XIV Century Research Articles

The study of mental disorders in visually impaired people

The purpose of this review is to highlight the history of the study of mental characteristics in persons with eye pathology and visual impairment. In the period of the Ancient World and up to the XIV century, the knowledge of the human psyche passed through the prism of mystical and religious views on the essence of the human soul. The beginning of the application of the materialistic approach to the assessment of mental characteristics in the absence of vision can be considered the work of the French writer, philosopher and educator Denis Diderot. In his "Letters" he drew attention to the need to educate the blind, which became the impetus for the activities of future specialists. In the middle of the XIX century, active work began in the field of research on the psyche of the blind. The introspective description served as the basis for the beginning of the experimental study. There is a spontaneous release of typhlopsychology, which formed the theoretical basis for the further development of science. During the 20th century, a large amount of experimental data has been accumulated in the field of studying the psyche of the blind. Modern multicenter studies of the psychological characteristics of ophthalmic patients indicate a wide prevalence of mental disorders. Scientists are currently paying close attention to specific ophthalmological nosologies and their relationship with certain mental disorders. Research is being conducted to study potential ophthalmological markers for the development of mental disorders and to find ways to diagnose them instrumentally. Despite the long and difficult path of studying the characteristics of the psyche in visually impaired people, there is still a vast field for further research. Based on past knowledge, future developments will allow us to more accurately determine the relationship between eye pathology and mental disorders.

XIV ASRNING ADABIY MEROSI “NAHJ UL-FARODIS” ASARI – NOYOB MUMTOZ MANBA

The article deals with the work of Mahmud Ali Kardari “Nahj ul-farodis” kept in the Suleymaniye library of Turkey, the history of its study, a unique source of Turkish literature of the XIV century.

Mijloace de redare a filiației în spațiul romanic medieval. Polisemia prepoziției de

The preposition de ( lat. de) is being used in early medieval Latin documents in order to compile the complementary denomination, marking mainly the provenance of the denominate (for the first centuries of the documentary use, at least). De prepositional structures occur always after the personal name (i.e. first name) with the same functionality in the medieval documents from the whole Roman space. But the vernacular way of name composition, involving the use of the preposition de with the parentage meaning (inherited in the Western Romance languages, but not in the Eastern Romance ones) are also being registered in the Romance documents (from the XIIth century in the aragonese official documents, and from the XIVth century in the Occitan ones). These prepositional phrases always involve an anthroponym (as selected Noun Phrase), indicating thus the parentage relation, instead of the provenance indication, as seen before, in the official acts drafted in the chancellery Latin. When these two different ways of composition of the complementary denomination are being used in the official acts in the same historical stage, one can expect the complete elimination of the preposition: few members of the same occitan family bear the same name, but linked differently: Ramun de la Pena, Miquel de Pena, but Bernat Pena. On the other hand, Romanian inherited the preposition de but only with the provenance use (e.g. Stan de Câne, in which Câne is the name of the personal estate); for the parentage meaning, the Old Romanian specialized some genitival proclitic markers (al, lui), used mainly in the popular anthroponymy that one can encounter in the Latin Medieval documents: Ioan al popae; Dumitru al Myrkey, Zawa fychor allu Mayne.

Pre-hispanic wetland irrigation and metallurgy in the South Andean Altiplano (Intersalar Region, Bolivia, XIVth and XVth century CE)

The high-altitude Andean Altiplano has been subject to abrupt climate changes during the Holocene. The resulting impact on the hydrological cycle has obliged ancient societies to adapt and develop strategies to face droughts and sustain agropastoral activities. Here, we present the results of archaeological prospections together with the biogeochemical characterization of a well-dated core collected at Saitoco wetland in the arid southern Altiplano (Intersalar Region, Bolivia). Archaeological survey allowed the mapping of a network of channels collecting water from the surrounding mountains to the wetland, and the presence of small copper mines and metallurgical installations. Traces and major element concentrations and accumulation rates, together with elemental and isotopic characterization of organic matter (OM) (i.e., Corg and δ13Corg) in the wetland core have been used to document the evolution of the landscape in relation to climatic and anthropogenic pressure. While OM, bromine (Br), selenium (Se) and mercury (Hg) data were used to assess the variability of precipitations during the Late Holocene (4.2 ka BP to the present), local and regional mining activities have been reconstructed through the variations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and antimony (Sb). Our results show an abrupt change in OM composition during the 14th and 15th century CE, characterized by an abrupt shift in δ13Corg synchronous with a rise in Br, Se and Hg, testifying for the waterlogging of the wetland during a known arid period in the region. This change is attributed to anthropogenic transformation of the landscape through the irrigation of the wetland by channeling streams from the surrounding mountains. At the same time, a mining pollution signal was recorded supporting local Cu mining and metallurgy. The mining signal then reached its maximum values during the Inca and Colonial periods, which matches with reported enhanced mining activities in the region. From the colonial era onward, the wetland progressively dried up, likely resulting from the abandonment of the site. Through the combination of a biogeochemical record and archaeological prospections, this study provides evidences that societies of the arid Intersalar region have transformed their landscape and developed wetland irrigation and mining during the arid 14th and 15th century CE Period.

