XIII-XV Centuries Research Articles

Две малые надписи пизанского Дуомо: новое прочтение и реинтерпретация эпиграфических памятников

The article introduces a new interpretation of inscriptions on Pisa Cathedral facade. The author’s interpretation differs from commonly adopted interpretations developed by the West European researchers in special source study works and in general works on art history. The paper presents results of studying minor inscriptions on Pisa Cathedral facade, basically associated with the spacious necropolis apud Domum, which existed till the XIV century. Scientific originality of the research lies in the fact that for the first time in domestic medieval studies, the author introduces two minor inscriptions of the XII century (an element of Pisa Cathedral epigraphy) into scientific circulation, which are important both for understanding the epigraphic tradition development in the Northern Apennine region in the XIII-XV centuries, as well as for understanding political discourse and, more generally, ideology of urban communities and instruments of its realization. The research findings are as follows: the author introduces a new interpretation of a certain element of Lanberti’s epitaph, proposes a new interpretation of decorative composition with an anthropomorphic figure, reconsiders general value of this epigraphic monument, examines the place of the analysed monuments in the epigraphic tradition of the Northern Apennine region, identifies their historical value.

Turkic lexicographic works of the XI-XIV centuries pertaining to the development of orientalism in Crimea

This article examines the evolution of oriental studies thought of in Crimea during the XI-XIV centuries; analyzes specific philological works created in the region; as well as gives a generalized review to the overall development process of written artifacts of all Turkic ethnic groups and tribes dwelling on the vast territory from China’s boundaries to the countries of Eastern Europe, from the steppes of North Kazakhstan to Byzantium and Egypt. First and foremost, it is such written artifacts as “Diwan Lughat al-Turk”, “Kitab Al-Idrak Li-Lisan Al-Atrak”, “ad-Durrat al-muḍi'a fī-l-lugat at-turkiya”, The author comprehensively examines most well-known lexicographic artifacts that contain the lexis of Turkic tribes of Kashgaria and Semirechye, as well as of various Turkic tribes of Mamluk Egypt of the XIII-XV centuries from the perspective of comparison. It is determined that Kipchak-Mamluk dictionaries were published for studying Tatar language used in Crimea. The research allowed establishing a direct link between the languages of Turkic tribes of Egypt of the XIII-XV centuries and the modern Crimean Tatar language. This link is traces in the lexis and morphology. The research results may be used in lecturing the fundamental academic disciplines in philological faculties on lexicology and dialectology of Crimean Tatar language.

The ‘Christian’ Ilkhans: myths and reality

The aim of this research is to discuss several peculiarities and influences from the religious factor on the internal policy of the Ilkhans, based on written sources. In this frame of reference, peculiarities and influences of the religious factor on the internal policy of Ilkhans are discussed on the basis of written sources. This article aims to study specific peculiarities of the Ilkhans’ religious policy in relation to subject religious communities dependent on the religious affiliation of the Ilkhans themselves, to discuss the issue of the religious affiliation of the Ilkhans, to analyze the phenomenon of the ‘Christianisation’ of the Ilkhans in written sources of the XIII-XV centuries (Armenian, Georgian, Syrian, and European) and to identify the very perception of the image of ‘Ilkhans of a Christian’ in the sources. The article does not include a study of the relations between the Ilkhans and the Christian West and the Roman Catholic Church. A number of studies are available on the relations of Mongolian khans (particularly the Ilkhans) with Christian Europe, on the religious policy of the papacy, and the attempts of the union of both sides against the Islamic world , and thus this topic is not covered here.

Principles of reconstruction of images of the past and collective memory in the “family books” Florentines XIII–XV centuries

Principles of reconstruction of images of the past and collective memory in the “family books” Florentines XIII–XV centuries

Los boticarios de Cataluña entre los siglos XIII-XVIII. Una visión socioeconómica y de salud pública

Introducción: Este estudio intenta dar una visión global del quehacer profesional y de la relevancia económica, política, social y de salud pública de los boticarios de Cataluña, desde su constitución, en el siglo XIII, hasta su extinción, a finales del siglo XVIII. Previamente es necesario hacer referencia al contexto histórico, al desarrollo de la salud pública durante el periodo de estudio y al origen de la profesión de boticario. Objetivo: Exponer la evolución de los boticarios en Cataluña durante el periodo de estudio. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica, sobre la evolución de los boticarios en Cataluña, así como sobre el desarrollo de la salud pública y el contexto histórico durante el periodo de estudio. Resultados: El desarrollo de la profesión de boticario en Cataluña se puede dividir en tres etapas bien diferenciadas: el nacimiento de la profesión (siglos XIII-XV), la consolidación de la profesión (siglos XVI- XVII) y la decadencia de la profesión (siglo XVIII).

