X-ray Generator Research Articles

Accurate Steady-State Modeling and Design Based on State Trajectory Analysis for LCC Resonant Converter With Voltage Doubler Rectifier

The <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCC</i> series–parallel resonant converter with a voltage doubler rectifier, widely used in X-ray machines, is required to meet an extremely wide output range. However, state-of-the-art models are based on fundamental harmonic approximation and cannot maintain good accuracy over the entire output range. The state trajectory method has the potential to achieve a full range of high accuracy without high complexity, but it only applies to simple topologies, like <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCC</i> with a full-bridge rectifier. For <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCC</i> with a voltage multiplier, the capacitors in the multiplier are involved in the resonance, which can be modeled as a five-element resonant circuit. Moreover, the conduction sequence of components in the minor mode is different from that in the major mode, which is usually ignored in the steady-state model. The influence of the output capacitance of power transistors on the state trajectory is so unclear that the model accuracy decreases considerably at high frequencies. In this article, the equivalent parallel resonant capacitance is derived through the current distribution. The steady-state model of the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCC</i> converter with a voltage doubler rectifier is developed for both major mode and minor mode. The deviation of the state trajectory and modeling accuracy induced by the output capacitor is investigated. Based on the proposed model and device stress analysis, the design procedure for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">LCC</i> under a wide operation range is presented. The simulations and experiments verify the accuracy of the model and the validity of the design method. The simulation mismatches are less than 2.3% over the entire output range. The maximum experimental mismatch is 15%.

ANALYSIS OF THE LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF THE FRONTAL SINUSES OF ADULTS ACCORDING TO X-RAY DATA

The study of the development, structure, topography, age dynamics, gender and constitutional features of the frontal sinuses today attracts the attention of not only otorhinolaryngologists, but also of related specialties specialists. The aim of our study was to determine the linear dimensions of the frontal sinuses in adults according to radiographic examination data and to analyze their age and gender characteristics. 40 X-rays of the heads of adults (22-60 years old) were processed, including 20 female and 20 male. All examinees were divided into age groups (under 35 years and after 35 years), 10 people in each. The sampling was formed by randomization. The examination was carried out on the X-ray machine Fujifi lm FDR Nano in the Paranasal Sinus FRNT mode in the frontal projection. The width and height of the frontal sinuses and their symmetry were determined on the X-rays. Due to the variety of sinus shapes, only their maximum dimensions (in the widest and highest sections) were determined.On the basis of the X-rays analysis, it was established that the linear dimensions of the male frontal sinuses are higher than female, in exception of the height of the left frontal sinus in the age group after 35 years. All linear dimensions in persons of the second age group are lower than in persons of the fi rst age group, in exception of the height of the right frontal male sinus. Mushroom- shaped sinuses have the largest linear dimensions, bulbous and bean-shaped sinuses have the smallest dimensions, trapezoidal sinuses are the most variable.

Current Role and Potential of Oesophogeal and Gastric Fluoroscopy in the Choice of Surgical Treatment for Achalasia of Cardia

Background. Fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach provides a reliable assessment of the specific radiological criteria for achalasia (of cardia), which underlie the classification of the disease by stages. The stage of achalasia is one of the key factors to determine the management of treatment, including the choice of a specific type of surgical intervention. However, no methodological standards for performing and interpreting fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach in achalasia have been developed.Objectives. Creation of a unified protocol for performing and interpreting fluoroscopy of esophagus and stomach in achalasia and development of an algorithm for diagnosing achalasia based on fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach, which will help to determine the appropriate surgery.Methods. The developed algorithm was applied in a study of 104 patients. The examination was carried out using Duodiagnost X-ray machine by Philips, equipped with a remote control. The X-ray technician’s workplace was tooled with a personal computer, a digital identifier (ID) and a digitizer-scanning device. Drystardt 5000B film (by AGFA) was used for X-ray examinations. The description of X-ray examination was carried out by a radiologist in a separate office equipped with two workstations.Results. A protocol for fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach in patients with achalasia and a checklist for the description of fluoroscopy in achalasia have been developed. Conclusion. The developed algorithm for diagnosing achalasia of cardia based on fluoroscopy of the esophagus and stomach showed its high efficiency for clarifying the stage of the disease, and, consequently, choosing the right treatment and method of surgical intervention, as well as for providing objective control over the dynamics of the disease after surgery. In addition, the introduction of the developed algorithm into the widespread practice of radiologists will ensure continuity at all stages of treatment of patients with achalasia in different medical institutions: from diagnosis to dynamic monitoring of the patient’s condition after surgical treatment in specialized centers.