THE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE KHOJA AHMED YASAWI COMPLEX IN TURKESTAN FEATURES

The problem of preservation and optimal demonstration of architectural monuments to local residents and tourists is of constant scientific and public interest. An interesting example of such a monument is the mausoleum-khanaka of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Turkestan, which remained unfinished. Studies of this building have been conducted for more than one century. However, not all new materials take into account some aspects disclosed in previous years. For example, studies of foundations and walls conducted in the 1950’s suggested that during the main period of construction in the fourteenth century, only the completion of the complex was carried out, and not the construction of a completely new building. However, despite the publications confirming it, including those of the 2010s, the version of new construction on the site of the purposefully completely destroyed original complex is still widespread. Based on the authors' research, which was conducted in late 2022, the assumption of reconstruction and rebuilding of the mausoleum-khanaka complex of the XIV century project was confirmed. An assumption is also made about the shape of the main dome and portal, which remained unfinished. Taking into account the importance of the mausoleum-khanaka of Khoja Ahmed Yassawi for self-determination of the culture of modern Kazakhstan, it seems appropriate to consider the evolution of the complex and the prospects of its development, which is done in the proposed article.

Fortified settlements of the XII–XIV centuries in the European Northeast. Pozheg hillfort (reconstruction experience)

The article presents a brief review of the results of studies of the fortification lines of the Pozheg hillfort – the only well-fortified settlement studied in the European Northeast (Komi Republic), which functioned during the XII–XIV centuries. This small hillfort (about 1550 m 2) was founded in the valley of the Vym River as an Old Rus outpost on the way to the Trans-Urals. It reached its greatest prosperity in the first half of the XIII century. The remains of buildings of three construction stages (XII, XIII and XIV centuries) have been studied by excavations at the site, the system of wood and earth fortifications (ditches, log walls, bulwarks) typical for small fortresses of medieval Russia has been discovered. An attempt is made to reconstruct the general appearance of the defensive structures of the Pozheg ancient settlement and a preliminary assessment of the main labor inputs in their construction is carried out. The types of fortress buildings are distinguished, the schemes of defensive lines, the size of the ancient settlement and their changes by stages of construction are considered.

Features of the pottery assemblage of the XIII–XIV centuries from excavations of the Syukeyevsky Vzvoz II Campsite medieval sediments

The article deals with the ceramic material from the excavations of 2021 on the territory of the multilayer archaeological site Syukeyevsky Vzvoz II. Judging by the totality of the finds (metal slag and pig iron, blanks and semi-finished iron products, blacksmithing tools), a blacksmithing workshop could have been located here in the Golden Horde period. Russian pottery make up the majority of the assemblage, which suggests that there is a settlement of immigrants from Russian lands here. By the nature of the finds, this location can be interpreted as the artisan periphery of a small urban-type settlement associated with iron processing.

Burials of the XIII–XIV centuries in the Egiin-Gol river valley (Northern Mongolia): burial rite features

