Wrinkle Recovery Research Articles

Studies on Anti-wrinkle Properties of Silk Fabrics Dyed with Reactive and Crosslinking Dyes

The anti-wrinkle properties of silk fabrics dyed with four reactive dyes and three crosslinking dyes were investigated. Compared with the undyed silk fabrics, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) of silk fabrics dyed with C.I. Reactive Red 195 and C.I. Reactive Red 141 was increased by 14.9—15.3% when the dye concentration was 0.67 g/L. With the same concentration of synthesized crosslinking dyes PAD1, PAD2 and PAD3, the WRA of dyed silk fabrics was increased by 17.9— 21.3% with high dye reactivity. The anti-wrinkle properties of silk fabrics dyed with the crosslinking dyes were as good as those finished with 1,2,3,4-butaneteracarboxylic acid. Moreover, the anti-wrinkle properties of silk fabrics were improved with the increase of the crosslinking dyes and crosslinker XLC concentration, and the handle of these silk fabrics was still satisfactory. The increment ratio of the WRA of the silk fabrics dyed with crosslinking dyes was about the same as those finished with glyoxal or epoxide EPSIB. It may be concluded that these crosslinking dyes could lead to not only high dye fixation, but also excellent wrinkle-resistant properties of silk fabrics; in addition, it is feasible to dye and finish silk fabrics with crosslinking dyes simultaneously as demonstrated in this study.

An eco-friendly – novel approach for attaining wrinkle – free/soft-hand cotton fabric

A novel approach for upgrading both the wrinkle free and softness properties of cotton fabrics without adversely affecting their strength properties using an eco-friendly finishing regimes was investigated. Factors affecting the performance properties of the finished substrate such as pre-treatment, i.e., carboxymethylation (CMC) or ionic-crosslinking, post-treatment with amino functional silicone softener and its concentration, degree of carboxymethylation as well as thermofixation conditions were studied. The obtained results revealed that post-treatment with the amino based silicone micro emulsion (SiE) up to 30 g/L at pH 4 to a wet pickup of 100% followed by drying at 100 °C for 5 min and curing at 170 °C for 3 min results in a remarkable improvement in fabric resiliency (expressed as dry and wet wrinkle recovery angles), as well as in softness degree, without seriously affecting its retained strength. Improvement extent of the aforementioned properties is governed by the nature of the pre-treatment steps. Fixation of the amino-functional silicone softener onto/or within the modified cellulose structure is accompanied by a formation of semi-inter and/or intra-penetrated network (semi-IPN) thereby enhancing both the extent of crosslinking and networking as well as providing very high softness. FTIR analysis proved the formation of Si–O–Si–cellulose complex. Scanning electron micrograph shows that cotton, CMC and ionic crosslinked cotton fabrics treated with SiE shows higher surface smoothness and considerable reduction in protruding loose fibers, ditches and grooves compared with the untreated one.

Optimization of Ionic Crosslinking Process: An Alternative to Conventional Durable Press Finishing

Cotton fiber has a natural tendency to wrinkle. In order to overcome this undesired property several durable press finishes were proposed and have been used for a long while. However, most of these chemical finishes release formaldehyde, a suspected human carcinogen, which causes fabric to lose strength and to yellow. Non-formaldehyde alternatives to these finishes are expensive. Thus, a non-formaldehyde finish prepared by using common and more available chemicals is required. In this study, we prepared anionic cotton fabric and further treated it with a novel crosslinker, namely cationic glycerin. We focused on optimizing an ionic crosslinking process in terms of the treated fabric's wrinkle recovery angle (WRA). Our results showed that high WRA results may be achieved and the strength of fabric may also be increased.