Prosopographical data analysis. Application to the Angevin officers (XIII–XV centuries)

The EUROPANGE project, involving both medievalists and computer scientists, aims to study the emergence of a corps of administrators in the Angevin controlled territories in the XIII–XV centuries. Our project attempts to analyze the officers' careers, shared relation networks and strategies based on the study of individual biographies. In this paper, we describe methods and tools designed to analyze these prosopographical data. These include OLAP analyzes and network analyzes associated with cartographic and chronological visualization tools.

THE ROLE OF THE ISLAMIC AND EASTERN CULTURES IN THE FORMATION OF THE TURKISH DIVAN POETRY

Ponte Academic JournalApr 2018, Volume 74, Issue 4 THE ROLE OF THE ISLAMIC AND EASTERN CULTURES IN THE FORMATION OF THE TURKISH DIVAN POETRYAuthor(s): Gadimova Shukufe Ibrahim giziJ. Ponte - Apr 2018 - Volume 74 - Issue 4 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2018.4.2 Abstract:Turkish Divan poetry contains some common turkish and muslim traditions, comprehensively reflects the literary and aesthetic logic, socio-cultural life, religion and language view, world of thoughts and feelings of Ottoman Empire, which the building and the stage of its nationalization coincides with the period (XIII-XV centuries) of initial formation of Turkish Divan poetry. This poetry has its specific understanding of art and aesthetics. Under the influence of the historic events, socio-economic conditions and political powers, turkish divan poetry benefited from the Islamic culture and arabic literature, specially nourished from the classical persian literature, formed and developed on the basis of Near East and Middle East syncretic literature. In this article emphasized that the genres and types, as well as the literary system of turkish divan poetry which are formed in the XIII-XV centuries and declined in the XVI-XVII centuries, at the same time rised to the top in the regard of both the idea- content and literary- aesthetic beauty were formed on the basis of the theoretically and practically molded Eastern poetic traditions. But here the nuances arising from the ancient literary traditions, literary-aesthetic pleasure and laguage-style features occupy an important place and provides the richening teh divan poetry in aesthetical direction. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

The conceptual and semantic shift of “noble” and its synonyms as a case of semiosis

Abstract The paper explores the interrelation between the socially biased phenomena, affecting the conceptual domain of “knighthood” in the XIII-XV centuries. Nobility and knighthood as interrelated conceptual entities became increasingly complicated, due to cultural semiosis, which brought about drastic conceptual and semantic changes in the adjectives under scrutiny: worthy, noble, gentle. The analysis of corpus and lexicographic material as well as romances of the period demonstrated that conceptual changes became the major triggers for the large-scale semantic changes within the category.

Итальянские фактории в Северном Причерноморье (XIII–XV вв.)

Итальянские фактории в Северном Причерноморье (XIII–XV вв.)

Рецепция римского права в формировании прерогатив королевского помилования во Франции (XIII–XV вв.)

Рецепция римского права в формировании прерогатив королевского помилования во Франции (XIII–XV вв.)

Traditional Paradise Gardens of Mauritian Spain of XIII-XV Centuries

Traditional Paradise Gardens of Mauritian Spain of XIII-XV Centuries

The development of the Ukrainian icon during the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries

There are very few monuments of icon art of the 13th-15th centuries, but they give a great opportunity to learn a lot about the state of the Ukrainian Church of that time, about the strengthening of faith, and also about the stylistic quest for Ukrainian artists. The development of the iconography of those centuries in Ukraine marked the Tatar-Mongol invasion. When a person or a whole nation falls into a difficult situation, faith in God grows, spirituality rises. Monuments of culture of the XIII-XV centuries record especially jealous hope in God, the strengthening of the religiosity of different sections of the people. From this time there is hardly any secular art: everything preserved is permeated with Christian religiosity. In these years, such great temples are not already built, as in the early centuries of Christianity in Russia, but small, but well-fortified churches throughout Ukraine are built. There are also various centers of icon-painting. Their masters focused mainly on the ancient art of Kiev, introduced in their samples many local elements. Icons painted in various spiritual centers, in particular in the monasteries, are striking by their monumentality and severity, which reflected that day (See: The History of Ukrainian Art, Vol. 6, vol., 1968).