The article analyzes of the results of studies, condacted in 1997–2000 by archaeologists in the Egiin Gol river valley, northern Mongolia. The findings of 3 burial grounds, where burials of the XIII–XIV centuries were excavated, were examined – Mukhdagiin am, Kholtost nuga and Elst hotol. Based on the characteristics of the funeral rite, 4 groups of burials have been identified. The first included 9 graves from the necropolises of Elst hotol and Kholtost nuga. Corpses in them were placed without additional intra-grave structures. They were laid on their backs. The body was oriented with the head facing northwest, north, northeast or east. A shin, head or part of the spine of small cattle were placed near the hands or feet of the deceased in the grave. The second group included 4 burials of the Mukhdagiin am burial ground. The deceased were placed in wooden coffins and were oriented with their heads to the north or northwest. The shin of a sheep was placed vertically near the head. The third group included single burial of the the Mukhdagiin am burial ground. It had an undercut in the grave pit, where the body was buried. The fourth group included a grave from the Kholtost nuga necropolis. In it the deceased was wrapped in birch bark. During the first half of the II millennium, in the lower part of the Egiin Gola valley, the dominant position was occupied by the bearers of burial traditions of the first group. Representatives of the second group of burials appear in this area in the XIII century, comparable to the Sayantui funeral rite. The burials of the third and fourth groups date back to the beginning of the II millennium.

Гимнография Спасу Нерукотворному в древнерусских богослужебных рукописях студийского периода

The article considers the ordinance for August 16 in honor of the waftage of the Holy Mandylion of Edessa to Constantinople. An archeographical overview of the worship texts was compiled, drawing upon manuscripts dating from the dominance of the Studite Typikon: Old Russian Book of Sticheron from the XII to XIV centuries and Middle Bulgarian unnotated Menaia from the second half of the XIII to the beginning of the XIV century. The study engaged eleven manuscript sources from the Studite period, nine of which were notated with znamenny chant notation and two were unnotated. The fixed composition of the service and the repertoire of hymnographic texts are analyzed. With the help of source analysis, the changes in the composition of the ordinance were revealed. The paper examines and formulates the main trends of the fixed compositions of worship. Conclusions are drawn regarding the degree of veneration of the Mandylion relic: during the Studite period, the service to the Holy Sudaruim is not characterized by a high liturgical status and is typically combined with the afterfeast period of the Assumption of the Virgin or order of divine service in honor of the Martyr Diomedes or the venerable Joachim of Sarandapor. The stability of the service composition in manuscripts from the Studite era is identified. Emphasis is placed on the stability of the musical interpretation of the poetic texts of the ordinance.

SOME REMARKS ON THE ULUS (PEOPLE) OF JOCHI AS SEEN BY THEIR CONTEMPORIES

Jochi Ulus is the largest of the Mongolian states. If we take the history of the Jochi Ulus, its people, information about their domestic and foreign policy from the memoirs of a traveler, historian, scientist, sage who lived in those days, then we can say that their data are written on the basis of truth. In this article, data were obtained from the moment of the founding of the Jochi Ulus to the XVI century. In the sources in the Turkic-Mongolian states of Ilkhanid, Timurid, Shibanid -the Uzbek, Tatar, Ottoman and Kazakh peoples have brief but extensive information. His attitude towards the Jochi ulus is well reflected in the book "Jami al-Tawarih", written by Rashid Al-Din (b. 1318) in Persian at the beginning of the XIV century. In addition, modern Kazakhs have left their data on Maiki (Baikyu), which they consider to be their ancestor, as one of the four generals (emirs) handed over by Jami al-Tawarih to Genghis Khan Johu. In addition, Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi in his work "Afar-nama" also talked about the ulus. In the 1550s, Chagatai in Khorezm wrote the works "Tarikh-i Dust Sultan" or "Genghis-nama" in the Turkic language, "the history of the Zhokhid ulus", Utemish Hadji called Zhokhid ulus Uzbekistan. Interestingly, the history of the Jochi Ulus and the criminal khanate, compiled by Sayyid Muhammad Reza in 1737, in the book "Es-Cebu-Seyar fi Akhbar-i Muluk-u Tatars" calls the Jochi people "Tatars". Based on such data, information is provided about the way of life, the social status of the main population of the Jochi Ulus, and how they are mentioned in the data.

(WHETHER) WHAT IS WORTH KNOWING ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE UKRAINIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE WHILE LEARNING IT AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE (THE END OF THE X – XVIII CENT.)

