Writings Research Articles

Based on teaching materials woman figure in the turkish poetry

In Turkish poetry, the figure of women is important in university curricula. The images of women in the examples shown to students in the taught literary texts are also important in mastering the subject. Since ancient times, woman figure has been one of the most widely used figures in the Turkish literature. We meet women as a lover, a mother and a sister in the works of poets and writers for centuries. In classical poetry, the woman figure has been developed more as a symbol of beauty. When describing the beauty of a woman, the representatives of the Divan literature compared it with the beauties of nature and often equated them with various elements of nature. The value given to women began to change over the period of Turkish literature formed under the influence of the West. Poets and writers are already expressing their views on the role of women in social life and address the problems faced by women.

"MARK TWAIN AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY WRITERS ABOUT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY"

Mark Twain is still widely known for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), but no longer for his writing about science and technology. Yet, Twain’s interest in science and technology, and particularly scientific and technological innovation, was woven into much of his fictional and non-fictional writing throughout his life. Furthermore, not only was Twain an enthusiastic advocate of science and technology, but he was also an enthusiastic advocate of clarity, consistency and conciseness in writing and his writing advice remains timely and relevant to modern writers about science and technology. This paper brings together some of this writing advice and shows its continuing relevance and importance to scientific and technical writers in the twenty-first century.

Karl Grassmann's 1896 paper "critical overview of contemporary theories of the heredity of the psychoses".

Four years before the rediscovery of Mendel's work in 1900, Karl Grassmann published a detailed, scholarly review of the heredity of psychosis which we here review. A full translation is in the appendix. We emphasize seven major conclusions from this review. First, while recognizing the key importance of heredity in the etiology of psychosis. Grassmann was critical of many of the highly speculative extant theories. Second, he reviewed most of the major methodologic concerns in the literature from what kinds of heredity to investigate to the problems with the global use of insanity as a diagnostic category. Third, he discussed in detail genetic theories associated with Degeneration theory, maintaining considerable skepticism. Fourth, he recognized nongenetic contribution to familial transmission. Fifth, he reviewed evidence for both homogeneous and heterogeneous transmission of forms of mental illness in families, suggesting that both were important. Sixth, while he noted that mania, melancholia, and cyclothymia commonly replaced each other in families, Verrücktheit (delusional psychoses) rarely co-segregated in families with these mood disorders. Seventh, Grassmann, like other 19th century writers, saw relatives to be of value only in assessing the level of hereditary predisposition in patients and had limited appreciation of the need for controlled studies.

The ethical night of libertinism: Beauvoir’s reading of Sade

This paper examines Simone de Beauvoir’s reading of the eighteenth century writer and libertine Marquis de Sade, in her essay “Must we Burn Sade?”; a difficult and bewildering text, both in pure linguistic terms and philosophically. In particular, Beauvoir’s insistence on Sade as a “great moralist” seems hard to reconcile with her emphasis, in The Ethics of Ambiguity, on the interdependency of human beings and her exhortation to us to promote other people’s freedom, as well as the aspiration of The Second Sex to equal relations between the genders. While earlier scholars addressed the ethico-political implications of Beauvoir’s essay, they insisted that the ambiguity so fundamental in her philosophy is denied by the Sadean hero, and that the Other can never be attained in his system. In this essay, I argue that Sade paradoxically emerges as an ethical model in Beauvoir’s text: as a writer, he assumes the ambiguity of the human condition in the extreme. Further, Sade reveals the potential of sexuality if it is explored in a form of eroticism that largely transgresses behavior constructed as normal: his writings open up new forms of existence, where, contrary to prevailing ideas, woman’s sexual freedom is claimed as equal to man’s, where genders are unstable and heterosexuality no longer the standard. Beauvoir’s fascination with Sade in this essay can be linked with the seemingly unresolvable asymmetry in the relation between men and women in The Second Sex: in his writings is revealed sexuality’s potential to subvert patriarchal norms and mystifications, and perhaps, in the end, even gender itself.