Written Manuscripts in Ancient Kipchak Language of 13-15th Centuries and their Research Problems in Kazakhstan

To date there are many different hypotheses about the socio-ethnic background of Egyptian Mamluks. Lately, research has been taking place that only connects the ethnic origin of Mamluks who ruled the lands of Egypt and Syria during XIII-XV centuries and sultans of that era such as Baybars, Qalauin, Qaitabai to only a single present-day nation’s history and that only connects the language of written medieval manuscripts of XIII–XV centuries, when Mamluks were in power, with only one present-day nation’s language. In order to understand who were the Egyptian Mamluks and to clarify the ethnic composition of Kipchak and Circassian Mamluks attention should be paid to their language which is a component of the ethnic conception. And to figure out the language of the Mamluks who ruled Egypt and Syria during XIII-XV centuries a comprehensive study of the language of the manuscripts must be carried out. In our opinion, the ancient medieval manuscripts written in Kipchak language should be considered as a common heritage of all Turkic people. Taking into account, that language materials in ancient Kipchak language had been preserved in present day Kipchak language, we can say, that the written manuscripts in Mamluk-Kipchak language have a great role in research of social, ethnic, political-social, literary-cultural, total civilizational and linguistic histories of the modern Turkic people, particularly Kazakhs, Karakalpaks, Nogais, Tatars, Bashkirs, Qarays, Karachay-balkars, Kumyks, Crimean Tatars, Crimeans, Kyrgyz and people of the Altai of Kipchak group. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s1p575

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ ИЗ СЛАВЯНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ В ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ

ЛЕКСИЧЕСКИЕ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЯ ИЗ СЛАВЯНСКИХ ЯЗЫКОВ В ЗАПАДНОЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ ИСТОЧНИКАХ

Value of Foreign Written Sources in Research of the Russian-horde Political and Legal Communications in the XIII-XV Centuries

There are five main positions in assessment of consequences of the middle-aged Russian-Horde communications. Objective research of the Russian-Horde relations has to include the analysis of all set of communications and a right choice of system of sources. The authors consider significance of foreign sources for researches of the Russian-Horde communication, their objectiveness and informative value. These are four types of sources: chronicles; literary works of medieval authors; stories of travellers; historical maps. These types include European, Persian, Arab, Mongolian and Chinese sources. Having analysed the content of many certain sources in relation to the Russian-Horde communications, the authors assess them as sources for research of the Russian-Horde communications.

Establishment of the European professional army: the battle of Legnano May 29, 1176

For the first time in Ukrainian historiography the Battle of Legnano 29 May1176 inthe context of European origin and formation of the professional army has been analyzed in this study. In this battle the first European professional military formation, equipped and trained by the city and commune of Milan, defeated the mighty army, formed with well-armed and prepared German knights. This army was headed by the Emperor Frederick I Barbaros, who was an experienced commander. Particular attention is paid to the reasons of emergence of the first professional formations and infantry evolution, which allowed to resist armored knightly cavalry. The lack of necessary resources and the inability to advance sufficient number of mighty men forced the Italian cities-communes, among which Milan was one of the largest centers of arms crafts at the end of the twelfth century, to form the army, which could be manned with the free segments of the population of not noble origin and resist knightly cavalry. In practice, this led to formation of the armored infantry, which returned to modernized ancient hoplites tactics. Readiness of such infantry which demonstrated its feasibility in the Battle of Legnano required resources and professionalism. The problems of maintaining and training of professional formations led to the search for reduction of their strength due to the efficiency of technical innovations, one of which was the use of chariots bound round with metal and manned with crew armed with fighting scythes - hizarmams. But this experiment did not justify itself or may have been devised by the later Milan chronicler Galvani Fiamma. The battle of Legnano initiated hired professional contingent of condottieres, which were widely used in Italian cities-states in the XIII-XV centuries.

