WSN Network Research Articles

Effect of Error Probability, Data Rates, Output Power and Noise Floor on Link Quality of WSN Channels

In this work, it is proposed that the use of statistical percentage of errors correlated to the Received Signal Strength (RSS) and to both the output power and noise bandwidth, together with the data rate ratio, can give a clear indication of the communication channel quality in the presence of a noise floor. Simulation of a WSN network with variable Data Rate to Noise Band Width ratio (R), different output power (Ptran), and variable Noise Floor Power (Pnoise), showed that each one of these parameters affects error probability distribution and values, which in turn affect channel utilization. The work also proved that these are critical parameters that, if correlated and optimized, can achieve a high utilization of WSN channels. The largest effect realized is related to Pnoise and interference, which, if present at high values, would reduce the probability of exchanging data by 25%. The work also showed that as the ratio R increases, the probability and magnitude of errors increases, which in turn contributes to lower utilization, as depicted in the tables and plots. The 10-nodes WSN is simulated in a uniform topology setting.

LIFETIME MAXIMIZATION OF A MOBILE WSN USING ZRP-FUZZY CLUSTERING PROTOCOL BASED ON ANT-LION OPTIMIZER

Wireless Sensor Networks require energy-efficient protocols for communication and data fusion to integrate data and extend the lifetime of the network. An efficient clustering algorithm for sensor nodes will optimize the energy efficiency of WSNs. However, the clustering process requires additional overhead, such as selection of cluster head, cluster creation, and deployment. This paper prepared a modified ZRP for mobile WSN clustering scheme and optimization using ant-lion optimization algorithm and so far named as mobility cluster head fuzzy logic based on the zone routing protocol (ZRP-FMC-ALO). Which proposed fuzzy logic approach based on three descriptors node for the selection of the CH nodes such as, residual energy, the concentration, and the centrality of the node and also exploited the concept of the mobility of the Base Station (BS) to prolong the life span of a WSN. The performance of the proposed protocol compared with the famous protocol such as LEACH. Using the MATLAB simulator and the result shows that it outperforms in terms of the WSN network lifetime, the average remaining-consuming energy, and the number of a live node.

Performance evaluation of hierarchical clustering protocols with fuzzy C-means

The longevity of the network and the lack of resources are the main problems within the WSN. Minimizing energy dissipation and optimizing the lifespan of the WSN network are real challenges in the design of WSN routing protocols. Load balanced clustering increases the reliability of the system and enhances coordination between different nodes within the network. WSN is one of the main technologies dedicated to the detection, sensing, and monitoring of physical phenomena of the environment. For illustration, detection, and measurement of vibration, pressure, temperature, and sound. The WSN can be integrated into many domains, like street parking systems, smart roads, and industrial. This paper examines the efficiency of our two proposed clustering algorithms: Fuzzy C-means based hierarchical routing approach for homogeneous WSN (F-LEACH) and fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm (F-DEEC) through a detailed comparison of WSN performance parameters such as the instability and stability duration, lifetime of the network, number of cluster heads per round and the number of alive nodes. The fuzzy C-means based on hierarchical routing approach is based on fuzzy C-means and low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The fuzzy distributed energy efficient clustering algorithm is based on fuzzy C-means and design of a distributed energy efficient clustering (DEEC) protocol. The technical capability of each protocol is measured according to the studied parameters.

Research on WSN Time Synchronization Algorithm Based on Smart Campus

The realization of the collection, transmission and processing of information is the three basic elements of a smart campus, among which data collection and transmission are inseparable from the participation of wireless sensor networks. In particular, the geographical area of the campus of colleges and universities is relatively large, the population is relatively dense, and the mobility and contact rate of personnel are high. Higher requirements are put forward for intelligent teaching management and campus safety management and control. In particular, the current large-scale outbreak of the new tube virus has been basically under control in our country, but because of the characteristics of college campuses, it is more likely to become a disaster area. Therefore, a large number of sensor nodes (monitoring, temperature, smoke, alarm, etc.) are deployed in the campus, and the emergency information of the school can be fed back and processed in time through the sensor network, thereby ensuring the safety of the campus. To build a large-scale sensor network, many technical issues must be considered. Among them, the time synchronization algorithm that can reduce network power consumption is one of the key technical indicators. This paper proposes time synchronization algorithm ideas from two aspects of cluster head synchronization and intra-cluster synchronization. It is applied to the time synchronization process of WSN nodes to reduce the energy consumption of WSN sensor nodes in smart campuses, thereby increasing the robustness of WSN networks.