THE DISTINCTIVE VOICE OF THE COMMONPLACE: BARBARA PYM’S CHALLENGE TO CRITICAL CONVENTIONS

Philip Larkin and Lord David Cecil when asked by the Times Literary Supplement in 1977 to name the most underrated writer of the century, immediately named Barbara Pym, which started a revival in her literary career. In this study, the reasons why Barbara Pym stayed in obscurity after some relative recognition and the reasons why she was named as underrated will be discussed from the perspective of how her commonness in her novels in terms of her treatment of narrative and thematic content takes shape and becomes a distinctive and highlighting quality of her style. Barbara Pym’s subtle involvement with the trivialities of everyday life which is so elegantly and uniquely embedded in her plots gained an unparalled quality that makes her obtain a distinctive voice among her contemporary 20th century writers in English literature.

Słownictwo Adama Mickiewicza w "Etymologicznym słowniku języka polskiego” / ”Etymologicznym słowniku mowy polskiej" Andrzeja Bańkowskiego

The Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego (vols. 1-2, Warszawa 2000)/Etymologiczny słownik mowy polskiej (vol. 3/1, Częstochowa 2014) by Andrzej Bańkowski includes 390 references to and comments about the vocabulary and general nature of the language used by Adam Mickiewicz. The dictionary author’s noted down selected neologisms and regionalisms used by Mickiewicz, considered the poet’s works as the first lexical attestation of many words in the Polish language and demonstrated his lexical references to 16th and 17th century writer and his role in popularizing vocabulary which was also adopted by other 19th century authors. Not all of Bańkowski’s findings are justified and some require clarification, but there can be no doubt that most deserve to be used in a future monograph about the language of Mickiewicz.

A democratic way of controlling artificial general intelligence

The problem of controlling an artificial general intelligence (AGI) has fascinated both scientists and science-fiction writers for centuries. Today that problem is becoming more important because the time when we may have a superhuman intelligence among us is within the foreseeable future. Current average estimates place that moment to before 2060. Some estimates place it as early as 2040, which is quite soon. The arrival of the first AGI might lead to a series of events that we have not seen before: rapid development of an even more powerful AGI developed by the AGIs themselves. This has wide-ranging implications to the society and therefore it is something that must be studied well before it happens. In this paper we will discuss the problem of limiting the risks posed by the advent of AGIs. In a thought experiment, we propose an AGI which has enough human-like properties to act in a democratic society, while still retaining its essential artificial general intelligence properties. We discuss ways of arranging the co-existence of humans and such AGIs using a democratic system of coordination and coexistence. If considered a success, such a system could be used to manage a society consisting of both AGIs and humans. The democratic system where each member of the society is represented in the highest level of decision-making guarantees that even minorities would be able to have their voices heard. The unpredictability of the AGI era makes it necessary to consider the possibility that a population of autonomous AGIs could make us humans into a minority.