LIETUVOS DIDŽIOSIOS KUNIGAIKŠTYSTĖS ISTORIJA IR ŠIUOLAIKINĖS TARPTAUTINIŲ SANTYKIŲ TEORIJOS

The paper explores the epistemic fruitfulness of the contemporary theories of modern relations for historical research about the relations between premodern polities. The application of the neorealist theory in such research is blocked by its assumption that its subject is international system, consisting of sovereign national states. However, there were no such states (and nations) in medieval Europe and most other places in premodern times. The concept of international society of H. Bull is not applicable to premodern polities because of its assumption that Westphalian peace treaty of 1648 was the date of birth of the international law and international society as historical reality. A. Wendt’s thesis that in the premodern times international politics was dominated by the Hobbesian culture of anarchy disregards historical evidence about the “Lockean” realities of the dynastic politics in the medieval Europe and other places. In the first part of the article, the corrections to remove these modernist and europocentric deformations are suggested. They include the replacement of the concepts of “international system” and “international society” by the broader notions of “interpolity system” and that of “interpolity society”, and the distinction between “sovereign politikes system/society” and “suzerain (imperial) polity system/society”, borrowed (with modifications) from M. Wight. Second part and third parts together constitute a case study about the changing roles and challenges of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) as the subject of interpolity relations in XIII–XV centuries. The second part is about the rise of GDL from the polity playing the role of the barrier (but not that of buffer) polity, separating Central European and Eastern European interpolity systems and belonging to both of them, to the regional empire and suzerain polity of the Eastern European interpolity system by the early XVth century. However, Lithuanian hegemony in Eastern Europe lasted only very few years. After 1430, the Eastern European interpolity system was about to transform itself from the suzerain polity system into a multipolar sovereign interpolity system of the type that consolidated in the Central and Western Europe after 1648 and survived for 300 years. However, the political leadership of GDL failed to meet the challenge to maintain an emerging multipolar balance of power in this system. According to the unconventional account of the so-called “feudal war” (1431–1453) in the Great Duchy of Moscow by Alexander Zimin, there was real possibility to establish at least two Russian states in the lands ruled by the Muscovite princes. Great Novgorod was viable polity too, bearing promise of the protobourgeois and protodemocratic Russia. Another viable polity was created in Kazan by Tatars who have changed to sedentary life of agriculturalists, and were about to become the power, filling out the geopolitical space that in older times was held by Volga Bulgaria. However, mainly due to the pursuit by Jagiellonian rulers of GDL and Poland of the dynastic politics in the Central Europe, at least three windows of opportunity to preserve this interpolity system from its annihilation by rising Moscow empire were not used. Last of them was the opportunity to re-establish the independence of Great Novgorod in 1480. These failures of the Lithuanian statesmanship sealed the fate of the Eastern European interpolity system: its disappearance in the Moscow empire. So the history of Eastern European interpolity politics in the XIII–XVIII centuries is another case proving the finding of the recent research by Stuart J. Kaufman, William C. Wohlforth, Richard Little, David Kangi, Charles Jones, Victoria Tin-Bor Hui, Arthur Eckstein, Daniel Deudney, Williams Brenner that a long-lasting balance of power in a interpolity system is rather an exception than rule, the rule being the displacement of the multipolar or bipolar balance of power interpolity systems by empires.

Рукописні книги XIII–XV століть з вивчення основ ісламу у фондах КРУ “Бахчисарайський історико-культурний заповідник”

Рукописні книги XIII–XV століть з вивчення основ ісламу у фондах КРУ “Бахчисарайський історико-культурний заповідник”

Русский князь в ставке ордынского хана

In this article theoretical reconstruction of staying Russian princes at a court of the khan of Golden Horde in XIII–XV centuries is offered. This work is based on the analysis of Russian chronicles accounts, notes of the Arabian, Chinese and West European travellers.

IBA characterisation of glasses from the archaeological site of “La Alcazaba”, Almería (Spain)

“La Alcazaba de Almería” is one of the most impressive mediaeval remains in Al-Andalus. It was the sea port of the Córdoba Caliphate and, afterwards, the capital of a “Taifa” kingdom. In the course of recent excavations in this monumental area, several glass remains were found in the access to its palace and were dated back to the XIII–XV centuries, during the so-called “Nazarí” period.We have made PIGE and PIXE analysis of different fragments of these glasses in order to identify their composition versus the different colours and shapes. These analyses have been complemented with other techniques, like SEM in order to learn about the corrosion process suffered by these glasses during their long burial period. Also a comparison with ICP-OES has been made to check the validity of the IBA results in this case where we are dealing with corroded samples.