Enhancement of Wrinkle Free Properties of Carboxymethylated Cotton Fabric via Ionic Crosslinking with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone)

Incorporation of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) in the structure of cotton, carboxymethylated cotton (CMC) or ionically crosslinked cotton fabric induces besides ether crosslinking of cotton cellulose, strong columbic forces and weaker forces such as dipole—dipole, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals, or hydrophobic interactions. The ether bonds are formed in the dry state (i.e., un-swelled state), whereas, the other interactions are formed in wet state (i.e., swelled state) of cotton fabrics. Both interactions greatly enhance wet and dry wrinkle recovery angle of cotton fabric without strength loss. Fixation of PVP onto cotton or CMC fabric was achieved thermally by curing the treated fabric at 140°C for 5 minutes. Higher wet and dry wrinkle recovery angles (WRA and DRA) were obtained with lower molecular weight PVP (3000 Da) compared with higher molecular weight one (8000 Da). The results obtained also show that a balance between WRA, DRA as high as 228° and 225°, respectively, could be obtained without loss in tensile strength and elongation at break by treatment CMC fabric having carboxyl content 115 meq/100 g fabric with 4% PVP then cured at 140°C for 5 minutes. Additionally, treatment of the ionically crosslinked fabric (having 115 meq/100 g fabric carboxyl content and 0.22% nitrogen content) with 4% aqueous PVP enhances the DRA and WRA to reach a value of 289° and 286°, respectively, without any loss in the strength properties of the fabrics. These values of WRA and DRA are much higher than those obtained with cotton fabric (blank) or carboxymethylated cotton. The existence of ionic interaction and ether bonds as well as functional groups introduced into cotton fabrics were confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy.

Improvement of wrinkle-resistant treatment by nanotechnology

In this research, the non-formaldehyde wrinkle-resistant treatment of cotton fabrics has been investigated using the 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid as cross-linking agent and sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite as catalyst together with nano titanium dioxide as co-catalyst compound. The effect of changes in the concentration of 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid and nano titanium dioxide on the wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength, tearing strength and bending length of cotton fabrics was evaluated. It was found that the addition of nano titanium dioxide could enhance the wrinkle resistance and decrease the bending length of the cotton fabric with little effect on the tearing and tensile strength of the treated fabrics.

Synthesis of some new 2‐[(2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene) hydrazinyl]‐4‐methylthiazole derivatives for simultaneous dyeing and finishing for UV protective cotton fabrics

AbstractSeveral 2‐[1‐(1,2‐dihydroinden‐3‐ylidene) hydrazono]‐5‐aryldiazo‐4‐methyl‐1,3‐thiazoles were synthesized by reaction of 1‐(1,2‐Dihydroinden‐3‐ylidene) thiosemicarbazide with different hydrazonyl chlorides. The products are water insoluble and UV absorbers, expressed UPF‐rating values, and their H2O/DMF solutions were used in simultaneous dyeing and resin finishing of cotton fabrics. Results obtained show that finishing of cotton samples in presence of any of that dyes, irrespective of dye concentration, brings about an improvement in percent nitrogen, wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), dyeability, and UV protection rating values along with slight decrease of tensile strength (TS) compared with the untreated samples. Irrespective of dye structure, increasing the dye concentration from 0.5 and up to 1.7% results in an improvement in the percent nitrogen, TS and a remarkable improvement in both the dyeability, UPF‐rating values along with slight decrease in WRA and lower fastness properties of the treated fabrics. The treated fabrics was characterized using energy dispersive X‐ray analysis indicating the entrapped dye within the fabric structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

Wool 직물의 나노 발수 발유가공

Wool fabric having high moisture content were treated with fluorocarbon-based water and oil repellent finishing agents by pad-dry-cure system. Three types of finishing agents which were regular-type or nano-type were adapted to compare the surface chemical composition, water and oil repellent property, crease recovery angle, and durability to repeated laundering. From the surface chemical compositions resulted by ESCA and C1s curve-fitting, it was shown that the regular-type finishing agent were easily taken off from the finished wool fabrics after repeated laundering. On the other hand, the fluoroalkyl groups of nano-type finishing agents turned round from fabric surface to fiber internal after repeated laundering. The water repellency of the wool fabrics treated with regular-type agent had a little changes according to the treatment condition changes and sharply decreased with repeated laundering. However, these values when treated with nano-type agents increased with the concentration and cure temperature and were maintained after 20 times laundering. The wool fabrics treated with nano-type agent had a great oil repellency irrespective of treatment conditions. Furthermore, the wrinkle recovery values of the wool fabrics treated with nano-type agents were higher than those of the fabrics treated with regular-type agent and were unchanged after 20 times laundering.

