XRPD Analysis Research Articles

Comprehensive study on physicochemical properties of materials based on titanium suboxides

This study focuses on the surface structures and microstructural changes of titanium dioxide nanotubes, when electrochemically coated with platinum and/or palladium. Ti samples anodized in a fluorine-containing electrolyte exhibit self-organized nanotubes of varying diameters with open pores. Annealing at 773 K led to compaction of the porous layer, the formation of cracks, and the appearance of corrugation in the nanotubes. The deposition of platinum produced a transition from a nanotubular surface structure to a microcrystalline structure consisting of rutile crystallites. The palladium-coated samples showed fused blocks characteristic of titanium suboxides. The tubular structure was preserved, even after crystallization. SEM images revealed a comb-like pattern in coatings with varying metal content. XRPD analysis confirmed the presence of anatase and elemental titanium. PdO was detected on the surface of the thermally treated samples. For samples co-treated with Pd and Pt, mutual diffusion of the two metals took place during the heat treatment. The findings reveal surface characteristics, metal deposition effects, and phase composition of titania nanotubes, providing valuable insights for further research.

Clam shell waste recycling and valorization for sustainable Hg remediation

Shellfish aquaculture world production is constantly growing due to the increase in demand for seafood and reached over 18 million tons in 2022. The suitable management of the shell waste is one of the main environmental challenging issues as most of this waste is sent to landfills with emanation of foul odors, pathogens proliferation and reduction of available space. However, the conversion of this biowaste to new value-added materials could provide significant environmental and economic benefits. Clam shell waste was the starting material for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (CSHAP) applied as an adsorbent for Hg2+ removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were performed in batch using simulated wastewaters prepared from HgCl2 to investigate the effects of contact time and initial Hg2+ concentration on the removal process. Mineralogical composition, morphological features and elemental composition of CSHAP before and after the experiments were investigated by XRPD, SEM-EDS and FTIR analysis. The concentrations of Hg2+ and Ca2+ in the solutions were analyzed by ICP-AES. The adsorption kinetics of Hg2+ was simulated with the pseudo-first-order rate model, the pseudo-second order model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The results of the kinetics study showed that the Hg2+ adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and reached equilibrium within 40 min. The Langmuir model fitted the experimental results better than the Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevic isotherm models, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 65.8 mg/g which is generally higher than other waste-derived adsorbents used for the removal of Hg2+ ions from water. The removal mechanism includes rapid surface complexation on CSHAP grains, followed by a slow incorporation of the Hg2+ ions in the crystalline structure. The results of this study could contribute to delineate a new research direction for a more sustainable management of clam shell biowaste.

Properties of Durable Mullite Bodies Manufactured from Waste Clay-Diatomite

Durable mullite bodies have been fabricated using diatom frustules from diatomite powder as the Si source and Al-nitrate as the Al precursor, resulting in fibrous pore morphology. The hard mullite ceramics prepared by mold pressing without additives showed high compressive strength (up to 133 MPa when sintered at 1500 °C). The diatomite-nitrate samples were sintered at three temperatures (1300, 1400, and 1500 °C) for 2 hours. XRPD analysis of the sintered samples showed that the crystalline mineral phases mainly comprise mullite, cristobalite, and corundum. SEM results indicate the presence of rod-like mullite grains measuring 5 µm in length and 500 nm in diameter (aspect ratio 1:10). XRPD analysis of the samples sintered at 1300 °C demonstrated good thermo-mechanical stability and the formation of new hard phases (mullite, corundum, and cristobalite), making the analyzed diatomaceous earth suitable to produce various types of ceramic, construction, and thermal insulating materials.

Molecular-Network Transformations in Tetra-Arsenic Triselenide Glassy Alloys Tuned within Nanomilling Platform.