DETERMINATION OF ENTRANCE SURFACE DOSE FOR THREE COMMON PLANAR DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EXAMINATIONS.

Patient dose during diagnostic radiography procedures primarily depends on the entrance surface dose (ESD) and the exposure area. The purpose of this study was to determine ESD for five common diagnostic X-ray examinations using dose area product and X-ray tube output. The ESDs were estimated in a sample of 340 patients using normalised X-ray output from Philips-PrimaryDiagnost digital X-ray machine equipped with digital flat panel scintillator detector. The resultant mean ESDs for chest postero-anterior/lateral, lumbar spine antero-posterior (AP)/lateral and abdomen AP were 0.49, 2.00, 5.74, 12.79 and 4.62mGy, respectively. The mean and third quartile ESD values of this study were significantly higher than the values found in the literature. This can be attributed to the lower tube potential (kVp) values and the higher tube current-time products (mAs). The methodology used here is a better option for low-resources countries for routine dose monitoring.

The use of digital technologies in the practice of veterinary clinics

There is an analysis of the use of digital technologies and digital devices in the practice of veterinary clinics located in large cities of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The method of questioning was used in the work. The respondents were employees of veterinary clinics. It has been established that veterinary clinics actively use digital technologies in their work to promote veterinary services in the Internet space (websites, pages in social networks), to inform and consult clients (e-mail, instant messengers, social networks, chat bots, TV veterinary medicine), to manage clinic (specialized programs «Vetmanager», «ERISCA», etc.), and improving the monitoring of the condition of animals and the diagnosis of pathologies (veterinary control sensors, video cameras, digital equipment). The equipment of veterinary clinics includes the following digital devices: digital thermometer, digital ultrasound scanner, electronic tonometer, digital X-ray machine, digital veterinary monitoring sensor, electronic stethoscope. There are most widely used digital technologies/devices: e-mail, specialized digital devices (digital X-ray machine, ultrasound scanner, etc.), instant messengers, clinic website. The following programs are used by veterinary clinics to automate administrative, economic and medical diagnostic processes: «Vetmanager» – 31.0% of clinics; «ERISCA» – 18.3%, etc. In 14.1% of the analyzed veterinary clinics, specialized software is not used.

Utilization of High-Power Leds as Non-Invasive KV Meter Detectors in Collimation of Lighting

X-ray radiation is used to diagnose the human body. Two parameters are often used as settings when using this machine. The first is the KV value, and the second is the mA value. If an error occurs in the kV setting, it will cause inappropriate image quality, so that it will provide inaccurate information in patient examination. Likewise with the presence of excessive doses to the patient's body. To ensure that the KV value that comes out is in accordance with the settings on the machine consul, invasive and non-invasive measurements can be carried out. Non-invasive is becoming an easy standard to do. Several types of equipment on the market and research results have been widely used for this non-invasive activity. The problem is that currently the existing tools still use detectors at an expensive price. The purpose of this study was to design a low-cost non-invasive x-ray KVmeter detector using an LED detector and test the ability of the detector at each point of collimation.. The method used in this study is to stump the detectors placed at 4 ends of the collimation 20 cm apart. The data is taken by doing x-ray exposure at a distance of 60 cm. The module measurements were carried out under 80 mA exposure conditions for 1 second and a collimation area of ​​20 x 20 cm. X-ray exposure settings were performed at 40kV, 50kV, 60kV, and 70kV settings. The module measurement results are compared with the x-ray machine setting values. From the comparison results, the smallest error rate on Sensor 2 is 0.83% while the highest error is on S5 of 26.43%. The results can be concluded that the LED phosphor can capture x-rays, but the detector is weak due to interference from ambient light. The results obtained from the detector itself are still less stable and linear. In future research, stability and linearity will be built using a mechanical design that reduces ambient light interference.