Elasticity and Shape Memory Effect of Shape Memory Fabrics

An attempt has been made in this paper to investigate the distinction between shape memory effect and the wrinkle recovery property of cotton fabrics in terms of temperature sensitivity and elasticity. Elasticity is an inherent characteristic of typical wrinkle-free fabrics, because they are suppose to recover after the release of an external force that creates wrinkling, whereas the shape memory effect of a fabric needs extra energy (heating) to allow the fabric to return to its original shape from the wrinkled appearance. An experimental investigation of elasticity of fabrics finished with conventional dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and the shape memory effect of fabrics treated with shape memory emulsions under repeated laundering has also been reported. The results reveal a higher elasticity, in terms of the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), for shape memory fabrics than those finished with DMDHEU. It was observed that the shape memory fabrics exhibit substantially better flat appearance and crease retention behavior after repeated laundering and drying. Under both hot water and air environment, the WRA of shape memory fabrics has a significant increase at 60°C showing a rapid change from 50 to 60oC. The WRA of these fabrics shows a positive correlation to the flat appearance ratings.

A new catalyst for glyoxal durable press finish of cotton fabrics

Aluminum ammonium sulfate was used as a new catalyst for glyoxal to minimize the decrease of physical properties of durable press cotton fabrics, and the optimum treatment conditions such as the concentration of glyoxal, molar ratio of catalyst to glyoxal, curing temperature and time were investigated. The retention of tensile strength and the whiteness of fabrics treated with glyoxal/aluminum ammonium sulfate was increased as much as to the degree of that obtained with glyoxal/aluminum sulfate while wrinkle recovery angles were as good as those of the latter. Some additives such as DEG, polyurethane and softener were used to improve the physical properties. When DEG or polyurethane was added to the glyoxal padding solution, wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) significantly increased while tensile strength and whiteness were not influenced. DEG added to the glyoxal padding solution increased the durability of DP finish. The softener added to the glyoxal padding solution increased the WRA of treated fabrics while it decreased the tensile strength slightly. The whiteness of fabrics treated with glyoxal alone increased while the WRA decreased slightly.

Fabrication of cotton nano-powder and its textile application

A combination of chemical and mechanical treatment of cotton produced cotton powder (fibrils) with a mean diameter of 97 nm is analyzed by Laser Particle Size Analyzer. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) study showed that the diameter of the fibrils was about 10–30 nm and the length was from 70nm to over 400 nm. The powder was then coated onto fabrics (100% polyester fabric, 100% wool fabric and 100% cotton fabric). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study showed that cotton fibrils were adhered to the surface of treated fabrics (fibers). The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value (AS/NZS 4399: 1996) for cotton fabrics increased about 20% after the treatment. This implies that the treated samples give a better protection from UV light. The moisture management test (MMT) of the fabrics such as wetting time at bottom, top maximum absorption rate, bottom maximum absorption rate, bottom maximum wetted radius and bottom spreading speed, et al., showed that there were significant changes after the treatment. These changes gave better moisture management ability to the treated fabrics and thus made the fabric more comfortable. However, Wide-angle X-ray Diffraction and Fourie Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis proved that supermolecular structure and chemical structure of treated fabrics were the same as the original fabrics. Other properties of the treated fabric such as thermal conductivity, wrinkle recovery, hand, et al., did not change. This implied that the basic function of the treated fabrics for the clothing industry was the same as untreated fabrics. This study is a foundation for further researches on textile application.

Finishing of Cotton by Polyacrylic Rubber in Presence of NaH2PO4 as Catalyst Under Thermal Treatment

ABSTRACT Cotton fabric was modified using polyacrylic rubber as a finishing agent in the presence of ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sodium salts of phosphoric acid as catalysts, employing a pad-dry-cure technique. Treatment with 8% polyacrylic rubber in presence of 1.2% NaH2PO4, followed by drying of the padded fabric at 95°C for 5 min. and curing of the dried fabric at 140°C for 5 min., produced balanced improvements in properties such as tear strength, flexibility, tensile strength elongation at break, moisture regain, abrasion resistance, and wrinkle recovery. Functional group analysis and IR spectroscopy indicated that the NaH2PO4 catalyst allowed esterification of carboxyl groups of polyacrylic rubber with the cellulose constituents of cotton and the process ultimately led to some degree of crosslinking of the chain polymers of cotton.