As the interest to the Ukrainian language is currently growing it is worth deepening the lingual and country study aspect of the Ukrainian language as a foreign language by involving the history – key stages of the Ukrainian language formation and development as a literary language. The war has made people get to know the Ukrainian language mainly as the language of resistance to the russian invasion and, therefore, become interested in its history. It became necessary to briefly outline the main stages of the historical formation of the Ukrainian language as a written and literary one, starting from the earliest times, and at the same time to emphasize its identity and self-sufficiency, which didn’t depend on ‘’ruskii mir’’. The ancient Ukrainian and middle Ukrainian periods of the formation of the Ukrainian literary language have been considered. The main language creation tendencies have been determined in each context. The initial ancient Ukrainian period, at the end of the X – the middle of the XIV centuries, lay the basis for the language creation tendency, penetrating of live conversational features into written texts at different extent (depending on a subject,a genre, a purpose) and at different linguistic levels. It became the foundation for the language development, affirmation and resistance to the future social and historical challenges. From the middle of the XIV century business literature represented the Ukrainian language as the official one in the ethnically foreign country, thus pushing forward the implementation of folk colloquial features and asserting this language for the future. The period between the XVI and the first half of the XVII centuries showed the ability of the Ruthenian-Ukrainian language to provide a new sphere to itself – a religious one, displacing Church Slavonic. It determined a high social status and prestige of the Ukrainian language as the internal and external identifying factor in the contemporary society. Different social and political conditions of Naddnipriavshchyna under russian rulership, Galychyna as a part of Poland, and later of the Austrian empire, determined unequal intensity and social severity of language creation processes in the second half of the XVII- XVIII centuries, which were, yet, aimed at the common direction of the literary language on a live colloquial basis. Key words: the history of the Ukrainian language, periodization, language creation tendencies, written records.

The views of scientists-police officers on the problem of epidemic prevention

The subject of the study is the provisions formulated by foreign and domestic jurists in the field of policeistics regarding the prevention of epidemic threats. The article provides a comparative legal analysis of the views of cameralist authors on these issues in antithesis with the views of representatives of social Darwinism. The aim of the study is the scientific reconstruction of the political and legal model of the functioning of state power structures, namely the executive and medical police for the prevention of epidemic diseases, presented in the works of scientists-police officers of the late XVIII – early XX centuries. Abstraction, comparative legal and content analysis were chosen as the methods of study, with the help of which the works of political scientists were studied. The scope of application of the results and their novelty lies in the awareness of the value of the accumulated social and state-legal experience in the prevention of various kinds of epidemics. In the context of the emergence of a new coronavirus infection, the problem of determining and promptly applying a set of effective anti–epidemic measures has become particularly acute, many of which had deep historical roots and were reanimated as living conditions and everyday life, on the one hand, and the imperious dictates of the state, on the other. The conclusions and results of the work were accumulated on the basis of studying the works of representatives of the science of the police state and law. It was revealed that the stated problems are historically imperishable. The complex of preventive measures of an anti-epidemic nature was developed which historically spontaneously and entered into the usual norms of everyday life in Russia since ancient times. Since the XIV century, all kinds of quarantine and other restrictive measures have been taken to counteract mass diseases. At the same time, these diverse measures had a common focus despite the various sources of origin and development.

The role of Nasimi's poetry in the formation of students' outlook

I.Nasimi, a great Azerbaijani poet living in the XIV century, believed in power of a word and skillfully used it as a poet. Nasimi's philosophical thoughts encourage people in moral development. His thoughts sound like human values rather than only admonitions. Dynamics of Nesimi's poems are both literary peak of his creativity and the centre of his literary personality. Determinations as well as resolution to keep one’s promise and courageous characters in the poet's ghazals are factors that influence the formation of students' outlook.

Цветные и благородные металлы в погребении № 115 кокпомъягского могильника вымской культуры: археологический и археолого-минералогические аспекты

The paper discusses the results of archeological and archeomineralogical analyses of items made of non-ferrous and precious metals from burial No. 115 of the Kokpomyag burial ground of the Vym culture of the Vychegda Perm, dating back to the XI–XIV centuries. It includes a general characteristics of the burial ground, burial No. 115, a description of bronze and silver items, and the results of experimental studies of these items using a complex of modern mineralogical and geochemical methods. The results obtained indicate that local bronze casters possessed sophisticated technologies for the production of a variety of tin-copper and tin-silver alloys.