Assessment of surgical care capacity at non-tertiary hospitals in Botswana

Background: Most low- and middle-income communities (LMICs) live in rural areas and are served mainly by primary and district hospitals. This study seeks to geographically map these hospitals and measure their surgical care capacity in Botswana. Methods: This 3-month cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Department of Surgery, University of Botswana. Google Map was used to map hospitals geographically. The PIPES (personnel, infrastructure, procedures, equipment, and supplies) tool was used to assess the surgical care capacity of hospitals. This tool was developed by Surgeons Overseas to quantify surgical capacity in low-resource settings. Consent was obtained. Results: Nine districts and ten primary hospitals were assessed. The distance from settlements to the nearest healthcare facility in sparsely populated areas was relatively larger, making timely healthcare access potentially problematic. Intensive care services were unavailable except at three hospitals. None of the hospitals had full blood bank services. X-ray and ultrasound machines and basic supplies were available at over 90% of the hospitals. Conclusion: There was a general lack of surgical care specialists. Hospitals with a full complement of surgical care specialists had relatively higher PIPES indices. We recommend investing in deploying specialized surgical care providers to primary and district hospitals.

TiRobot-assisted surgery by O-arm navigation system for percutaneous minimally invasive treatment of posterior pelvic ring injury

To evaluate the effectiveness of TiRobot-assisted surgery by O-arm navigation system for percutaneous minimally invasive treatment of posterior pelvic ring injury. The clinical data of 76 patients with posterior pelvic ring injury between January 2016 and June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 45 cases were treated with minimally invasive percutaneous sacroiliac screw fixation assisted by TiRobot and O-arm navigation system (study group), 31 cases were treated with minimally invasive percutaneous sacroiliac screw fixation under the guidance of C-arm X-ray machine (control group). There was no significant difference in gender, age, cause of injury, Tile classification, time from injury to operation between the two groups ( P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the times of nail track adjustment, and intraoperative fluoroscopy times were recorded. The quality of fracture reduction was evaluated by Matta score. At last follow-up, Majeed score was used to evaluate the recovery of pelvic function. A total of 72 screws were implanted in the study group, with a median of 1 (1, 2) screws per patient. In the control group, 47 screws were implanted, with a median of 1 (1, 2) screws per patient. There was no significant difference in the number of screws between the two groups ( Z=-0.392, P=0.695). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, times of nail track adjustment, and intraoperative fluoroscopy times in the study group were significantly less than those in the control group ( P<0.05). All patients were followed up 6-24 months (mean, 14 months). No serious complications was found after operation and during follow-up. Matta score was used to evaluate the quality of fracture reduction at 1 week after operation, and there was no significant difference between the two groups ( Z=-1.135, P=0.256). At last follow-up, there was no significant difference of Majeed score between the two groups ( Z=-1.279, P=0.201). TiRobot-assisted surgery by O-arm navigation system is a reliable surgical method for the treatment of posterior pelvic ring injury, which can reduce the operation time and fluoroscopy times when compared with the traditional operation under the guidance of C-arm X-ray machine. The safety, accuracy, and efficiency of the operation were improved.

Radiation Monitoring Using Personal Dosimeter Devices in Terms of Long-Term Compliance and Creating a Culture of Safety

