Wrinkle Recovery Angle Research Articles

Study of Cotton Grafting with Hemiacetal - MCT-b-CD Derivative Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Statistical Analysis

The dihydrated forms of the 40% glyoxal solution undergo a dehydration process (in the presence of HCl), when the proportion of non-hydrated glyoxal increases. In the presence of a dilute ethanol solution, the non-hydrated glyoxal generates a hemiacetal. The presence of hemiacetal is confirmed by FT-IR analysis by increasing of the peaks at 1053 cm-1, 1107 cm-1 and by decreasing of the peak at 1746 cm-1. The grafting of cotton with the final grafting agent obtained from the interaction of hemiacetal with MCT-b-CD, was possible using pad-dry-cure technology. The presence of MCT-b-CD on cotton fabric was confirmed by FT-IR analysis (by the peaks of 1535 cm-1 and 787 cm-1) and by the yellowing of the sample. Confirmation of the grafting is given both by increasing the pickup / take-up degrees and by increasing the wrinkle recovery angles (WRA). The statistical analysis of these indices indicates low values for standard deviation (SD), standard error of the mean (SEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV).

Highlighting a Cotton Grafting Process Using the Spectral Subtraction Method and Statistical Analysis

Spectral subtraction method was used to prove the grafting onto cotton fabrics of some derivatives of glyoxal with monochlorotriazinyl-b-cyclodextrin (MCT-b-CD). Glyoxal was initially brought in contact with HCl. The formed compound was brought in contact with MCT-b-CD, in presence of NaOH as catalyst. The resulted product was applied on cotton samples using the pad-dry-cure technology. The presence of MCT-b-CD on the final samples was confirmed by a spectroscopic analysis (spectral subtraction method) and the phenolphthalein test. Spectral subtraction method notifies any change between two (or more) FT-IR spectra. This method is very useful when the analyzed spectra are very similar and the classic FT-IR analysis fails to clearly highlight what is different between those 2 spectra, because the overlays are illegible. The grafting effects were confirmed by the increases of take-up degrees and wrinkle recovery angles (WRA). The WRA results were statistic analyzed with the standard deviation SD, the standard error of the mean (SEM) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The taking-up degrees considerably increased as compared to the reference samples, and the WRA values depend on the length and the flexibility of the product grafted on cotton.

Preparation of linear piperazine/phosphorous/polysiloxane copolymer and its application on cotton fabrics

A novel flame retardant α, ω-di[(4-butoxy-piperazin-1-yl)-phosphinic acid methyl ether]-terminated linear polysiloxane was prepared. The flammability and thermal decomposition behaviors of fabrics were systematically estimated by limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test, horizontal flame test, thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimeter, respectively. The combustion performances of fabrics have proven to be intensely affected by flame retardant. As a result, the value of limiting oxygen index enhanced from 18 to 30%, and the ignition time increased too. The values of total heat release, heat release rate and mass loss decreased. This also can be confirmed by the increase in ignition time/the relative peak ratio and the decrease in CO2/CO ratio. The morphologies of the residues were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and it showed that flame retardant formed an expandable char layer to play a protective role in the degradation of fabrics. The chemical structure of residue of fabric was studied by Fourier transform infrared, and the result demonstrated that the treated fabric showed better flam retardant property by promoting the carbonization of fabric, forming the carbonaceous–siliceous layer. In addition, through the wash durability test, the value of limiting oxygen index of the treated fabric remained at 26.3% after 25 times washing, while the one of the untreated fabrics was 18.0%, which meant a better durability flame-retarding effect of the treated one. The tearing strength, tensile strength and wrinkle recovery angle were also investigated to analyze the effects of the flame retardant on untreated fabric.

Effect of anti-creasing component on properties of two-ply cotton yarn

Durable press finishing is a common process used to impart wrinkle-free properties to cotton fabrics through the crosslinking of cellulose macromolecules. Unfortunately, this process results in a loss of fabric strength and decreases the durability of garments. If the content of crosslinked fibers is reduced in the fabrics, their strength would be retained to a greater extent. In addition, hydrophilic property, permeability, and quality of fabrics could be improved. In the past, researchers primarily focused on the strength of the whole fabric. In this study, single cotton yarns were treated with formaldehyde-based N-methylol finishing agents. Subsequently, they were plied together according to different proportions, and then further cured at a certain temperature. The tensile strength, elongation at break, breaking time, work of rupture and bending rigidity were used to investigate the effects of the treatment on the mechanical properties of cotton yarns. Wrinkle recovery angle was used to evaluate the anti-creasing property of the yarns. The results suggest that when the yarns are plied together in different proportions, their mechanical and anti-creasing properties change with the treatment to which they have been subjected as well as with their blending proportion. Moreover, a reduced anti-creasing yarn proportion decreased the amount of formaldehyde released. This study will guide further development of environmentally friendly anti-crease processing methods.