РОЗВИТОК АКАДЕМІЧНОЇ МОБІЛЬНОСТІ СТУДЕНТІВ У НІМЕЧЧИНІ

In today's globalised world, ties between countries are developing at all levels and in all areas, and education is no exception. Academic mobility is not only a matter of interest to academics, but also to political institutions and businesses. It brings states closer together, creates important and necessary links between their representatives, which will help to bring such cooperation to a new level in the future. The article analyses the development of academic mobility of students in Germany. In the course of the work, the author used a globalisation approach in order to correctly interpret Germany's foreign educational and cultural policy at all stages of its historical development. The paper uses historical analysis to chronologically describe the formation of the pan-European and German education and science policies. Comparative analysis is used to identify the peculiarities of academic mobility in Germany and in the European Union as a whole, as well as to trace the evolution of academic cooperation between states. The study identifies three stages of formation and development of academic mobility in Germany: the period of academic mobility's origin (XIV century - mid-twentieth century); the period of development of inbound mobility (mid-twentieth century - 80s of the twentieth century); the period of development of bilateral mobility (80s of the twentieth century - first quarter of the twenty-first century). It is stated that the signing of the Bologna Declaration had a tremendous impact on the development of international cooperation and the development of mobility between higher education institutions in Germany and the countries participating in the Declaration. It has been established that academic mobility is an effective mechanism for creating the image of the state and also has a mass effect.

Muslim Holy Sites in the Southern Urals: geoinformation mapping and spatial analysis

In the last decade, there has been a tendency in the Southern Urals to reconstruct old and to form new holy places revered by Muslims. To date, more than 115 such objects have been recorded. Most of them are revered only by the residents of small villages, but some have acquired great importance for Muslims throughout the region. The purpose of this work is to identify the most popular places of worship of Muslims in the Southern Urals. Considering that some of the objects of regional importance have been revered by Muslims since the XIV century, and others, having appeared relatively recently, quickly became one of the most visited places, it is necessary to determine the factors influencing the growth of this popularity. The study supposed the Geoinformation methods to be used. Thus, using free Quantum GIS software, and on the basis of archival materials, archaeologists’, ethnographers’, religious scholars’, culturologists’ groundwork, as well as referring to the materials of Internet communities and other open sources, we have created the following layers: 1) Mausoleums, 2) Places of worship according to the Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia, 3) Places of worship according to the Internet community Sufi RB, 4) Religious tourist routes. Using a comparative method, it was determined that the most popular among Muslims in the region are the mausoleum of Hussein-Bey and Mount Narystau (Ilchigulovo IV, kurgan burial ground). The results of the study indicate that the popularity of objects is influenced by a number of factors: they can be identified as the presence of a monumental structure, the representation of the object in the media space and in the Internet, as well as the availability of objective scientific data about it.

The Non-Invasive Spectroscopic Study of a Parchment Object from the National Central Library of Florence: The Hebrew Scroll

The Hebrew Scroll, catalogued as Magliabekian Manuscript III 43 and belonging to the National Central Library of Florence (BNCF), is a membranous richly decorated scroll, with colorful depictions of sacred sites through the Holy Land to Lebanon along with handwritten texts in Hebrew and notes in Italian. Despite the fact that the manuscript was originally catalogued as an “object of no artistic or scientific value”, recent paleographic studies dated it to the XIV century and highlighted it as the oldest scroll still available, depicting holy places from Egypt to Lebanon. Nevertheless, precise dating, authorship, and the interpretation of its original function are still uncertain. A suite of complementary techniques was used, including photographic documentation in visible (VIS) light in diffuse light, grazing light, and transillumination, luminescence induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, imaging spectroscopy (IS), Macro Area X-ray Fluorescence (MA-XRF), and spot analyses such as fiber-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) in the UV, VIS, and near-infrared (NIR) regions, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) in external reflectance mode (ER), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results of the non-invasive diagnostic campaign enabled the identification of several constituting materials (parchment, pigments, binder, and inks). The identified materials were consistent with the proposed dating and geographical manufacturing area of the artefact.

"ПО ТУ СТОРОНУ ПРАВОВОЙ НОРМЫ": ПОНЯТИЕ СУВЕРЕН С ПОЗИЦИИ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО ДЕЦИЗИОНИЗМА И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОЛОГИИ КАРЛА ШМИТТА