Energy Efficient Routing Algorithm Based on Harmony Search

Under the premise of limited node energy, an efficient and energy-saving wireless sensor network routing algorithm was proposed to prolong the lifetime of overall network. By analysing the operation pattern of wireless sensor network, the energy model and transmission model was introduced, and BTPHS algorithm based on the above two was proposed. BTPHS algorithm divided the network lifetime into 3 periods. According to the characteristics of the energy distribution and energy consumption in different periods of the network, two new node selection strategies were proposed and a new objective function as a reference standard was provided. The adjustment process of the HS algorithm is abandoned, which makes less parameters in proposed routing algorithm. The experiment results indicate that BTPHS algorithm can prolong the lifetime of overall WSN network effectively.

A novel energy-efficient balanced multi-hop routing scheme (EBMRS) for wireless sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network has been recognized as an attractive candidate among the telecommunication, meteorology, and sensor industries for the last few years owing to its wide range of applications, including environmental- and industrial-monitoring. In this paper, the authors propose an Energy Balanced Multi-hop Routing Scheme (EBMRS) at both the inter- and intra-clustering level to discover the optimal route to the Base Station (BS) for maximizing energy efficiency. It selects the required number of sensor nodes as Cluster-Heads (CHs) based on their Probability of Selection (PS) metrics like the residual energy, the number of hop-counts, and the distance to the BS. Inside inter-cluster communication, each sensor node decreases their energy consumption by using nearest intermediate sensor node to communicate with the CH. During intra-cluster communication, CHs adopt multi-hop approach to transmit the aggregated data to the BS by finding a suitable CH that locates on the way to the BS. Moreover, to avoid unbalance cluster-formation, EBMRS ensure that the CHs locate at a minimum distance from each other. The outcomes report an improvement of a minimum of 40% in the network’s lifetime of the demonstrated WSN network employed with the proposed EBMRS strategy in distinction with the existing energy-efficient routing approaches.

Congestion Control in Cognitive IoT-Based WSN Network for Smart Agriculture

Wireless sensor networking is being used extensively in agricultural activities to increase productivity and reduce losses in various ways. The greenhouse simplifies the concept of planting, which has several benefits in agriculture. In agricultural models, soil pH sensors and gas sensors are commonly used. These sensors are applicable in various Internet of Things (IoT) integrated agricultural activities. The paper discusses the hardware design and working of the proposed model. In addition, various agricultural models used for evapotranspiration are also explained. The key factors such as congestion control are evaluated using the Penman-Monteith equation. This paper focuses on implementing more than two references parameters like evapotranspiration and humidity under different conditions, which aids in splitting the relationship evenly by the number of sources. Furthermore, the paper shows the implementation done with MATLAB and values are adjusted using the code. The paper claims to achieve similar variations with the same source value, validating the proposed model’s efficiency and fairness. In an optimal region, these schemes also demonstrate higher throughput and lower delay rates. The improved packet propagation through the IoT network is demonstrated using visualization tools, and the feedback is computed to determine the overall access amount (A1 + A2) obtained. The experimental results show that the propagation rate is 1.24, more significant than the link capacity value. The claims are verified by showing the improved congestion control as it outperforms different parameters, considering an additive increase condition by 0.3% and multiplicative decrease condition by 1.2 %.