IntroductionRadiation-emitting devices are commonplace in the hospital with their ability to produce imaging for diagnoses, However, they hold a risk for device operators due to radiation exposure. Hospital systems have programs where physicians exposed to radiation are required to wear dosimeters to help record total radiation over time. Dosimetry readings over standardized recommendations can lead to hospital image issues and disciplinary action for physicians. This study aimed to discover the true values recorded on dosimeters with radiation exposure and discuss effective ways to encourage compliance with dosimeter usage.MethodologyThe study was completed over a course of 12 months with physicians from three different hospitals. Selection criteria included physicians considered to be “radiation workers” including those who operate x-ray machines, fluoroscopy units, unsealed and sealed isotopes, or those exposed to other sources of gamma or high-energy beta radiation. Two Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles were implemented. The first cycle was the first six months of the study and the second cycle was the second six months of the study. The first PDSA cycle had planned dosimeter reading check-ins every month. After this cycle ended, physicians were sent a survey anonymously asking if they had ever intentionally left behind their dosimeter. In the second PDSA cycle, a planned policy change was put into action where penalties for physicians who went over the recommended dosage were stopped. A monthly educational meeting where a discussion on the risks of radiation as well as protective mechanisms was implemented instead. The same monthly check-ins for dosimeter reading monitoring were employed again with the same survey regarding dosimeter adherence and usage being sent out at the end of the second cycle. Run charts were created to determine whether the policy change showed statistically significant differences in dosimetry readings.ResultsProtocol changes led to statistically significant (p<0.05) differences in radiation exposure recorded throughout the hospital systems. The primary PDSA cycle readings showed that hospital systems one (n=118), two (n=71), and three (n=32) had readings of 3.90 mSv, 2.55 mSv, and 2.02 mSv, respectively, which were all under the annual recommended dose limit of 10 mSv maximum per six months. However, an average of 94.4% (n=221) of physicians across all hospitals admitted to not using the dosimeter. In the second PDSA cycle after the policy change, the radiation doses were higher with an increase in the average cumulative dose at hospital system one of 255%, 328% at system two, and 323% at system three. Hospital systems one and two were both over the yearly limit of 20.0 mSv (7.70 mSv over for system one and 1.86 mSv over for system two) while system three remained under. The number of physicians who stated they always used the dosimeter during the second PDSA cycle increased to 83.9% in-hospital system one, 90.2% in-hospital system two, and 93.8% in-hospital system three.ConclusionCreating a culture of safety is critical for physician compliance. A comfortable work environment without unreasonable consequences creates an environment where physicians can focus on their health and safety while also doing what is in the workplace’s best interest. This culture can best be made with more collaboration between administrative staff and workers to create a trustworthy experience in hospital systems.

Compact high-flux X-ray source based on irradiation of solid targets by gigahertz and megahertz bursts of femtosecond laser pulses

In this study, we demonstrate the significant increase in the hard X-ray yield (more than 1011 photons/s in 4π solid angle in 6 - 40 keV range) that can be achieved in an ambient air environment when solid targets are irradiated by sequences of high average power (90 W) bursts of femtosecond laser pulses, generated in GHz burst laser amplifier operated at high repetition rate (100 kHz). The combination of the prepulse and ∼ 10 times greater driving pulse not only enhances X-ray generation efficiency (∼ 10−6) by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the single pulse regime but also protects a target allowing continuous operation for 3 hours with only 30% predictable and gradual drop of X-ray yield. In addition, we show that X-ray yield enhancement becomes around 6 times more pronounced at higher repetition rates (100 kHz compared to &lt; 5 kHz). The simplicity and relative cost-effectiveness of the presented X-ray source makes it an attractive solution for future applications in ultrafast X-ray imaging and spectroscopy.

ESTABLISHMENT OF RQT BEAM QUALITY (100 TO 150 kV) FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY APPLICATIONS

In Malaysia, the radiation beam qualities for calibration of dosimeters in computed tomography (RQT series) were established at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory (SSDL) of the Malaysian Nuclear Agency by using a constant potential industrial X-ray machine and a 0.6 cc PTW UNIDOS ionization chamber calibrated at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Through the experimental method of additional filtration determination, the results demonstrated that all measured first half-value layer (HVL) filtrations (mm Al) for each RQT 8 (100 kV), RQT 9 (120 kV) and RQT 10 (150 kV) comply with tolerance limits of ± 3% as recommended by the IEC-61676. For RQT 8, a repeated experiment to determine accurate additional filtration has to be done with different added filtration RQT (mm Cu) thickness as the value initially goes beyond the 3% difference. Compared to prior radiation quality series RQT determinations, the added filtration for RQT 8 changed from 0.1 mm Cu in 2019 to 0.2 mm Cu in 2020. When compared against values established over the previous three years, all three RQTs for 2020 exhibit differences in measured first HVL filtrations (mm Al), albeit remaining within the 3% difference standard recommended in the TRS 457 standard of the IAEA. This change arises from x-ray tube aging, anode roughening and inherent filtration alteration, leading to a perceived need for RQT trial and error re-evaluation to reduce the percentage decrement. Yearly monitoring of the beams should be performed to determine possible radiation quality changes, taking corrective action where necessary to remain within the prescribed tolerance limit. The standard radiation qualities should be maintained, allowing for calibration accuracy to confirm dosimeter readings.

