XVI-XVII Centuries Research Articles

FEATURES OF THE INFLUENCE OF FORTIFICATIONS OF CASTLE STRUCTURES ON THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF SMALL CITIES IF THE PODILLYA OFTHE XVI-XVII CENTURIES

The article examines the evolution of the castle fortifications, which for each region and historical period had their own characteristic features and their relationship with the planning structure of small towns in Podillya. The features of the formation of fortification systems, which influenced the architectural and planning structure of the cities of Podillya at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, are revealed. The castle`s fortification and fortification system of the cities of Berezhany, Zhovkva, Brody, Stanislav, Zbarazh, Medzhybozh and others are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of changes in the fortification system of cities of the structural-typological level and the use of the modern bastion system, which supplanted the fortifications of the medieval type. The influence of these changes on the intensity of development of small cities in Podillya in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries is analyzed. Attention is focused on the formative influence of the fortifications of castle structures on the architectural and planning structure of cities, which was often decisive at the last stage of the formation of castles and their fortification. The process of uniting the castle and the city is considered, which went through different stages of re-planning: from placing the castle separately, through the interaction of fortification and up to the stage of obtaining a general outline of the city fortifications. The role of castle fortifications in the system of fortifications of the small cities of Podillya is determined. The influence of the development of fortifications of castles and their merger with the defense structure of the city on the urban planning process of the cities of Podillya of XVI-XVII centuries is investigated.
 The formation of castle fortifications in the historical, architectural, town-planning aspects and their influence on the architectural and planning structure of the small cities of Podillya and significance of this influence for understanding the future development of small historical cities of Podillya are considered.

The concept of “utility” in early utilitarianism XVII–XVIII centuries

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the variety of interpretations of the concept of utility, according to which the problems of pleasure, good and happiness are solved. The English utilitarians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were the first to conduct an in-depth analysis of utility and try to find common grounds that constitute this concept. The purpose of the article is to clarify the ways of using the concept of utility in the works of J. Berkeley, D. Hume and I. Bentham. The systematization of the views of the New Time, carried out by these thinkers, allowed us to approach the identification of the essence of utility. Proportionality and symmetry, the conditions of appointment and adaptation to the needs of man contributed to the removal of the beautiful and moral principles from the useful. The fact that the perfection of a thing is defined as an acceptable purpose for which it was created gave reason to conclude that the concept of ulitity in early utilitarianism is revealed through the rationality of goals and means, and the principle of utility through the dependence of individual interests from the level of social welfare.

Study of adrenal morphology fromantiquity to the present day

The analysis of scientific literature shows that the study of adrenal morphology in humans and animals is an urgent problem of biology and medicine from ancient times to the present day. In the historical aspect, we can distinguish three stages of studying the adrenal gland that differ in the directions of research. The first stage corresponds to the research of scientists of the XVI–XVIII centuries (Bartolomeo Eustachio, Andreas Vesalius, Gabriele Folloppio, Girolamo Fabrici, Andriaan Spieghel, Johann Vesling, Giulia Casseria, Caspar Bauhin, Johann Grafenberg, Caspar Bartholin, Thomas Bartholin, Giulio Casserio, Antonio Molinetti, Jean Riolan, Thomas Wharton, Giovanni Lancisi, Jakob Winslow, Antony Valsalva, Albrecht Haller, Johann Meckel, Jean Senac, Armand Cassan). Their works is devoted to the study of topography, macroscopic structure and function of the adrenal gland. Studies of morphological scientists of the second stage (late XVIII – mid XX century) correspond to the study of the structure of the adrenal gland at the microscopic level. Scientists like Albert Kelliker, Johann Ecker, Thomas Addison, Gabriel Colin, Alfred Kohn and Jay Arnold used histological and histochemical research methods. Edward Schafer, George Oliver, Vladislav Szymonowicz, John Abel, Jokiti Takmine, Welter Cannon, Edward Kendall to the study of the features of adrenal hormone secretion. Scientific works of the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries can be combined in the third stage of research on the morphology of the adrenal gland. It is devoted to solving issues related to the formation of the adrenal gland in the process of filogenesis and ontogenesis, the features of the structure and function of the organ in normal and pathological conditions. A significant contribution to the study of the morphology of the adrenal gland of animals at the third stage was made by such scientists as Ziyade A. M., Dardykina O. N., Harina V. V., Atagimov M. Z., Torguj P. M., Antipin I. A., Shishkin A. P., Volkova M. V., Shevchenko L. F., Sidorova O. G., Vovchenko M. B., Salekh M. M., Ovcharenko N. D., Zaika S. V., Samatova I. M., Gorbacheva E. S., Pronin V. V., Kuznecov A. V., Pashinin N. S., Strel’nikova I. G., Barvenko A. D., Fedotov D. N., Izatulin A. V., Kvarackheliya A. G., Silkina A. V., Muhametov A. I. Among the studies of morphologists of the third period, the method of electron microscopy prevails.