The research on a Multipath Forwarding Strategy in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless communication signals are unstable, WSN network topology changes frequently, network dynamics are strong, and single path forwarding is difficult to provide high quality of service. A vector address-based end-to-end multi-path forwarding mechanism and path recovery algorithm are proposed. Although a single path cannot continuously guarantee network connection, multiple paths together can provide network connection with high reliability. In this method, the caller applies for and stores multiple relatively independent communication paths, and ranks them for use according to the path cost. The experimental results show that the performance of the above method is significantly improved.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Network traffic detection for peer-to-peer traffic matrices on bayesian network in WSN

With the wide application of wireless sensor networks, network security has been a terrible problem when it provides many more services and applications. Rapid usage of internet and connectivity demands a network anomaly system combating cynical network attacks. Meanwhile, it is a common approach for acquiring, which can be used by network operators to carry out network management and configuration. Moreover, a great number of evaluations have been proposed to simulate and analyse the Wireless Sensor Network traffic, it is still a remarkable challenge since, and network traffic characterization has been tremendously changed, in particular, for a sensor computing network. Bayesian Based Network Traffic Prediction (BNTP) is proposed to solve the deep learning of statistical features of network traffic flow so that all the packets were sent to the receiver properly without any traffic density. Bayesian network-based peer-to-peer network traffic design is proposed to determine the spatial structure of traffic flow. PVM fault localization feature is proposed to remove the accuracy measure issues and performance problems. The co-existence mechanism is used to minimize the inference and overlap problem in wireless network devices. This paper avoids the conflicts in traffic analysis and statistical features of the network. The performance of the network is increased to 80% when compared to the existing methods.

Genetic spider monkey‐based routing protocol to increase the lifetime of the network and energy management in WSN

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) include large distributed nodes in the sensing field. However, the sensor nodes may die due to energy deficiency as they are situated in a hostile environment. Therefore, an energy‐efficient WSN routing protocol is necessary in order to better accommodate the various environmental conditions. In this paper, we have proposed a new Energy‐Efficient Genetic Spider Monkey‐based Routing Protocol (EGSMRP) to improve the stability and lifetime of sensor nodes. The operation of EGSMRP is classified into two stages: (i) setup phase and (ii) steady‐state phase. In the setup phase, GSMO‐based cluster head selection procedure is done. In this phase, the base station utilizes the GSMO algorithm as a device to generate energy‐efficient clusters. Followed with this, the steady‐state phase solves the load balancing issue by utilizing the intracluster data broadcast and dual‐hop intercluster broadcasting algorithm. Thereby, the proposed EGSMRP protocol has shown the energy‐based opportunistic broadcasting with reduced control overhead. Simulation is performed in various conditions to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed EGSMRP protocol using different metrics such as throughput, control overhead, energy consumption, end‐to‐end delay, and network lifetime. From the simulation results, it was evident that EGSMRP has achieved a higher performance compared to other traditional approaches such as EBAR, MCTRP, IEEMARP, HMCEER, and EFTETRP.

Nodes Non-uniform Deployment with Energy Harvesting in Linear WSN

Aiming at the problem that the network lifetime declines in linear WSN powered by battery, node energy model with energy harvesting (EH) and prediction is constructed. Based on the model, the multi-sink WSN network is deployed in an optimal non-uniform way. The mathematical expressions of the average packet delivery ratio and throughput density of the optimal deployment strategy are deduced theoretically. The performances of the average packet delivery ratio, throughput density, network lifetime, and residual energy ratio are simulated in EH-WSN and WSN, as well as the ratio q and the signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) threshold θ. The results show that the lifetime of EH-WSN is prolonged by adjusting the ratio q and the SINR threshold θ, compared with WSN powered by battery. The proposed strategy has good scalability, suitable for the non-uniform deployment in linear EH-WSN, especially with a large number of nodes and a long distance.

Review and Analysis of Energy-Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

This review paper focuses on different studies that have examined this subject involving the development and implementation of different energy-efficient routing protocols. Specifically, the paper seeks to unearth issues such as the methodologies adopted, the proposed energy-efficient routing models in different scenarios and applications, and the scholars’ results regarding the impact of the proposed algorithms on the network lifetime of WSNs. From the results, a common trend and emerging theme that have been established demonstrate that when energy-efficient routing systems are implemented, they are likely to minimize the energy consumption of WSN networks. With energy consumption minimized, the resultant efficiency with which the energy-efficient routing protocols are associated contributes to an increase in the network lifetime.