The author of the article attempts to analyze the concept of sovereign according to Carl Schmitt’s legal decisionism and political theology. – the doctrines developed by the German philosopher and jurist Carl Schmitt (1888–1985). Decisionism is rightfully considered as one of the basic concepts of Schmitt’s political and legal discourse. In his voluminous treatise “Dictatorship” (1910), Schmitt initiates a detailed doctrine of decizionism, which is based on the adoption of a political decision justified by the relevant authority (and not the law). Later (in 1922), Schmitt publishes his “Political Theology”, which again takes into its optics decisionalism and those of its state-legal concepts that can be correlated with theological ones. Sovereign, sovereignty and state of emergency are the first to belong to them. And finally, in his work “On Three Types of Legal Thinking” (1934), he works out classification of legal thinking (in which it is permissible to assume the simultaneous existence of all three of its types), rejecting normativism and justifying his own inclination towards decisionism and thinking in terms of the specific order. Some researchers of Schmitt’s works – and in particular his “Political Theology” – believe that by correlating sovereign with God, state of emergency with a miracle, and political action with Way of the Cross, Schmitt tried to protect his doctrine of decisionism from any criticism, since being “passed” through the prism of the theological, not the critical politics, it became an object of faith, taking the form and expression of an indisputable dogma. In fact, such an “exploratory” vision of Schmitt’s analogies did not explain either the interpretatively complex theory of the sovereign or his political theology, but only simplified and sometimes vulgarized it. While researching the genealogy of political power, Schmitt attempted to establish a type of sovereign being characteristic for a particular era (the Pope – during the Early and Classical Middle Ages (V–XIV centuries); the Protestant reformer (represented by J. Calvin) – during the late Middle Ages (XVI century), the absolute monarch – during the period of European absolutism (XVI–XVIII centuries), the German people – during the existence of the Weimar Republic in Germany (1918–1933), the Reich president – during the birth of national socialism (the 30s of the XX century). The essential nature of each of them is revealed in the process of taking only those political decisions that the German Schmitt defines as decisions on introducing a state of emergency. At the same time, each epoch “sets” its own sovereign, what implies the obligatory subordination of its political decision to the spirit of the time in a particular historical period. Thus, with the progressive development of political theology, (legal) decisionism is also developing, resulted in the concepts of sovereign, sovereignty and emergency decision “acquiring” new semantic meanings

Istorijom oblikovani identitet kosovskometohijskih Srba

The author considers characteristics meaning of Serbian culture in Kosovo and Metohija, thoughtout a historical period dating from the XIII and XIV century to the present days. Theoretical and methodological difficulties of such studies are being stressed in the introductory part of the paper. In the second part, existential conditions of cultural life of Serbian people are presented both during the Middle Ages and a long period of the Turkish domination and Albanian islamization. Yugoslav state experience (1918- 2000) and NATO aggression are discussed in the context of culture. The third part, deals with basic characteristic meanings of Serbian culture: 1) Shift of cultural creation and destruction of cultural heritage, 2) Cultural life in the condition of violence, isalmization, and expulsion, 3) Cultural contacts. 4) Tragic feeling of life, 5) Orthodox faith as a central point of culture, 6) Folk features of culture, 7) Absence of cultural institutions, of institution, 8) Mythology awareness of Kosovo battle, 9) Endowment, 10) Impact of Kosovo cultural heritage within the Serbian cultural space. In the final part of the paper, the discontinuity of Serbian culture in Kosovo and Metohija is emphsize. Afret having had a freedom of Medieval cultural creativity expressed through Ortodox Cristianity, the Serbs have found themselves in a long lasting period of violence, expulsion and struggle for their biological survival.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC GROUPS OF WRITTEN MONUMENTS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE ERA

The article presents written monuments of the Golden Horde era of the XIV century, studying the language of the palace safe "Gulistan bit-Turks" and "Khosrow and Shirin", dedicated to several lexical and semantic groups: religious words, kinship, positions and professions held, social and social vocabulary, trade, intellectual, human qualities, fruits, astronomical topics, mood, military names, entertainment, proper names, gems, etc. A statistical study of the collected thematic groups is carried out, their frequency is determined for the first time and the cause is investigated. The peculiarity of the use of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, polysemous words in the texts is indicated. They were compared with the use of some words in the modern Kazakh language and local colloquial dialects. Passing through the sound, morphological changes of words in the Arabic and Persian languages, the manuscript and modern Kazakh versions are considered in the Middle Ages, when the Kipchak economic discourse was formed and developed with specific examples, which formed the basis for the widespread spread of linguoeconomic discourse with the consolidation of economic terms in the modern Kazakh language. The article defines the semantic field of old words, divided into lexical and semantic groups by methods of comparative historical, semantic analysis, component analysis.