Evaluation of Finishing Processes for Linen Fabrics Using the Kawabata Evaluation System

Abstract The main problems of linen textiles are roughness, stiffness, and wrinkling tendency. To solve these problems, different finishing processes are necessary. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different finishing processes such as enzymatic treatment with cellulases, softening process with micro-silicone softener, and wrinkle resistance treatment with modified-DMDHEU (dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea), on the mechanical properties of linen fabric. The bio-polishing of linen fabrics was performed in laboratory type exhausting machine. The softening and wrinkle resistance processes were realized with laboratory padder for impregnation and laboratory stenter for drying and curing. The Kawabata Evaluation System was used to test tensile, bending, and shearing properties of linen fabric treated with different finishing processes. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angles (WRAs) of untreated and treated samples were also investigated according to DIN 53890. It was found that the bio-polishing process is important like softening processes in accordance with the softness feel of linen fabric. While the WRA of the treated fabrics had increased, the mechanical properties (tensile, shear, and bending) of fabrics did not change significantly.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE WEAVE AND THE METHOD OF STITCHING ON SELECTED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOVEN DOUBLE FABRICS

Abstract This paper reports the influence of the weave and the method of stitching on the mechanical properties of double woven fabrics. Double fabrics have a more complex construction, which is altered not only by type of weave, yarn fineness, and thread density in comparison with single fabrics, but also by the method of stitching. The main goal of our research was to find out if the type of weave and method of stitching have a statistically important effect on selected mechanical properties of woven double fabrics, such as breaking strength, breaking elongation, tearing strength, wrinkle recovery and fabric stiffness, in order to extend the knowledge of double fabric construction. The testing samples were made from 100% cotton fabrics.

Structure and properties of silk fibroin modified cotton

In this research, a novel cotton fiber with a silk fibroin (SF) coating was prepared by the oxidation of a cotton thread with sodium periodate and subsequent treatment in a solution of silk fibroin. The structures of both the oxidized cotton samples and the SF modified cotton samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) in combination with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. Other performances such as surface morphology and breaking strength were also studied. The results indicated that the weight of the oxidized cotton samples increased during SF treatment, while that of the un-oxidized cotton (pure cotton) samples reduced after SF treatment. Compared with the pure cotton samples, the oxidized cotton clearly showed a characteristic absorption band at 1730 cm−1 due to the stretching vibration of the C=O double bond of the aldehyde group. After being treated with the SF solution, the oxidized cotton fiber showed a weakened characteristic absorption band at 1730 cm−1 and a new absorption band at round 1540 cm−1, suggesting the formation of C-N bond between aldehyde groups in the oxidized cotton and primary amines in the silk fibroin. The results were also confirmed by XPS analysis. Compared with the oxidized cotton samples, the SF treated cottons had relatively smooth surfaces, similar breaking strength, and the improved wrinkle recovery angles. The results in this research suggest that cotton based materials with protein coating can be achieved without using any other crosslinking agents by the method introduced.

Application of Microbial Transglutaminases in Anti-Crease Finish of Silk Fabric

In this paper, microbial transglutaminase (MTG) was applied to process silk fabric for improving its crease resistance under the prerequisite of maintaining other performances. Not only was the effect of MTG on silk fabric investigated through the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FR), but analysis was also undertaken in the microcosmic structure of fibroin through the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Solo MTG treatment as well as compound treatments of MTG followed by hydrogen peroxide, protease and ultrasonic, all showed that MTG can improve the crease resistance of silk fabric. It also enhanced its tensile breaking strength or amended damage in the tensile breaking strength caused by pretreatments.Simultaneously, comparison with other treatments showed that compound treatment of MTG followed by ultrasonic exerted a better coordinated effect and conferred better performances, which made the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increase by 17.4% and tensile breaking strength improve by 11.2% respectively. At the same time, other performances were still maintained well.