City Profile: Manchester, England

City ProfileManchester, England Joshua Allan (bio) Books for Your Table in Chetham’s Reading Room Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi Manchester Happened Oneworld, 2019 Elizabeth Gaskell Mary Barton Penguin Classics, 1997 W. G. Sebald The Emigrants Trans. Michael Hulse New Directions, 2016 Click for larger view View full resolution “THE CITY CENTRE was at once beautiful and scary. . . . The infrastructure alone— of brick and stone—was forbidding. The skyline—dotted by conical, sharp church steeples and tall chimneys—made him feel trapped. . . . Manchester brought to mind a Christian heaven of arches and arches, spires, steeples, pews and church bells. But why would the British sculpt snarling devils on their walls when they lived in such dark misty environs?” This is how Manchester looks to the outsider, or more specifically to the Ugandan immigrant Abu, the protagonist in the first story in Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi’s new collection, Manchester Happened. The date is 1950, but it could just as easily be 1800, when church steeples and mill chimneys clogged the smoky skyline like a chessboard midmatch. And it could just as easily be today, when, even though spire and chimney have given way to flat and office block, the city is still renowned for its gloomy atmosphere and the gothic, industrial architecture that confronts visitors at every turn. Despite—or rather, because of—Manchester’s tenebrous reputation, the city has continued to attract writers for centuries. The beginning of Jane Eyre was written on the site where Manchester Metropolitan University now stands. Head north and you’ll find Chetham’s Library, the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, where Marx and Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. Elizabeth Gaskell wrote her novels in a house on Plymouth Grove—you can still visit it. W. G. Sebald, who came to Manchester to teach, set the final, and most melancholic, part of The Emigrants against the foggy backdrop of “the sprawling mass of Manchester . . . a fire almost suffocated in ash.” My brother lives in a converted mill featured in one of the novel’s black-and-white photographs. If the photo had been taken from the other side, a few decades later, it would have displayed a sign that my brother misread as “burgers” (American cuisine is now ubiquitous in the city). It is in fact a sign for the International Anthony Burgess Foundation, a tribute to the writer who took the opposite trajectory from Sebald by leaving the city as soon as he could. But the “Manchester of frightful slums and hard-head magnates and cotton brokers gorging red meat in chophouses,” “the mother of liberalism and the cradle of the entire industrial system,” never left him. I find myself in a similar position to Burgess, being continually drawn back to Manchester. The city has a staggering literary history, but it is perhaps more dynamic nowadays than it has ever been. Both universities boast renowned creative writing courses, with past and present teachers including Martin Amis, Jeanette Winter-son, Lemn Sissay, and Carol Ann Duffy. In 2017 it was named a unesco city of literature. And as the most linguistically diverse city in western Europe, the city’s status as a cultural wellspring has become indisputable. The “dark misty environs” might remain, but now anyone can feel at home. [End Page 5] Joshua Allan Joshua Allan works for Routledge books in Oxford, England, and writes extensively on the side. He has published in WLT, the Oxford Review of Books, Undercurrent Philosophy, Full Stop, Eunoia Review, and other magazines. Copyright © 2022 World Literature Today and the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma

INTELLECTUAL UTOPIA OF YURII SHEREKH

The paper examines the literary-critical views of Yurii Sherekh of the Artistic Ukrainian Movement’s (MUR) period, clarifes his understanding of ‘visnykivstvo’ and ‘Kyiv neoclassicism’ as literary phenomena, the content and significance of the theory of ‘national organic style’, and the idea of antaeism. The worldview and aesthetic positions of Yurii Sherekh are considered in the context of ideological and literary discussions of the late 1940s. The research involved the literary-critical and historical literary studies written by Yurii Sherekh in the postwar period and interpreted their textual connections with the works by Yurii Sherekh himself and by his intellectual associates and opponents. Yurii Sherekh’s idea of the ‘national organic style’ was not only one of the stages of the literary researcher’s worldview evolution, but also a certain result of the development of Ukrainian literary-critical thought in the mid-20th century. This idea grew out of the literary experience of the 1920s and was associated with the process of updating the national artistic tradition and adopting Western Europe literature’s achievements in the 1940s. The approval of the idea of ‘national-organic style’ in the ideological and aesthetic concepts of Yurii Sherekh was accompanied by the rejection of the ‘Vistnyk’s’ and ‘neoclassical’ traditions. The analysis of the main points of Yurii Sherekh’s polemic with Dmytro Dontsov as a symbolic representative of the “Vistnyk’s” ideology and Volodymyr Derzhavyn as the main supporter of the ‘neoclassicism’ theory reveals some inconsistency of Yurii Sherekh’s definitions of neoclassicism. Yurii Sherekh’s idea of antaeism was a certain Ukrainian equivalent of European existentialism, rooted in the history and philosophy of Ukrainian resistance.
 The paradox of Yuri Sherekh’s theory was in combining the desire for modernity with the return to tradition, while the dogmatism of his ‘national organic’ approach to certain phenomena and works somewhat ideologized his assessments and views. There are reasons to tell about the conventionality of Yurii Sherekh’s division of the Ukrainian mid-20th century writers into ‘organists’ and ‘Europeists’, who visualized, on his opinion, two main directions of Ukrainian literature’s development. In fact, the various types of ‘Europeanism’ and ‘organicity’ were inevitably intertwined.