Investigation of industrial die-cast Al-alloys using X-ray micro-computed tomography and machine learning approach for CT segmentation

Investigation of industrial die-cast Al-alloys using X-ray micro-computed tomography and machine learning approach for CT segmentation

Mitigating effects of methanolic leaf extract of Duranta erecta against X-ray induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats

Carcinogenic effects and other harmful effects associated with low dose-rate and low dose radiation have recently been reported. Therefore, it is important to identify effective and safe radioprotectors or radiation mitigators that can counter the effects of ionizing radiation damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the mitigating potential of methanolic leaves extract of Duranta erecta (DE) against acute whole-body X-ray irradiation-induced oxidative stress in Wistar albino rats. Rats in groups B, C and D, were exposed to double X-rays radiation at a source to skin distance (SSD) of 70 cm to deliver a total radiation dose of 18.4mGy at the rate of 9.2mGy/exposure using 100kVp and 30mAs exposure factors and quality factor of the X-ray machine (P) of 15. Rats in group A (control) were neither irradiated nor administered with DE extract. In contrast, group B rats were irradiated but not treated. DE extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight was administered to groups C and D rats for 15 consecutive days. On post-irradiation days 1, 7, 14 and 21, the antioxidant status of the rats was evaluated and compared with control. Parameters assessed were catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Mean serum levels of GSH, SOD, CAT and MDA in the irradiated and treated groups did not vary significantly (P &gt; 0.05) from the un-irradiated control group. In conclusion, methanolic extract of DE mitigated against radiation-induced decline in serum GSH, SOD, CAT, and radiation-induced MDA elevation. Results obtained indicated that methanolic extract of DE can be used potentially as a natural radiation mitigating agent.

Optimal Experimental Design for Inverse Problems in the Presence of Observation Correlations

Optimal experimental design (OED) is the general formalism of sensor placement and decisions about the data collection strategy for engineered or natural experiments. This approach is prevalent in many critical fields such as battery design, numerical weather prediction, geosciences, and environmental and urban studies. State-of-the-art computational methods for experimental design, however, do not accommodate correlation structure in observational errors produced by many expensive-to-operate devices such as X-ray machines or radar and satellite retrievals. Discarding evident data correlations leads to biased results, poor data collection decisions, and waste of valuable resources. We present a general formulation of the OED formalism for model-constrained large-scale Bayesian linear inverse problems, where measurement errors are generally correlated. The proposed approach utilizes the Hadamard product of matrices to formulate the weighted likelihood and is valid for both finite- and infinite-dimensional Bayesian inverse problems. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out for empirical verification of the proposed approach by using an advection-diffusion model, where the objective is to optimally place a small set of sensors, under a limited budget, to predict the concentration of a contaminant in a closed and bounded domain.

An overview of the applicability of SNI IEC 61331-1:2016 on Lead apron for medical use

The use of lead apron for radiation protection is regulated under the Indonesia Nuclear Regulatory Agency (BAPETEN) Decree no. 8 year 2011 about Radiation Safety and the Use of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiological X-Ray Machine. It listed the apron specifications are as follows: having thickness equivalent to 0.2 mm Pb or 0.25 mm Pb for diagnostic use and equivalent to 0.35 mm Pb or 0.5 mm Pb for interventional use. Further, National Standardization Agency (BSN) had issued SNI IEC 61331-1:2016, providing guidance for testing the plate materials on the apron using 400 kV x-ray machine and 1.3 MeV gamma exposure with narrow beam, to measure the attenuation ratio and air kerma rate. The method used is to determine the attenuation ratio, build-up factors, and equivalent attenuation coefficient. There were 4 different aprons (A, B, C, and D) with 9 measurement points. The results showed the air kerma rate without apron was 0.664 mGy/second, the air kerma rate with lead-equivalent layer was 0.0006 mGy/second, and the best result was produced using the apron C, with the attenuation ratio ranging from 17.2 to 29.1, showing the most homogeneity.