Polyamorphic transformations driven by high-energy mechanical ball milling (nanomilling) are recognized in a melt-quenched glassy alloy of tetra-arsenic triselenide (As4Se3). We employed XRPD analysis complemented by thermophysical heat-transfer and micro-Raman spectroscopy studies. A straightforward interpretation of the medium-range structural response to milling-driven reamorphization is developed within a modified microcrystalline model by treating diffuse peak-halos in the XRPD patterns of this alloy as a superposition of the Bragg-diffraction contribution from inter-planar correlations, which are supplemented by the Ehrenfest-diffraction contribution from inter-atomic and/or inter-molecular correlations related to derivatives of thioarsenide As4Sen molecules, mainly dimorphite-type As4Se3 ones. These cage molecules are merely destroyed under milling, facilitating the formation of a polymerized network with enhanced calorimetric heat-transfer responses. Disruption of intermediate-range ordering, due to weakening of the FSDP (the first sharp diffraction peak), accompanied by an enhancement of extended-range ordering, due to fragmentation of structural entities responsible for the SSDP (the second sharp diffraction peak), occurs as an interplay between medium-range structural levels in the reamorphized As4Se3 glass alloy. Nanomilling-driven destruction of thioarsenide As4Sen molecules followed by incorporation of their remnants into a glassy network is proved by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Microstructure scenarios of the molecular-to-network polyamorphic transformations caused by the decomposition of the As4Se3 molecules and their direct destruction under grinding are recognized by an ab initio quantum-chemical cluster-modeling algorithm.

ENHANCING NOSE- TO- BRAIN DELIVERY OF PIRIBEDIL: DEVELOPMENT OF A NANOSUSPENSION DISPERSED IN NASAL IN-SITU GELLING SYSTEM

Objective: This study focuses on improving the delivery of Piribedil, a poorly soluble drug, to the brain through the nasal route using a nanosuspension in a nasal in-situ gel. Methods: The nanosuspension was prepared using the sonoprecipitation method. Quality-by-Design (QbD) principles were used to optimize both the formulation and process parameters. The optimal process parameters were determined as sonication time (7.09 min), sonication amplitude (83.44%), and infusion rate (2.41 mL/min) with a desirability value of 0.970. Results: The nanosuspension exhibited an average particle size ranging from 46.7 nm to 50.1 nm, and polydispersity index values between 0.393 and 0.425. Zeta potential values ranged from -33.78 ± 1.86 mV to -35.06 ± 2.12 mV, indicating favorable stability. FTIR studies revealed molecular interactions between Piribedil and stabilizers. XRPD and DSC analyses showed the transition from a crystalline to an amorphous state in the nanosuspension. Dissolution studies demonstrated significantly accelerated dissolution for the Piribedil nanosuspension, attributed to its nanosize and improved wettability. Stability assessments confirmed the robustness of the nanosuspension. Conclusion: This innovative approach offers potential solutions for drug solubility challenges and blood-brain barrier penetration, holding promise for effective brain-targeted treatments.

Myricetin Amorphous Solid Dispersions-Antineurodegenerative Potential.

Our research aimed to develop an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of myricetin (MYR) with Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP30) to enhance its solubility, dissolution rate, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Employing a combination of solvent evaporation and freeze drying, we successfully formed MYR ASDs. XRPD analysis confirmed complete amorphization in 1:8 and 1:9 MYR-PVP weight ratios. DSC thermograms exhibited a single glass transition (Tg), indicating full miscibility. FT-IR results and molecular modeling confirmed hydrogen bonds stabilizing MYR's amorphous state. HPLC analysis indicated the absence of degradation products, ensuring safe MYR delivery systems. Solubility, dissolution rate (pH 1.2 and 6.8), antioxidant (ABTS, DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays), and in vitro neuroprotective activities (inhibition of cholinesterases: AChE and BChE) were significantly improved compared to the pure compound. Molecular docking studies revealed that MYR had made several hydrogen, hydrophobic, and π-π stacking interactions, which could explain the compound's potency to inhibit AChE and BChE. MYR-PVP 1:9 w/w ASD has the best solubility, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activity. Stability studies confirmed the physical stability of MYR-PVP 1:9 w/w ASD immediately after dissolution and for two months under ambient conditions. Our study showed that the obtained ASDs are promising systems for the delivery of MYR with the potential for use in alleviating the symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases.

Quercetin nanocrystals prepared using a microfluidic chip with improved in vitro dissolution

Objective In order to improve the dissolution property of quercetin (QCT), the quercetin nanocrystals (QNCs) were prepared in this study. Methods QNCs were prepared by a 100 μm diameter Y-shape microfluidic channel. Some impact factors affecting the generation of QNCs such as concentration and flow rate were investigated. Furthermore, the fluid mixing in the microfluidic channel was simulated by fluid software. Results XRPD and DSC analyses indicated that the prepared QNCs were amorphous. Stable QNCs with a particle size of 77.9 ± 3.63 nm and polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.02 were obtained. TEM showed that the as-prepared QNCs had a uniform spherical shape with an average particle size of about 100–300 nm. In the dissolution medium without cosolvent Tween −80, the dissolution of QCT was poor, its final accumulated dissolution was only 3.95%, while that of QNCs was 66%. Conclusion When QCT was changed to QNCs by microfluidic technology, its dissolution property could be obviously improved. Therefore, microfluidic technology as a new method to prepare nanocrystals has a good applying prospect in improving dissolution property for poorly water-soluble drugs.