Performance Analysis of Q-Leach Algorithm in WSN

Sensor nodes are exceedingly energy compelled instrument, since it is battery operated instruments. In wsn network, every node is liable to the data transmission through the wireless mode [1]. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is made of a huge no. of small nodes with confined functionality. The essential theme of the wireless sensor network is energy helpless and the WSN is collection of sensor. Every sensor terminal is liable to sensing, store and information clan and send it forwards into sink. The communication within the node is done via wireless network [3].Energy efficiency is the main concentration of a desining the better routing protocol. LEACH is a protocol. This is appropriate for short range network, since imagine that whole sensor node is capable of communication with inter alia and efficient to access sink node, which is not always correct for a big network. Hence, coverage is a problem which we attempt to resolve [6]. The main focus within wireless sensor networks is to increase the network life-time span as much as possible, so that resources can be utilizes efficiently and optimally. Various approaches which are based on the clustering are very much optimal in functionality. Life-time of the network is always connected with sensor node’s energy implemented at distant regions for stable and defect bearable observation [10].

Robust fusion algorithms for multichannel stochastic multiplicative disturbance by multisensor observation

SummaryThis article considers robust fusion algorithms for linear system with multichannel stochastic multiplicative disturbance by using projection theorem and projection formula. Based on the centralized and distributed (feedback and no feedback) fusion strategies, we present optimal filtering fusion algorithms, optimal fixed‐interval smoothing fusion algorithms, and fixed‐interval deconvolution fusion algorithms. The methods of projection theorem and projection formula are used to guarantee the optimality of these derived algorithms. The presented algorithms are much less computation burden and higher accuracy than existing state‐of‐the‐art methods. Numerical simulation results including a WSN network model verify the proposed algorithms.

Enhanced Cluster Head Selection Approach for small scale and large scale network in WSN for improving energy efficiency

Enhanced Cluster Head Selection Approach for small scale and large scale network in WSN for improving energy efficiency

Multiple Sensor on Clustering Wireless Sensor Network to Tackle Illegal Cutting

This paper is intended to purpose a designed system using Wireless Sensor Network application. It is multiple sensors to tackle illegal cutting in the stage of a timber harvesting. This paper also discusses network performance and the costs of the purposed system. In every node in the networks, the system was built using a combined sound sensor and vibration sensor in which incorporated using Xbee Pro S2C. It is considered as a communication module at each sensor node and Arduino Nano to process the data. The Wireless Sensor Network has been designed in three networks with the configuration of master and slave nodes in each network. This system was testing using several scenarios to have the data performance of the networks and the performance of the proposed system in the small forest and the opened area. The costs of the purposed system also compared related to the previous system. The result showed the optimum distance that can be applied in the WSN network as a real-time application using Xbee Pro S2C is less than 30 meters; meanwhile the time consumed to communicate between nodes is below 5 s. Therefore, the more slaves in the subnetwork will affect the performance of the system. The proposed system runs smoothly as predicted in the purposed system. All the testing is 100% completed and can be handled by the proposed system.

Rancang Bangun Control dan Monitoring Sensor Node WSN Menggunakan Protokol Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

The WSN network is increasingly gaining attention because of the potential for new and attractive solutions in the field of industrial automation, asset processing, environmental preparation and others. But there are some problems in building the WSN network. Sensor nodes must manage small, cost-effective, low-resource, node sensors must be managed properly with WSN networks Managing WSN networks, can be done by controlling sensor nodes such as giving commands to data transmission activities and monitoring to determine the condition of sensor nodes. The MQTT protocol with the type of publishing / subscription communication is designed with characteristics similar to the characteristics of the WSN network, which are simple, lightweight, energy efficient and easy to implement. In this study, a server will be implemented that can control and monitor the sensors of the WSN network node using the MQTT protocol. Then RTT parameters are used, Qo parameters include Delay, Jitter, Throughput, Packet Loss and sensor node memory condition parameters when using the MQTT protocol. The RTT and QoS scenarios use variations in data size of 16,32,48,64,80 and 96 bytes. Monitoring memory nodes, performing for 1 minute with a total of 30 data transmissions. The RTT parameter testing results are quite stable. QoS testing is very good with stable delay, jitter, increasing throughput, and 0% of data lost when packet loss testing. The Test Memory node sensor, shows erratic results.