DEVELOPMENT OF ART COLLECTING IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL PRECONDITIONS DURING XVII–XVIII CENTURIES

The scientific article is dedicated to the study of the origins and features of the art collecting at the territory of modern Ukraine. Socio-cultural, geo-political and historical preconditions of the XVII–XVIII centuries became subject for consideration while making conclusions as to why and when art collecting became widespread among the ruling elites and noble families of the region.The article examines the history of such collections, their main characteristics and components at the time when Ukraine was divided into Left-bank and Right-bank.The research identifies main types of artistic practices widespread at that time in Ukraine, which served as the source of collectibles for private and primary institutional collections. The article considers differences of art collecting phenomenon caused by geographical context (Right-bank, Left-bank Ukraine) and by changes in political and religious factors, all having impact on the behaviour and preferences of collectors. The research covers names of well-known art collectors and demonstrates examples of collections, which laid the foundation for the transformation of collecting from the individual accumulation and preservation of cultural values to the formation of museum-level collections of national and worldwide importance.Keywords: collecting, art collecting, collectors, the phenomenon of art collecting, the history of art collecting.

AZERBAYCAN BESTECİLERİNİN ESERLERİNDE ETÜD TÜRÜ THE GENRE OF ETUDE IN THE WORKS OF AZERBAIJANI COMPOSERS

The etude genre is one of the examples characterized by the emergence of different types of music that develop at certain stages of musical art. Although the introduction of studies as an independent genre in musical literature dates back to the XVII-XVIII centuries, its main function in the development of piano art was already present in other musical genres. The next stage in the development of the study genre is related to the work of the Romantic Movement representatives F.Chopin, R.Schumann, F.List. The acquisition of new features of the genre is due to the work of Russian composers. Thus, with the increase in the content features of art-concert studies, new features such as programming and integration with other genres were observed in Russian music. Interest in piano in Azerbaijan in the late 19th and early 20th centuries first appeared in aristocratic strata, but gradually spread to a wider area. The development of the art of performing on the piano also influenced the creativity of the composer an gave impetus to the formation of the national repertoire for this instrument. Although the etude genre in the works of Azerbaijani composers is not common in the works of European and Russian composers, there are important examples only in the early stages of the formation of miniatures. Azerbaijani composers E.Nazirova, F.Guliyeva, A.Azizov, A.Abbasov, Niyazi, J.Hajiyev, R.Shafag, Kh.Mirzezadeh and others managed to create interesting examples of this genre. One of the main features of the analysis of Azerbaijani somposers etudes is that these examples are pioneered for educational purposes. For this reason, some of the studies we analyzed (M.Mirzayev, J.Hajiyev etc.) are aimed at the first stage of music education with its small volume and simple structure. Studies of relatively large artistic and technical complexity (E.Nazirova,Niyazi,F.Guliyeva) are suitable for the upper classes of music schools. Although the evolution of the study genre and the features of its various genres are not embodied in these works with the splendour seen in the works of European and Russian composers, Azerbaijan is an interesting example of piano music in its educational repertoire. As a result, we can say that the etude genre is not a special development stage in the works of Azerbaijani composers, but each of the existing examples is important in the formation of the aesthetic tastes of young pianists, musical performances on a national basis, and it is successfully applied in the educational repertoire.