Structural polymorphism research of alverine citrate

The study compares the active substance alverine citrate from three commercial sources in order to demonstrate polymorphic forms using the XRPD, SEM, and ATR-FTIR techniques. Based on the solubility tests of alverine citrate, a hard capsule was prepared with the highest possible dose of the active substance. The release profiles of alverine citrate and its stability were also investigated. XRPD and ATR-FTIR analysis shows that all alverine citrate samples (despite differences in the synthesis process) are in the same polymorphic Form I. Scanning electron micrographs of alverine citrate from each manufacturer show differences in morphology (texture). The solubility studies confirmed the complete solubility of the highest dose of alverine citrate in media with a pH of 1.2-6.8. The release studies show that the release of the active substance, regardless of the manufacturer type, meets the immediate release requirement. Accelerated stability studies confirm the stability of the alverine citrate from selected manufacturers. As a result, the manufacturer of the final medicinal product may allow their inter-changeability during production without compromising the safety or efficacy of the medicinal product.

Taste Masking of Dexketoprofen Trometamol Orally Disintegrating Granules by High-Shear Coating with Glyceryl Distearate.

Orally disintegrating granules (ODGs) are a pharmaceutical form commonly used for the administration of NSAIDs because of their easy assumption and fast dispersion. The development of ODGs is not easy for drugs like dexketoprofen trometamol (DXKT), which have a bitter and burning taste. In this work, high-shear coating (HSC) was used as an innovative technique for DKXT taste masking. This study focused on coating DXKT granules using the HSC technique with a low-melting lipid excipient, glyceryl distearate (GDS). The HSC technique allowed for the coating to be developed through the thermal rise resulting from the friction generated by the granules movement inside the equipment, causing the coating excipient to soften. The design of the experiment was used to find the best experimental coating conditions in order to gain effective taste masking by suitably reducing the amount of drug released in the oral cavity. The influence of the granule dimensions was also investigated. Coating effectiveness was evaluated using a simulated saliva dissolution test. It was found that low impeller speed (300 rpm) and a 20% coating excipient were effective in suitably reducing the drug dissolution rate and then in taste masking. The coated granules were characterized for their morphology and solid-state properties by SEM, BET, XRPD, DSC, and NIR analyses. A human taste panel test confirmed the masking of DXKT taste in the selected batch granules.

The Study of Amorphous Kaempferol Dispersions Involving FT-IR Spectroscopy.

Attenuated total reflection-Mid-Fourier transform-infrared (ATR-Mid-FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis (PCA) has been applied for the discrimination of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of kaempferol with different types of Eudragit (L100, L100-55, EPO). The ASD samples were prepared by ball milling. Training and test sets for PCA consisted of a pure compound, physical mixture, and incomplete/complete amorphous solid dispersion. The obtained results confirmed that the range 400-1700 cm-1 was the major contributor to the variance described by PC1 and PC2, which are the fingerprint region. The obtained PCA model selected fully amorphous samples as follows: five for KMP-EL100, two for KMP-EL100-55, and six for KMP-EPO (which was confirmed by the XRPD analysis). DSC analysis confirmed full miscibility of all ASDs (one glass transition temperature). FT-IR analysis confirmed the formation of hydrogen bonds between the -OH and/or -CH groups of KMP and the C=O group of Eudragits. Amorphization improved the solubility of kaempferol in pH 6.8, pH 5.5, and HCl 0.1 N.

Tailoring Se-rich glassy arsenoselenides employing the nanomilling platform

By XRPD analysis related to diffuse peak-halos in Se-rich glassy AsxSe100-x, the high-energy nanomilling driven reamorphization in these substances is recognized as molecular-to-network transformations of Se chains bridging cation polyhedrons (like AsSe3/2 pyramids) from preferential cis- to trans-configurated topology. At the medium-range structure, the process of reamorphization is revealed as enhancement in the intermediate-range ordering of these glasses due to high-angular shifted and broadened first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) accompanied by suppression in extended-range ordering due to high-angular shifted but narrowed principal diffraction peak (PDP), so that peak-halos become more distinguishable after nanomilling. Principal trend in the XRPD patterns of glassy arsenoselenides with growing Se content is revealed as suppression in intermediate-range ordering accompanied by enhancement in extended-range ordering, resulting in more overlapped peak-halos. Irregular sequence of randomly distributed cis- and trans-configurated linkages in Se-rich g-AsxSe100-x is visualized by ab initio quantum-chemical modeling of molecular and chain-like network clusters.