Rancang Bangun Control dan Monitoring Sensor Node WSN Menggunakan Protokol Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)

The WSN network is increasingly gaining attention because of the potential for new and attractive solutions in the field of industrial automation, asset processing, environmental preparation and others. But there are some problems in building the WSN network. Sensor nodes must manage small, cost-effective, low-resource, node sensors must be managed properly with WSN networks Managing WSN networks, can be done by controlling sensor nodes such as giving commands to data transmission activities and monitoring to determine the condition of sensor nodes. The MQTT protocol with the type of publishing / subscription communication is designed with characteristics similar to the characteristics of the WSN network, which are simple, lightweight, energy efficient and easy to implement.In this study, a server will be implemented that can control and monitor the sensors of the WSN network node using the MQTT protocol. Then RTT parameters are used, Qo parameters include Delay, Jitter, Throughput, Packet Loss and sensor node memory condition parameters when using the MQTT protocol. The RTT and QoS scenarios use variations in data size of 16,32,48,64,80 and 96 bytes. Monitoring memory nodes, performing for 1 minute with a total of 30 data transmissions. The RTT parameter testing results are quite stable. QoS testing is very good with stable delay, jitter, increasing throughput, and 0% of data lost when packet loss testing. The Test Memory node sensor, shows erratic results.

Lifetime and Energy Efficiency Improvement Techniques for Hierarchical Networks

The detection points are the detection points in the space of network. The properties of detection points include cost effective materials and longer battery capacity. WSN can span variety of applications like sensing of data related to environment entities, detection of enemy vehicles. Lifetime ratio defines the efficiency of the WSN network operation. There are multiple techniques which can help in improvement of Network Lifetime (NL) spanning from transmission nature, data connections, formation of System and time scheduling. This paper provides the analysis of how energy consumption happens and its effect on lifetime ratio. LEACH and CHEF algorithms responsible for hierarchical kind of routing are discussed in detail with simulation results. The parameters used for comparison includes delay, hops, consumption of energy. Non-Hole detection points, Hole detection points, Non-Hole to Hole Ratio, residual energy, routing overhead and throughput.

Securing Wireless Sensor Networks Against Denial‐of‐Sleep Attacks Using RSA Cryptography Algorithm and Interlock Protocol

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been vastly employed in the collection and transmission of data via wireless networks. This type of network is nowadays used in many applications for surveillance activities in various environments due to its low cost and easy communications. In these networks, the sensors use a limited power source which after its depletion, since it is non‐renewable, network lifetime ends. Due to the weaknesses in sensor nodes, they are vulnerable to many threats. One notable attack threating WSN is Denial of Sleep (DoS). DoS attacks denotes the loss of energy in these sensors by keeping the nodes from going into sleep and energy‐saving mode. In this paper, the Abnormal Sensor Detection Accuracy (ASDA‐RSA) method is utilized to counteract DoS attacks to reducing the amount of energy consumed. The ASDA‐RSA schema in this paper consists of two phases to enhancement security in the WSNs. In the first phase, a clustering approach based on energy and distance is used to select the proper cluster head and in the second phase, the RSA cryptography algorithm and interlock protocol are used here along with an authentication method, to prevent DoS attacks. Moreover, ASDA‐RSA method is evaluated here via extensive simulations carried out in NS‐2. The simulation results indicate that the WSN network performance metrics are improved in terms of average throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), network lifetime, detection ratio, and average residual energy.