Transnational Migration, Identity, and the African Literary Experience

This essay seeks to examine transnational migration by looking primarily at 20 th- century writers historicizing the concept of the ‘post-colonial’ and pointing to its development as captured in their writing. In the paper, transnational migration is viewed as the movement of persons across national boundaries where the migrants live their lives across borders, participating simultaneously in social relations that embed them in more than one nation-state, and in which there is a process by which such immigrants forge and sustain multi-stranded social relations that link together their societies of origin and settlement. Going by this definition, all major African writers (such as Ayi Kwei Armah, Chinua Achebe, Ben Okri, and the like), with the possible exception of Ayi Kwei Armah, are transmigrants. This is because their migration took place—is taking place—within fluid social spaces and identity-forming contexts, which are constantly reworked through their simultaneous connectedness to more than one society. In this case, the term that better expresses this situation is ‘post-colonial’. Although there is a growing community of African writers and artists living in the West, it is uncertain how they might influence the events, politics, and cultural discussions within their original homeland. The conclusion is that it is not clear how the transmigration of African intellectuals could help shape the identity and tenor of the post-colonial African literary experience, which has been historically and culturally shaped by the impact of the African colonial experience. In this sense, then, recent migration by the African literati (specifically novelists) to the West is only the latest version of the pull that Europe and the United States of America exert on African post-colonial identity. This is not likely to slow down in the foreseeable future.

On Charles Dickens’ Concerns about Children Development in David Copperfield

Charles Dickens is a great 19th century writer. His works constitute a realistic reflection of the social conditions of that time. David Copperfield is the author’s favorite into which he draws a lot from his childhood experiences. This paper is aimed at exploring his deep concerns about children development in it. Through the narration of David’s miserable childhood, Dickens exposes to readers the deteriorating social, family and school environment for children’s physical and mental health, and also proposes some suggestions. This exploration is sure to urge modern people’s concerns and improvement of children development.

Odnos Liturgije reči i tritektija

The division of the Liturgy into two parts, the Liturgy of the Word and the Liturgy of the Eucharist, is well known and generally recognized. This division did not occur by chance and without reason. The reason for this division is easily noticeable when observing the order of the modern Liturgy. The fact is that the core of the first part of the Liturgy, the Liturgy of the Word, is the reading and interpretation of the Scriptures. On the other hand, the Liturgy of the Eucharist is based on the offering of the Mystery over the Mysteries. However, it is not the only reason for such a division of the structures of the Liturgy. Also, reason for this division is the history of the origin of these two parts of the Liturgy. The Liturgy of the Eucharist was in the early history defined as the Eucharist. The liturgy of the Word enters the Eucharist much later. The main assumption is that it derives its origin from the asmatic rite of the Tritecte. The same origin of the Liturgy of the Word and Tritekte is obvious. This conclusion is reached by simple observation of these two rites. In this paper, we will try to point out some different assumptions and conclusions. Trithekte is first mentioned in 8th century writings, as an integral service. On the other hand, the Liturgy of the Word is mentioned in the 5th century. This is the reason why cannot be valid attitude that the tritekte is origin of the Liturgy of the Word. We must look for the answer further in the history of the origin and development of Christian worship. We will look for the answer in the synaxis worship that originated in the early church.

Russian Historiosophy of the ХXth Century in the Context of the Tradition of the Moral and Psychological Novel by F. Dostoevsky