The Preparation and In-vitro Evaluation of Sustained Release Capsules of Rivastigmine Tartrate

Rivastigmine tartrate is a cholinesterase inhibitor, used in the treatment of dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease and it is currently available in a capsule form. Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) is the most important hydrophilic carrier material used for the preparation of oral controlled drug delivery systems due to its high swellability and its significant effect on the release kinetics of an incorporated drug. The present study was designed to prepare sustained release granules of Rivastigmine tartrate by using HPMC as matrix former, Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as diluent and Magnesium Stearate as lubricant. Blend of Eudragit co-polymers on different ratio was used to coat the granules. The drug-excipient compatibility studies were carried out by using FT-IR, DSC and XRPD analysis. The results shown that there was no significant interaction between the drug and excipients. Granules were prepared by wet granulation method. The granules were subjected to physico-chemical, drug content and in-vitro drug release studies. The best fit release kinetics was achieved with Higuchi equations followed by first order kinetics from the above results it was concluded that extended release granules of Rivastigmine tartrate can be prepared by using HPMC and also found that coating of granules with Eudragit co-polymers also effective to extend the release of drug.

Biomineralization ability of an experimental bioceramic endodontic sealer based on nanoparticles of calcium silicates.

The ultimate goal of endodontic therapy is to prevent periradicular disease or to promote the healing of the periradicular lesions. The use of nontoxic, biocompatible, and bioactive materials designed for root canal obturation is preferred due to their increased potential to induce healing and bone regeneration, thereby restoring the functionality of the tooth and the adjacent tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze the biomineralization ability of an experimental endodontic sealer based on synthesized nanoparticles of calcium silicates. Six plastic moulds were filled with the freshly prepared experimental endodontic sealer and kept for 3 days at room temperature in a moist environment. After hardening, four samples were subsequently immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) and introduced in incubator at 37°C and 100% relative humidity; two of them were kept for 7 days and the other two for 14 days. Two samples were not immersed in SBF and were used for comparison. The biomineralization potential was assessed by XRPD, SEM and EDS analysis. Following immersion in SBF, XRPD analysis identified apatite crystals for experimental material both after 7 and 14 days. SEM images displayed the specific microstructure for bioceramic materials alongside with the presence of apatite crystals on their surface. EDS identified the presence of phosphorus and calcium elements, underlining the biomineralization potential of the experimental material. Interaction between experimental material and SBF succeeded in inducing precipitation of apatite on its surface, evidenced by XRDP, SEM and EDS analysis.

The Possible Solutions for the Cell of Post-Lithium Era, New Ideas for Sodium-Ion Batteries

Fossil fuels are the most used energy source in the world, which risks in environmental pollution, resource depletion or geopolitical conflicts. These all have led to the emergence of intermittent renewable and cleaner energy sources such as wind, solar and wave, for which there is a strong demand for huge energy storages. One of the most known technology is Li-ion, however the alternatives must be researched to meet the increasing needs. One of the ideas is sodium-ion technology, which is one of the most popular post-lithium cell technology.Sodium, in contrast to lithium, has almost unlimited resources everywhere including the vast reserves in the oceans. In addition, sodium is the one of the most abundant element in the Earth’s crust. The price of sodium is low compared to lithium. Furthermore, thanks to the similar physical properties of those two elements, NIBs share similar electrochemistry and fabrication techniques to LIBs. However, there are some obvious differences between NIBs and LIBs systems. The size difference affects transport properties, phase stability, and interphase formation (Hwang et al., 2017). Because of those dissimilarities, many battery components cannot be directly transplanted from a LIB to a NIB. Moreover, since Na-based batteries are an emerging technology, there is a relative lack of new materials that would enable the electrochemistry of Na and the discovery of new redox couples (Slater et al., 2013). For instance, a significant hurdle for sodium electrochemical systems is the lack of high-performance electrodes and electrolyte materials that are easy to synthesize, safe, non-toxic, durable, and inexpensive (Slater et al., 2013).That is why, there are many challenges due to the Na-ion technology, especially introducing novel cathodic materials. To answer this problem, several new types of electrodes, containing Ti, Y, Ni and Mn additives will be introduced in this presentation The compatibility of cathodes with electrolyte is the next topic, which will be presented. As the example, modern electrolytes, containing the low coordinating Hückel type salt (4,5-dicyano-2-(trifluoromethyl)imidazolate, NaTDI) as a main electrolyte component and different additives and solvent mixtures will be shown. The new formulations with the best conductivity performance, physicochemical stability, and interfacial contact with electrodes were examined and verified. Using the SEM, Raman, EDS, and XRPD analysis, the full characterization of the active materials and electrodes was performed to introduce the new possible electrode-electrolyte compositions. All of these led to presenting the new possible compositions of electrodes and electrolytes, which gives new perspectives for Na-ion battery technologies.ReferencesSlater, M. D., Kim, D., Lee, E., & Johnson, C. S. (2013). Sodium-Ion Batteries. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(8), 947–958. https://doi.org/10.1002/ADFM.201200691Hwang, J. Y., Myung, S. T., & Sun, Y. K. (2017). Sodium-ion batteries: present and future. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(12), 3529–3614. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00776GAcknowledgementsStudies were funded by ENERGYTECH-1 project granted by Warsaw University of Technology under the program Excellence Initiative: Research University (ID-UB).