THE MAIN CONCEPTS OF "RUS CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS REVIVAL" OF THE LAST THIRD OF THE SEVENTEENTH – EARLY EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AS A PRECONDITION FOR "THE UNION TRIUMPHALISM" IN THE SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF ANDRZEJ GIL AND IGOR SKOCHILIAS

Summary. The purpose of the article is to analyze the contribution of Andrzej Gil and Ihor Skochylias to the study of the preconditions for the "triumph" of the union confession in the western dioceses of the Kyiv metropolis in the context of development of new concepts and ideas by these scientists. The research methodology is based on the use of historical-comparative method and methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization. The scientific novelty of the article lies in an attempt to study the innovative concepts of modern scholars on the topic of the history of the union church of the late XVII ‒ early XVIII centuries. Conclusions. The significant source material is the authors’ concept that at the turn of the XVII‒XVIII centuries there was a cultural and religious revival and large-scale modernization reforms in the Kyiv metropolis leading to the formation of an innovative religious model "Slavia Unita". The scholars state that the main initiators and promoters of the Reformation innovations were the uniate metropolitans of Kyiv, representatives of the Basilian order and the local church hierarchy. Implementation and control over the innovations were carried out during regular episcopal and archimandrite visits and episcopal courts. Everything was codified at local diocesan councils. According to historians, this religious model contributed to the formation of a clear union identity and a closer union with European religious culture. At the same time, it contributed to the preservation of the important principles of the Kyivan Christian tradition. There are at least two objective conclusions made by the authors. One of them is that a direct result of this model was "the union triumphalism" and the "golden age of union" in the Kyiv metropolis, and the second one is that the political consequence of "Slavia Unita" is unification around the union denomination of the Rus nation. The Union Church in the Kyiv metropolis became the most widespread confession and an effective representative of the interests of the Rus people.

Integrated biological and chemical characterisation of a pair of leonardesque canal lock gates.

The Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia “Leonardo da Vinci” in Milan is exposing two pairs of canal lock gates, used to control the water flow in Milan canal system, whose design appears in the Leonardo’s Codex Atlanticus. The wood present in the gates has been deeply characterised by mean of a multidisciplinary investigation involving i) DNA barcoding of wood fragments; ii) microbial community characterisation, and iii) chemical analyses. DNA barcoding revealed that two fragments of the gates belonged to wood species widely used in the middle age: Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies. The chemical characterisations were based on the use of ionic liquid as dissolving medium in order to analyse the entire cell wall material by means of Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and 2D-NMR-HSQC techniques. This multidisciplinary analytical approach was able to highlight the complex nature of the degradation occurred during the gate operation (XVI-XVIII centuries): an intricate interplay between microbial populations (i.e. Shewanella), inorganic factors (i.e. iron from nails), physical factors and the lignocellulosic material.

Interpretation, topography and chronology of the greco-catholic medals of the XVII–XVIII centuries (according to archaeological research and analysis of private collections)

The article provides an analysis and interpretation of 55 Greek Catholic medals of the 17th – 18th centuries. The search for information about Greek Catholic medals was carried out through the study of scientific literature, search in catalogs of private collections, monitoring of specialized sites dedicated to the subjects of Christian worship and Internet forums of “black” diggers, as well as Internet auctions. During archaeological research, only 4 Greek Catholic medals were identified (Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Italy). The overwhelming majority of the medals under consideration (51 copies) were discovered during the illegal work of “black archaeologists” in Belarus, Ukraine, Poland and Spain. On the front side, the Greek Catholic medals contain images of the Mother of God Zhirovitskaya, Mother of God of Pochaev, Mother of God of Kholmskaya and Mother of God of Borunskaya. On the reverse side there are images of St. Andrew (apostle), St. Basil the Great, St. Joseph with the Christ Child, St. Josaphat Kuntsevich, St. Anufriy the Great. Most of the medals are labeled in Latin. The inscriptions on the medals with the image of Our Lady of Zhirovitskaya (subtype 3 (no. 5–26)) are made from a set of letters of the Greek, Latin and Church Slavonic alphabets.