The article is devoted to the study of the specifics of the receptive influence of the moral and psychological novel by F. Dostoevskys on the development of the Russian historiosophical novel of the XXth century. The relevance of the problem is in the identification of an ideological dominant connected with the key problems associated with the moral attitudes of Dostoevsky's novelistics. The novelty of this study lies in considering, taking into account new ideological assessments of the role and status of a historical person, a historical novel about the narodovoltsy of the 50-60s of the ХХth century. The novels about the narodovoltsy of the 50-60s of ХХth century were chosen as an object of research to reflect the ideological concept of F. Dostoevsky in the receptive field of the searches of the XXth century writers and as a determinant of the moral coordinates of modern phenomena of reality. It is proved that the development of the moral and psychological historical novel in the 60-70s takes place under the strongest influence of the tradition of F. Dostoevsky. The receptive correlation of the genre coordinate system, subjective organization, historiosophical ideologism of the XXth century with the traditions of the moral and psychological historiosophy of Dostoevskys contextual field, on the one hand, forms a new Tynyanov-Forsh tradition, and on the other, develops the traditions of the writer's polyphonic ideological novel on a new level and determines the expansion of the moral polyphonism of the historical novel in its value and psychoanalytic orientation, when the principle of internal ethics begins to dominate the ideological and political fields.

The public and private life of Sol Plaatje

There has been an upswing in attention to South African biography in the past few decades, with a welcome trend towards remaking or revising the canon of important figures from the South African past. This has included edited collections of the works of prominent individuals, and notable among these have been early-twentieth century black African politicians and writers. Historical Publications Southern Africa (renamed from its previous moniker, the Van Riebeeck Society) has published four edited collections of the writings of such individuals since 2008, including Isaac Williams Wauchope, Richard Victor Solope Thema, and A.B. Xuma. A Life in Letters, a collection of Solomon T. Plaatje's correspondence, is the fourth such volume in just over a decade. There are 260 letters, written from 1896 to 1932, included in the book. Most are in English, but some are in Setswana, Dutch/Afrikaans, and a few are in German. Although a number of the letters are from the collections of the Cullen Library at the University of the Witwatersrand, the reviewer counted twenty-seven different collections across three continents. The book is thus an excellent resource not only for historians, but also for students and the general public who now have access to a wide range of Plaatje's thoughts, opinions, and emotions that are evident in his letters.

Historiography as a Subject of Conceptual and Axiological Analysis (Based on Sources about MICHEL MONTAIGNE)

The paper presents the procedure and results of conceptual and axiological analysis based on sources related to life and work of the XVIth century writer, humanist, and philosopher Michel Montaigne. The aim of the conceptual and axiological analysis is to identify notional, ontological, and value-based categories in the prepared historiographical corpus. The analysis was based on Russian, English, French, Italian, German, and Ukrainian texts related to scientific and historical discourse of various themes but united in personality of M. Montaigne. The study appeals to the term personal historiography introduced and used as textual repertory, which forms a well-balances corpus representing the information about a person in the example of M. Montaigne. Several conceptual and axiological components are revealed on the paratextual layer. The linguistic-axiological analysis of titles of texts about M. Montaigne aims to reveal recurrent means used to express verbal subjective evaluations and axiological dominants in modern researchers` discourse dedicated to life, work, and art of the Renaissance philosopher. The overall purpose of the multidisciplinary study of titles, which includes lexical, semantical, conceptual, axiological and content-analysis is to classify concepts, representing central concerns of Montaigne`s researchers, but also to identify axiological dominants of these researches. The analysis resulted in the determination of several basic concept fields perceived as set of concepts` representations with common features. All the recurrent concepts belong to highly various fields: philosophical beliefs; writing; values and anti-values; others; self-identity; intertextuality; politics; physicality; teaching and education. The formed historiographical corpus contains researches focused on all-round reconstruction of personality, creation, ways of thinking, and acts of M. Montaigne. The relevance of the study is ensured by the discovered conceptual multivalence, which indicates the lack of consensus between scientists in the field of M. Montaigne`s personality.

¿Tiene género la escritura?

In 1993, cultural critic Nelly Richards published a polemic article called “Does Writing Have a Sex?”. From this text I aim, on the one hand, to discuss the question that gives her article a name by stating that no, writing does not have a sex; it has a gender. On the other hand, I am interested in addressing Richards’ non-separatist perspective, which refers to the consideration of female writing as counter-hegemonic, a fact shared with male writings. For Richards, being male is not decisive in the appraisal of writing. Moreover, she points out that feminism is at risk of becoming a ghetto if it does not include writing from counter-hegemonic males. From my vision, while it is true that there are different counter-hegemonic writings, it is not possible to de-gender writing; much less to put female and male writings in the same territory, whether they are heterosexual or homosexual, and even less, to catalogue their productions under “female writing”.