Effect of micronisation on colour and optical properties of ceramic colourants for inkjet printing

The advent of inkjet printing (IJP) as the main used decoration technique for ceramic products has changed the technological requirements for pigments and the way they are obtained. To meet IJP and durability requirements, it is necessary to micronise the colourants to achieve particles smaller than 1 μm (median particle diameter d50 ∼300 nm). The high-energy milling process induces microstructural changes that affect the colour properties. In order to understand the effect of particle size reduction on chromatic properties, an in-depth study was carried out by simulating the industrial milling process on a pilot scale. The effect of micronisation was investigated for four ceramic pigments (yellow zircon, brown spinel, pink malayaite, and green eskolaite) and one dye (blue olivine) by UV–vis–NIR optical spectroscopy (DRS), chromatic coordinates and XRPD analyses (Rietveld method). This study was carried out on the colourants both as they were and mixed with glass, reproducing the industrial firing process. The results obtained led to the definition of the main aspects responsible for the colour evolution derived from the milling process.

Hot-Melt Extrusion as an Effective Technique for Obtaining an Amorphous System of Curcumin and Piperine with Improved Properties Essential for Their Better Biological Activities.

Poor bioavailability hampers the use of curcumin and piperine as biologically active agents. It can be improved by enhancing the solubility as well as by using bioenhancers to inhibit metabolic transformation processes. Obtaining an amorphous system of curcumin and piperine can lead to the overcoming of these limitations. Hot-melt extrusion successfully produced their amorphous systems, as shown by XRPD and DSC analyses. Additionally, the presence of intermolecular interactions between the components of the systems was investigated using the FT-IR/ATR technique. The systems were able to produce a supersaturation state as well as improve the apparent solubilities of curcumin and piperine by 9496- and 161-fold, respectively. The permeabilities of curcumin in the GIT and BBB PAMPA models increased by 12578- and 3069-fold, respectively, whereas piperine's were raised by 343- and 164-fold, respectively. Improved solubility had a positive effect on both antioxidant and anti-butyrylcholinesterase activities. The best system suppressed 96.97 ± 1.32% of DPPH radicals, and butyrylcholinesterase activity was inhibited by 98.52 ± 0.87%. In conclusion, amorphization remarkably increased the dissolution rate, apparent solubility, permeability, and biological activities of curcumin and piperine.

Amorphous Pterostilbene Delivery Systems Preparation-Innovative Approach to Preparation Optimization.

The aim of our research was to improve the solubility and antioxidant activity of pterostilbene (PTR) by developing a novel amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) with Soluplus® (SOL). DSC analysis and mathematical models were used to select the three appropriate PTR and SOL weight ratios. The amorphization process was carried out by a low-cost and green approach involving dry milling. An XRPD analysis confirmed the full amorphization of systems in 1:2 and 1:5 weight ratios. One glass transition (Tg) observed in DSC thermograms confirmed the complete miscibility of the systems. The mathematical models indicated strong heteronuclear interactions. SEM micrographs suggest dispersed PTR within the SOL matrix and a lack of PTR crystallinity, and showed that after the amorphization process, PTR-SOL systems had a smaller particle size and larger surface area compared with PTR and SOL. An FT-IR analysis confirmed that hydrogen bonds were responsible for stabilizing the amorphous dispersion. HPLC studies showed no decomposition of PTR after the milling process. PTR's apparent solubility and antioxidant activity after introduction into ASD increased compared to the pure compound. The amorphization process improved the apparent solubility by ~37-fold and ~28-fold for PTR-SOL, 1:2 and 1:5 w/w, respectively. The PTR-SOL 1:2 w/w system was preferred due to it having the best solubility and antioxidant activity (ABTS: IC50 of 56.389 ± 0.151 µg·mL-1 and CUPRAC: IC0.5 of 82.52 ± 0.88 µg·mL-1).