РОДИННИЙ НЕКРОПОЛЬ БОРОХОВИЧІВ У МІСТЕЧКУ ЛЮТЕНЬКА ГАДЯЦЬКОГО ПОЛКУ

У статті аналізуються матеріали археологічних досліджень цвинтаря XVII-XVIII ст. та залишків Свято-Успенської церкви в с. Лютенька (Полтавщина).
 Лютенька була заснована як слобода у 30-х рр. XVII ст.. До 1646 р. була у власності Конєцпольських. У 1648-1782 рр. Лютенька функціонувла, як сотенне містечко у складі Гадяцького, Полтавського, Зіньківського полків. Найтісніше її історія пов’язана із родиною Бороховичів, зокрема із Михайлом Андрійовичем, який у 1672-1687 рр., із незначними перервами, був гадяцьким полковим обозним, а 1687 – 1704 р. – полковником. У статті розглянута родина Михайла та його другої дружини Олени Іванівни. Взаємовідносини останньої та дітей Максима, Федора, Івана, Феодосії і Марії, після смерті батька.
 Більшість членів родини знайшли свій спочинок на цвинтарі спеціально збудованої у 1687 р., як родинна усипальниця, Успенської церкви. Звели її в центрі лютенської фортеці на місці старої дерев’яної церкви першої чверті XVII ст. Новозведена церква була мурованою, дев'ятидільною, хрещатою, п'ятибанною. Проіснувала вона до 1985 р. Навколо неї у 2009-2010 рр. досліджена ділянка ґрунтового цвинтаря XVII-XVIII ст., всього близько 300 поховань. Вони розміщені у широтному напрямку, із тяжінням до стін храму, часто на місці раніше існуючих могил.
 Впродовж кінця XVII – першої чверті XVIII ст. Бороховичи здійснювали поховання членів своєї родини в підземному просторі центральної частини та обабіч церкви у склепових похованнях. Археологічно вивчено 13 склепів, унікального стану збереженості, які є у фокусі цієї розвідки. Знайдені та атрибутовані поховання самого Михайла Бороховича, його дружини Олени та, вірогідно синів. Поданий детальний опис конструкцій склепів, поховального вбрання, розміщення, супровідних обрядових речей: ікон, хрестів тощо. Матеріали кінця XVII-XVIII ст., розширюють наші уявлення та знання про різні аспекти здійснення поховань, поховальну обрядовість козацької старшини та, назагал, сприяють уточненню уявлень про смерть в часи Гетьманщини.

MATO PRETORIJAUS MITINĖS MEDŽIAGOS APIE PERDOYTUS, WEJOPATTIS, GARDOUTEN, BANGPJTJS, LUOBGELDA AUTENTIŠKUMAS XVI–XVII A. RAŠYTINIŲ ŠALTINIŲ KONTEKSTE

In the context of XVI–XVII centuries written sources, this article provides an overview and evaluation of authenticity of to the Balts pantheon and the water sphere attributable deities Perdoytus, Wejopattis, Gardouten, Bangpjtjs, Luobgelda (partly Bardoayts) that were described in Matas Pretori­jus (Matthäus Prätorius) work “Sights of Prussia, Or Prussia’s Observation Place” (Deliciae Prussicae, oder Preussische Schaubϋhne) (the end of the 17th century). The focus of this article is on the analysis of authenticity Perdoytus (Gardouten ↔ Bardoayts) and opposition between Wejopattis ↔ Bangpjtjs mythologemes. In order to assess the validity of data the author uses in-depth comparative research whose core is in the comparison of the original and secondary material, allowing to determine who, when and what kind of mythical material changes were made. The study revealed that the mythical information provided by M. Pretorijus and other ancient written sources from XVI–XVII centuries are overshadowed by redundant and unauthentic information or interpretations of chroniclers. The author attempts to define this multi-level mental and physical phenomena by introducing a new term information noise in the verification process of ancient written sources.

Подходы к дефинициям «волость» и «улус» при изучении социальной структуры сибирских татар XVI-XVII вв.