Book Review

The significance of Patterson's work Understanding Metaphor Through Corpora: A Case Study of Metaphors in Nineteenth Century Writing is that only through corpus linguistics have we been able to apply real empirical evidence to our arguments of what metaphor is. By demonstrating that metaphor is supposed to be approached from a linguistic perspective along with a psycholinguistic one, Patterson succeeds in drawing readers' attention to the efficacy and the benefits of combining corpus linguistic methodology with the theory of lexical priming. Thus, the volume is an essential reader for students and researchers in corpus linguistics, metaphor studies, lexicography, semantics, and pragmatics.

An Evaluation on the Vocabulary of the Food Names in Ibrahim Tırsî’s Divan

Trying to understand the environment and the existence as it exists is one of the most primary needs of the human nature and this brought together the name and naming tradition. Naming about feeding, which is essential for the existance of life, is especially interesting. Food and drink vocabulary which is created by not only naming what exists but it is also created by what they are made of is very rich in material in terms of the cultural elements which it reflects. Because Traditions, social lives of nations, as well as the place they live, in short, all of their cultural materials take part in the creation of the naming proccess of their foods and drinks. Literary products are without doubt is among the other works where we can easily acquire an idea about a nation‟s social life. In our literature, especially in divans, which divan poets lay information about nearly everything related to their relevant periods, are rich research areas for researchers. In this study, food names which take place in the divans of the 18. Century writer Ġbrahim Tırsî‟s divan, are examined. The study only consists of food materials. “Food and drink names” in general, are not included. In Ġbrahim Tırsî‟s divan, a total of 55 different food names are categorised under 9 sub-categories including; “Soups, meat meals, meaty vegetable meals, vegetable meals, pilaffs, böreks, bread, çörek, pides, pickles, salads and the vocabulary of these sub-categories‟ usage in our contemporary lives is also mentioned. In light of this example from Tırsî Divan, the usage of the food vocabulary in the divan tradition is tried to be determined.

Book Review: Bijl, P., & Chin, G. V. S. (Eds.). (2020). Appropriating Kartini: Colonial, National and Transnational Memories of an Indonesian Icon. : ISEAS. ISBN 978-981-4843-92-8. 198 pages.

This book dicusses the national, regional, and transnational appropriations of Kartini – a young Javanese woman who lived in Jepara, Central Java, between 1879 and 1904. She is recognised internationally as an iconic feminist and nationalist Indonesian figure and is, after Anne Frank, the most widely-read and influential, (originally) Dutch-language author worldwide in the 20th and 21st centuries. Since 1911, her letters, first published in Dutch as “Door duisternis tot licht” (lit. “Through Darkness Into Light”), have been translated into numerous languages including French, Russian, Japanese, Javanese, Sundanese, and Arabic. There are also several versions of Indonesian and English translations. In the 1960s, a republication of the first 1920 English language translation of a selection of her writings was included in the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works.

Review article: The Politics of Gender Hybrid Representation of Delhi

The growth of the metropolitan phenomenon has resulted in the emergence of new power centres in all the countries of the world. These cities have geographical, political and economic significance. The narratives of these cities have been captured by the writers for centuries in their fictional and non-fictional work. The research intends to focus on the representation of the city of Delhi in two prominent works: Khushwant Singh’s Delhi: A Novel and Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness. Both the texts are located in the city of Delhi and have a prominent transgender character at its core and the study aims to understand the writer’s intent and manner of drawing similarities between the city and the character. It also proposes to explore this hybridity of gender as a deliberate tool to represent the city of Delhi. The failure of anyone binary to capture the essence of the city and the advantage of the androgynous approach will be discussed in the paper. It will also endeavour to understand how the phenomenon of cities has led to the creation of spaces that promote hybridity.