Hydrothermal fabrication of novel nanocomposites Mx‐MoO3‐α‐NaFe2(MoO4)3‐α‐FeMoO4 (M = Al, Co, Ni, and Er) for highly efficient catalytic synthesis of 5‐aryl‐1H‐tetrazole analogs

Mx‐MoO3‐α‐NaFe2(MoO4)3‐α‐FeMoO4 (M = Al, Co, Ni, and Er) nanomaterials were fabricated by the hydrothermal method in the present study. XRPD, FESEM, TEM, BET‐BJH, UV‐Vis, and VSM analyses were used to characterize and study the physical attributes of the as‐synthesized samples. Rietveld analysis data illustrated that the products were a mixture of α‐NaFe2(MoO4)3, α‐FeMoO4, MoO3, and Fe2O3 crystal phases. UV‐Vis spectra indicated that the obtained samples had a small direct band gap energy amount at about 1.3–1.5 eV. VSM analysis confirmed that the as‐fabricated samples had magnetic properties. However, most ferromagnetic behaviors were observed by doping Ni into the host crystal system. Catalytic synthesis of some 5‐aryl‐1H‐tetrazole analogs was performed under heat, microwave, and ultrasonic conditions. Reaction time, temperature, and solvent type parameters were studied to find the optimum conditions. High efficiency was obtained when ethyl alcohol was used as the reaction mixture solvent.

A double-layered gastric floating tablet for zero-order controlled release of dihydromyricetin: Design, development, and in vitro/in vivo evaluation

Dihydromyricetin (DHM) is an important natural flavonoid. However, most of DHM preparations have shown shortcomings such as low drug loading, poor drug stability, and/or large fluctuations in blood concentration. This study aimed to develop a gastric floating tablet with a double-layered structure for zero-order controlled release of DHM (DHM@GF-DLT). The final product DHM@GF-DLT showed a high average cumulative drug release at 24 h that best fit the zero-order model, and had a good floating ability in the stomach of the rabbit with a gastric retention time of over 24 h. The FTIR, DSC, and XRPD analyses indicated the good compatibility among the drug and the excipients in DHM@GF-DLT. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that DHM@GF-DLT could prolong the retention time of DHM, reduce the fluctuation of blood drug concentration, and enhance the bioavailability of DHM. The pharmacodynamic studies demonstrated that DHM@GF-DLT had a potent and long-term therapeutic effect on systemic inflammation in rabbits. Therefore, DHM@GF-DLT had the potential to serve as a promising anti-inflammatory agent and may develop into a once-a-day preparation, which was favorable to maintain a steady blood drug concentration and a long-term drug efficacy. Our research provided a promising development strategy for DHM and other natural products with a similar structure to DHM for improving their bioavailability and therapeutic effect.

Development of titanium and yttrium doped sodium-cobalt oxide cathods and their behaviour in cells with electrolytes based on NaTDI Hückel salt with NaPF6 salt additive

To meet the needs for the increasing demands for portable energy storages, the alternatives for Li-ion batteries must be researched. One of the ideas is sodium-ion technology, where the development of the novel cathodic material and electrolytes is crucial. In this paper, the new types of electrodes based on the sodium-cobalt oxide doped with yttrium or cobalt are presented. For testing them in cells, at first only two electrolytes were introduced (0.75 M NaTDI in EC:DMC and 0.75M NaTDI in EC:DMC+3% FEC). However, during experiments, the performance of some cells was poor, even after initiating the new protocol of cell assembly. That is why new formulations with the best conductivity performance, physicochemical stability, and interfacial contact with metallic sodium electrodes were used for further testing of cathodes. During the SEM, Raman, EDS, and XRPD analysis, the full characterization of the active materials and electrodes was performed and the best composition of electrode and electrolyte have been chosen basing on the electrochemical cycling of the half-cell, which achieved 143.64 mAh·g −1 discharge capacity value. Also, the metallic sodium electrode stability studies were performed to study the influence of the electrolyte on the anodic side of the cell.