The paper aims to reveal the content of the notions “volost” and “ulus” and to identify their place in the Siberian Tatars’ social and political structure in the XVI-XVII centuries. The author introduces new approaches to defining the notions “volost” and “ulus”, analyses changes in the Siberian Tatars’ social structure resulting from integration of the Siberian Khanate into the Russian state, which constitutes scientific originality of the study. The following conclusions are justified: the social and political structure of the Siberian Khanate, based on the clan principle, had its own peculiarities associated with the yasak Tatars’ and serving Tatars’ lifestyle, which manifested itself in evolution of the notions “volost” and “ulus” in the “Khanate” and “Russian” periods.

Огневой бой и удар холодным оружием в пехотной тактике начала XVIII века

The author analyses the European infantry tactics at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries paying special attention to the use of firearms and cold weapon. Scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the military science of that epoch is considered through the lens of confrontation between supporters of the volley firing doctrine and the bayonet doctrine, which largely determined national specifics of some European armies. The conducted research allows concluding that, despite common trends in the West European military theory, the problem of using firearms and cold weapon was approached differently. The Russian military officials had negative perception of the European military science and adhered to the principle that the European military strategies should be introduced only after their approbation in field conditions.

Terrestrial laser scanning, geomorphology and archaeology of a Roman gypsum quarry (Vena del Gesso Romagnola area, Northern Apennines, Italy)

Roman-period extractive sites in gypsum outcrops are very rare, and most have become very degraded by later weathering or quarrying activities. This paper describes, using laser scanning, photogrammetry and survey using a UAV-based survey, the uniquely well-preserved Roman-period gypsum quarry of Ca’ Castellina (Northern Apennines, Italy). This site was excavated only in the last few years and the excavations have brought to light some gypsum blocks and the ancient quarry benches showing excavation marks, the remains of a rectangular building and a great number of artefacts that range between the Protohistoric Period and the modern times. The size of the extracted blocks, the extraction methodologies and the age of a charcoal fragment (361 – 178B CE) found immediately at the contact between the gypsum quarry floor and the infilling sediments date the quarry back to the Roman age. Archaeological evidences demonstrate the building to have been used for a short period of time during the XVI-XVII century. Immediately after its abandonment most of the quarry floor has been covered with a thick detrital layer, protecting it from dissolution (fossilizing this floor and leaving it as if it was abandoned very recently), whereas the naked or poorly covered floor of this quarry has been subjected to dissolution phenomena of the exposed gypsum rocks, with a lowering of the surface, the smoothening of the corners and the formation of a set of deeply carved karren features.A 3D survey using both a laser scanning instrument and a drone-mounted photo camera have allowed to get precise measures on the size of the blocks that were extracted in this quarry, the traces of pick axe marks, and on the dissolution morphologies that have developed on the bare gypsum rock. These typical gypsum landforms show how fast these solution forms can develop where concentrated runoff flows on bare gypsum. To prevent this exceptional archaeological extractive site of being further dissolved, it will be important to plan some measures to be put in place in order to protect this delicate historical landmark.

Археологічні дослідження побутового та господарчого життя українського населення Луганщини у XVII–XVIII ст.

This article examines in a complex way the peculiarities of organization of everyday and household life of the Ukrainian population of the Luhansk region in the XVII–XVIII centuries. The basis for the study of those or other aspects of this topic were materials of archaeological expeditions that were carried out in Luhansk region in the second half of the twentieth – early twenty-first century. It is noted that this topic is poorly covered in the works of Ukrainian academics. Among the few studies in this area, the works of N. N. Kaplun, O. V. Stadnik and A. I. Stadnik were the most valuable for the research. Also in the preparation of the article the author relied on the expert estimates of scientific collaborators of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine S. A. Telizhenko, L. Chmiel, L. Mironenko. The aim of the article is to outline the way of life and economic life of the Ukrainian population during the active development of the Luhansk region – that is in the XVII–XVIII centuries. As a result of the conducted research, the authors reached the following conclusions. The presence of diverse archaeological artifacts: ceramic works, artisanal metallurgical furnaces, stone tombstones, the lower boundary of the dating of which falls on the XVII–XVIII centuries, In our view, indicates the existence of sufficiently developed material culture associated with the way of life and household utilities of Ukrainian settlers of the Cossack era in the Luhansk region. Today's assumption that the dynamic development of this region began only at the beginning of active development of the territory at the beginning of the XVIII century – the beginning of the XIX century. Russian Empire, it can be argued that even before its beginning, a significant part of the „Wild Field” did not yield in its development to other regions, both Ukraine and Russia, distant from the restless relations with the Nogai horde.