Property Analysis of Denim Fabrics Made on Air-jet Weaving Machine Part II

In the second part of the study, 3/1 left-hand twill denim fabrics were woven with different filling yarns. The yarn characteristics are correlated to filling tension. Experimental results have shown that yarn count, twist multiplier, hairiness, friction coefficient and other yarn properties have effects on filling tension and filling tension affects the fabric properties. Fabric properties — fabric weight, thickness, air permeability, dimensional stability, abrasion resistance, drapeability, stiffness, wrinkle recovery, tear strength and tensile strength — were tested. It was found that tension had significant effects on some fabric properties. The relationships between fabric properties and filling tension were established.

Synthesis of a novel perfluorinated acrylate copolymer containing hydroxyethyl sulfone as crosslinking group and its application on cotton fabrics

An acrylate monomer (2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfonyl] ethyl acrylate) containing hydroxyethyl sulfone as crosslinking group was synthesized and a novel perfluorinated acrylate copolymer (NPAC) was prepared by emulsion polymerization. The average size of the emulsion particles was about 101 nm. NPAC was applied to cotton fabric by a pad–dry–cure process. The finished fabric showed excellent water and oil repellency rating and good washing durability without adding extra crosslinking agent. Some other physical performances of the finished fabrics were examined. The dry wrinkle recovery angle (WRA ( W + F)°) increased to 214°. The tearing and tensile strength retention and whiteness index (WI) of the finished fabric decreased to 70, 63, and 69.7%, respectively, compared with the untreated fabric.

Ultra-violet protection and water repellency of polyester fabrics treated by surface deposition of nickel under the effect of low temperature plasma

This paper is aimed at understanding the textile properties of nickel-deposited polyester fabric after treating with low temperature plasma treatment. Low temperature plasma treatment with oxygen gas was employed in this paper to activate a hydrophilic surface for the polyester fabrics and hence facilitate the nickel deposition through an electroless plating process. The textile properties of plasma-induced electroless nickel-plated polyester fabrics were evaluated by different standard testing methods in terms of both physical and chemical performances. The electroless nickel plating with plasma treatment improved significantly the performance of nickel-plated polyester fabrics as reflected by the scanning electron microscopy, tensile strength, ultraviolet protection as well as fabric weight. On the contrary, it also enhanced the fabric thickness and colour fastness to crocking. In addition, there was no influence on the performance of colour fastness to light and colourfastness to laundering. Moreover, the application of plasma treatment adversely affected slightly the performance of contact angle and wrinkle recovery property.

Hybrids for finishing cotton fabric with durable handle performance

New poly(acrylic acid/epichlorohydrin) hybrids were prepared under different polymerization conditions and the proper hybrid was used as a stiffening agent or what may be called hand builder. The latter was incorporated in dimethyloldihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) finishing formulation and the onset of this on fabric performance as monitored by nitrogen content, wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength, stiffness, dyeability, and oily stain release was studied. Durability of the new finish was also examined. Results disclose substantial improvement in fabric performance and imply that the hybrid in question acts as a durable hand builder through fixation via its hydroxyl groups within the DMDHEU finish which, in turn, is chemically bonded to cotton cellulose. Scanning electron microscopy of finished fabric revealed that this chemical bonding resulted in hybrid encapsulation, deposition and/or coating of fabric fibers.

Cyclodextrin-4 Hydroxy benzophenone inclusion complex for UV protective cotton fabric

An inclusion complex was formed by the reaction of β -cyclodextrin (β -CD) with 4-hydroxy benzophenone (4-HBP), since β -CD acts as a hosting molecule for 4-HBP. The inclusion complex was added to a finishing bath containing citric acid (CA) and sodium hypophosphite (SHP) as a catalyst to provide the cotton fabric anti-crease and ultraviolet (UV) protection properties. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) is the scientific term used to indicate the amount of UV protection provided to skin by fabric. The factors affecting the performance properties and UPF were studied in detail. It was noted that at 0.25 g β -CD and 4-HBP represent the optimum concentration for both of the UPF and anti-crease properties. Increasing the CA and SHP concentrations lead to an increase in the UPF and the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), while the tensile strength of the finished fabric decreases. Also increasing the curing temperature and/or prolonging the duration enhanced the UPF and WRA. While the tensile strength decreased significantly, the durability of the UV protective cotton fabric against successive washings was evaluated at different numbers of washing cycles (0, 15, and 30 washing cycle). The finished fabrics show an excellent durability against 30 successive washing cycles.