milton). Later, the right of Freedom of Expression was elaborated by philosophers of the XVIII-XIX centuries such as Voltaire, Fichte, Benthan. In this sense, John Stuart Mill said that freedom of expression protects us from corrupt power, tyranny, and this freedom is one of the basic guarantees for an open and pluralistic society (Mihajllova, Bacovaska and Shekerxhiev, 2013). Since the circulation of ideas is a prerequisite for the communication of thought, the freedom of expression or manifestation of thought has always been considered by Italian constitutional jurisprudence as the cornerstone of the democratic system (Bin and Pitruzzella, 2012). Main objective of this manuscript is the analysis of the Albanian legislation and jurisprudence about the freedom of expression.

Priests’ Influence on the Seasonality of Marriages and Births at the End of the XVIII–XIX Centuries in Staroshvedska (Gammalsvenskby) Colony

The article is dedicated to the seasonality of marriages and birth rates in the Old Swedish Colony, as well as the potential influence of a Lutheran pastor on these demographic processes. Hypotheses regarding the connection between marriage dates and the seasonality of firstborn births and the differences in marriage seasonality between the Old Swedish Colony and Josephstal colonies are examined. Metric books and family lists serve as the primary sources. Marriage dates and firstborn birth dates are compared based on data partially reconstructed through family history research methods. Due to the specificity of the sources (lack of surnames, matching names, age information, or its fragmentary nature), it was possible to link personal information regarding marriage records from metric books and family lists for only some couples. Marriage dates and firstborn birth dates were identified for only 63 cases. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to search for correlations, and a correlation between marriage months and the seasonality of firstborn births was found (Rs = 0.32, p = 0.01, n = 63). However, no differences in marriage seasonality between the Old Swedish Colony and Josephstal were detected. Still, differences in the seasonality of firstborn births and subsequent children were observed. In spring, the number of firstborn births was lower compared to later children. Some cases of premarital conception were also identified. Most marriages, both in the Old Swedish Colony and Josephstal, were recorded in September, contradicting the observations of Anton Karlgren (1905), who claimed that most marriages in the Old Swedish Colony occurred in November. Nearly half (48%) of the marriages were double weddings, where multiple couples got married on the same day (2–4 couples). However, the number of such weddings decreased starting from the 1850s. It is worth noting that there was no significant concentration of double weddings in any particular year. The high concentration of double weddings in the late 18th century is explained by compensatory marriage rates after the cholera epidemic. Nevertheless, double weddings in the 1830s‑1850s may have been influenced by the short periods when the pastor visited the colony for wedding ceremonies.The author concludes that pastors had the opportunity to influence the seasonality of firstborn births through the timing of their visits to the colony for marriage ceremonies. However, the most significant impact of pastors on demographic processes was seen in the increase in double weddings, which resulted from the necessity of marrying when the pastor was present in the colony.