SOME QUESTIONS ON THE HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY OF ARTSAKH (XVI-XVII CENTURIES)

This article covers several issues related to the historical demography of Artsakh in the XVI-XVII centuries, based on the information from the primary sources. To this end, we have the tasks of classifying the historical-demographic information in the prima¬ry sources, analyzing their significance in the context of general demographic processes in Armenia, showing that in the XVI-XVII centuries, despite the unfavorable regional situation, migration activities of nomadic tribes were not significant within the territory of Artsakh, and the Armenian population maintained an absolute majority. Thus, the aim of the study is to cover some issues of the historical demography of Artsakh in the above-mentioned period, in the XVI-XVII centuries, which was done by means of combination of historical and historical-comparative methods. The information collected during the research was grouped into four types: references related to deportations and mass captives, data on the number of Armenians actually living in Armenia and number of family members, information on migration of foreign (particularly Kurdish) tribes, and lists of Armenian settlements. Finally, as a result of the study, it turned out that the cases of deportation and mass captivity of the population, in contrast to most of Armenia, were relatively few in Artsakh, which is due to the preservation of the Armenian royal ins¬titution of melikdoms. In addition, it turned out that the total population of the dioceses subject to the Catholicos of St. Etchmiadzin and Gandzasar may, with some reservations, be around 3.5 million people, which was too high a figure for the period under discussion. It turned out that the average number of Armenian family members in Artsakh exceeded the general index of Armenia. One of the possible conclusions of the research was that in the historical Tsar province (in Karvachar and in the northern part of Kashatagh), the Armenian population was predominant in the XVI-XVII centuries, which is evidenced by the existence of Armenian village lists dating back to the XVII-XVIII centuries.

The influence of socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries on the development of legal doctrine of Modern history

In the history of the country’s development there are periods in which significant changes in social, political and economic life take place. These undoubtedly include the period of the European Reformation of the XVI-XVII centuries. Socio-political events in critical periods are at the same time the source of development in the legal sphere, when often in the struggle crystallize new, necessary for the development of the state, legal provisions of a doctrinal nature. The aim of this paper is to analyze the socio-political events in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries, the results of the Thirty Years’ War and the significance of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 in terms of influencing the development of legal doctrine of Modern history, and also to provide a comparison with the peculiarities of the socio-political situation that took place in the Ukrainian lands of that time. It is noted that since the beginning of the XVI century. almost the entire world of that time was covered by the Reformation. First of all, it was a broad socio-political movement that took the form of a struggle with the Catholic Church. Against this backdrop of socio-political and economic change, Protestantism has become widespread throughout Europe, associated with the names of Martin Luther, Jean Calvin, and Ulrich Zwingli. At the same time, the Catholic Church and the Jesuits opposed the Reformation and led the Counter-Reformation. The result of this confrontation was the Thirty Years’ War - the first pan-European war of 1618 – 1648 between the Catholic Union and the coalition of Protestant states. In European history, this war has remained one of the most terrible European conflicts. Historians estimate that more than 2 million military and more than 6 million civilians were killed. Thirty Years’ War in Europe in the XVII century. ended with the signing in 1648 at the same time in Münster and Osnabrück peace treaty, which was called the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. It is emphasized that the Peace of Westphalia contains a number of provisions of a doctrinal nature. It is made conclusion that this treaty was the source of modern international law and had a long-term impact on the development of relations between states. Among the most important principles of doctrinal nature are the following: state sovereignty has become a universally recognized legal category; the principle of freedom of conscience is recognized with certain restrictions; the idea of sovereignty and independence of each state was opposed to the idea of a single Christian community; proclaimed the idea of ensuring certain human rights, especially the principle according to which private property and the rights of citizens of a hostile state could not be changed by war. Ukrainian ties with European events of that era also took place. This was reflected in the text of the Treaty of Osnabrück, where Ukrainians are noted as allies of Sweden, and the Treaty determined the relevant international legal status of Transylvania at that time. It is noted that the period of the Reformation coincides with the events in Ukraine, as a result of which the Ukrainian Liberation War began, led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Keywords: European Reformation, Peace of Westphalia, legal doctrine, origins of law, the Revolution of Bohdan Khmelnytsky.