Customs Automation: Advantages of X-ray Computerized Digital X-ray Machines

Customs Automation: Advantages of X-ray Computerized Digital X-ray Machines

Simulation-Based Training for Radiography Students as a Solution in Covid-19 Pandemic: Student's Perspective from a Developing Country

Background and Objective: Under the impact of the global Covid-19 pandemic, in-hospital training for radiologic technologist students meets several difficulties. The specificity of radiography sciences requires numerous practical exercises. We conducted a tutorial lesson for radiologic technologist students using X-ray simulation software to learn how to operate X-ray machines. The study aimed to evaluate students' satisfaction with the teaching method based on simulation software in radiological sciences. Method: 57 third-year radiologic technologist students were enrolled. All the students joined practical classes onsite from May to August 2021. The main training topic was routine X-ray radiography with in-house X-ray simulation software that was built by Hue University in collaboration with Duy Tan University. The satisfaction of students was evaluated following Likert 5 scale with 14 specific items. Descriptive statistics and a one-sample t-test were performed with SPSS Version 20 (IBM, USA). Result: The findings show that 68% of students were satisfied with the hypothetical clinical situation given in the simulation-based training class. One-sample t-test suggests that the average score of all the criteria is greater than 3, from 3.49 to 4.07. Most of the students wanted to participate further in a similar simulation-based training class in the future (91.23%). Simulation-based training software improves students' experience, radiograph creation ability, and image quality evaluation. Conclusion: Simulation-based training improves clinical skills, enhances visual thinking ability, and clinical practice ability of radiologic technologist students. This teaching method seems to be the appropriate solution for medical imaging technology training in the Covid-19 pandemic. However, further studies with a larger population are needed to comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of the computer-based simulation teaching approach compared to conventional methods.

Characterization of ion chambers set for different metrological applications

In this work, the standard dosimeters for radiotherapy, protection and X-ray dosimetry of the National Institute of Standards (NIS)-Egypt were standardized for metrological application. A set of standard dosimeters composed of 0.3, 0.6 and 30 cm3 ion chambers and NPL, Unidose electrometer was used for charge collection within the used chambers. Different beam qualities such as 60Co, 137Cs and X-ray machines were used as reference beams. The ion chambers and electrometers are traceable to SI units through the calibration at the BIPM every five years. The calibration factor drift of each chamber in air and water was determined and the full uncertainty budget of gamma doses at the reference condition was reported in accordance with the international protocols. Commissioning of the 60Co machine was performed and a comparison between the measured doses and the calculated doses was obtained for one half-life of 60Co. The data showed the high performance of the secondary standard dosimeter of NIS for calibration and metrological application in radiation therapy, protection and the X-ray range. The drift in the ion chamber calibration factor over the course of 2 decades is 0.12, 0.001 and 0.11 respectively, which extracted a ratio of 20%, 0.12% and 10.6% from the combined uncertainty.

Analysis of the Geiger Muller Ability on the Effect of Collimation Area and Irradiation Distance on the Dose of X-Ray Machine Measurements

Radiation cannot be felt directly by the five human senses. For the occupational safety and security, a radiation worker or radiographer is endeavored to receive radiation dose as minimum as possible, which is by monitoring the radiation using a radiation measuring device. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of collimation area and irradiation distance on x-ray dose measurement using Geiger Muller. In this case, the author tried to make a dosimeter by using the Muller Geiger module and displayed it on a personal computer. This research employed Muller Geiger sensor to detect X-ray dose and velocity, Arduino for data programming, Bluetooth HC-05 for digital communication tool between hardware and personal computer, and personal computer to display the reading. Current research was conducted using Pre-Experimental research design. Based on the results of data collection and comparison with the standard tool, it can be concluded that the greater the tube current setting (mA), the greater the dose and rate of radiation exposure at a distance of 100cm with 50KV and 70KV settings, and a distance of 150cm with 50KV settings. However, it is inversely proportional to the measurement results at a distance of 150cm with a 70KV setting. The results of this study are further expected to determine the ability of Geiger Muller to measure the dose to the irradiation distance or collimation area and can be used as a reference for further research in this field.

Design and manufacture of an X-ray generator by support vector machines

Design and manufacture of an X-ray generator by support vector machines