«Цивилизация» и цивилизационная эволюция России

The report analyzes the problem of the civilizational evolution of Russia on the basis of the use of a set of ideas of F.A. Tolstoy. Brodel, P. Sorokin, S. Eisenstadt, K. Jaspers, and other specialists. The content of the term “civilization” is discussed. “Civilization” is interpreted by the author as a socio-philosophical category to denote the diversity of cultural and his­torical types of development of economically and politically connected large communities of people and/or their aggregates (communities), subjectively and symbolically integrated into a relatively unified whole through historical and social imagination, cultural mean­ings, values and norms that serve as the cause, purpose and basis for the organization and functioning of these communities. This definition is concretized by revealing the dialectics of the relationship of social, cultural, cognitive and institutional components of “civiliza­tion” using the example of Russia in the historical range from Kievan Rus to the modern Russian Federation. The most important institutional factors in the formation and develop­ment of civilizations, their interaction and expansion over long distances were “universal States” – “kingdoms” and “empires”. Studying the formation and development of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire and the USSR, the author comes to the conclusion that historically these political forms had several civilizational embodiments: the “Orthodox civilization” of the Moscow Kingdom (XVI–XVII centuries), the “civiliza­tional pseudo-morphosis” of the Romanov Empire in the XVIII and mid-XIX century, the “hybrid modern civilization” of Russia on the eve of the First World War, and the “Soviet civilization”, which represented an alternative type of modern (industrial and value-seman­tic) development to the West. Modern Russia, of course, inherits it. But it doesnʼt have a meta-ideology that unites peoples, and it doesnʼt have claims, like the United States, to global dominance. Rather, it is a civilizational hybrid, fancifully combining elements of the archaic, Soviet past and Western modernity.

History of distinguishing and life of English social dialects (XVI–XVII centuries)

History of distinguishing and life of English social dialects (XVI–XVII centuries)

ГЕНЕЗИС ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКИ США: ЗАРОЖДЕНИЕ ИСТОРИОГРАФИИ ТЕМЫ, 1610–1820-Е ГОДЫ

The research is devoted to the study of the origin of the historiography of the topic of the genesis of the US foreign policy. The key thesis of the work challenges the established position in the scientific literature about the fundamental role of the work of T. Lyman, Jr. «The diplomacy of the United States: being an account of the foreign relations of the country, from the first treaty with France, in 1778, to the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, with Great Britain», published in 1826. The article puts forward an alternative hypothesis: the emergence of the historiography of the genesis of the foreign policy of the United States occurred before the beginning of the second quarter of the XIX century – during the colonial period and the first fifty years of the North American state. A study of the works of thirty-five authors who worked during the 1610s and 1820s showed that amater historians expressed a common opinion about North America’s belonging to the Eurocentric system of international relations; they were sure that both the colonists and the founding fathers perceived international processes on the basis of raison d’être. The conceptualization of the intellectual heritage of non-professional historians allowed us to distinguish three interpretations of the origin of the United States foreign policy: «Autochthonous» – focused on purely North American reasons; «Atlantic» – postulated the borrowing of European practice of international relations by means of the system of relations that developed in the Atlantic in the XVII–XVIII centuries; «Imperial» – stated the adaptation of the British experience. The obtained data refute the provisions of scientific thought of the XX–XXI centuries and create new guidelines for further study of the topic.

Handicrafts, crafts and trade in the village of Lityna in the Drohobych district (XVI–XVIII centuries)

Handicrafts, crafts and trade in the village of Lityna in the Drohobych district (XVI–XVIII centuries)