Non-phosphorus catalysts for the ester cross-linking of cellulose with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid

We studied eight carboxylates as potential catalysts for the cellulose cross-linking with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and compared them with sodium hypophosphite (SHP). The results showed that the fabrics treated with sodium formate (SF) exhibited the highest wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) among the selected carboxylates, nearly equivalent to the WRA of the fabrics treated with SHP. We compared the radii and relative concentration ratios of different carboxylates anions, and found that SF had a particular amount of anions in the optimum pH range of the BTCA finishing bath, and had the smallest anion radius, both of which accounted for the higher WRA. The SF anions were present throughout the curing process. Based on the thermogravimetric analysis curves of SF and SHP, SF significantly decreased the temperature of the anhydride formation. In addition, the FTIR spectra displayed a stronger ester absorbance of the fabrics treated with BTCA/SF than those treated only with BTCA, which confirmed that SF accelerated the esterification between BTCA and cellulose.

Structure and properties of silk fibroin grafted carboxylic cotton fabric via amide covalent modification

A novel eco-friendly production of silk fibroin-grafted carboxylic cotton fabrics without using any crosslinking agents was developed via the reaction of silk fibroin with oxidized cotton. The effect of reaction parameters on mechanical properties of oxidized fabrics and graft add-on of silk fibroin in grafted fabrics was examined. The results showed that appropriate oxidation time of HNO3/H3PO4–NaNO2 mixture and grafting time of fibroin were 45min and 2h respectively. FTIR analysis of grafted sample indicated that the CN amido bond was generated through the reaction between primary amines in silk fibroin and carboxyl groups in oxidized cotton, which was further confirmed by XPS spectra. The grafted fabrics were also evaluated for physical properties like tensile strength, wrinkle recovery angle, moisture regain and yellowness index. Cactus flavonoid coated on grafted fabric through treatment with flavonoid extract of cactus, such treated fabric exhibited a highly inhibitory effect against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Generation of hydroxyl radicals and effective whitening of cotton fabrics by H2O2 under UVB irradiation

Chemically crosslinked cotton fabrics may show yellowish appearance, especially citric acid (CA) crosslinked ones. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching under alkaline condition could improve the whiteness of the CA-crosslinked cotton fabrics but sacrificing certain crosslinking performance of the products due to alkaline hydrolysis of ester connections. Regular H2O2 and UV irradiation (H2O2/UV) system can destroy color but also damage fibers due to the use of very short wavelength of UVC such as 254nm or shorter. Now, it was found that longer wavelength UV such as 312nm performed better in H2O2/UV systems on CA-crosslinked cotton fabrics. The reaction mechanism and potential product of the oxidation reaction on CA-crosslinked cotton were proposed and demonstrated. UV–vis spectrophotometer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provided key evidence. Whiteness, wrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength of the fabrics were evaluated, and the results support the mechanism. The process is environmentally friendly and highly efficient.

Preparation of long-lasting fragrant worsted fabrics using polypropylene-imine (PPI) dendrimer

Purpose The production of long-lasting fragrant semi-worsted fabrics using dendritic compounds as one of the nano size materials is concerned. Also quantitative assessments of the odour intensity of the fragrant fabrics using an electronic-nose (E-nose) are made. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The semi-worsted fabrics were perfumed using the second generation of polypropylene-imine (PPI) dendrimer as a host molecules. The ginseng and rosewater fragrances as guest molecules were applied into the PPI dendrimer to produce long-lasting fragrant fabrics. The odour intensity as well as long-lasting properties of the fragrant fabrics perfumed recently and the other sample perfumed one year ago were evaluated via E-nose fabricated in our laboratory. Physical properties of the fragrant fabrics were compared to the non-fragrant ones. Findings The interaction between ginseng and rosewater fragrances with the second generation of PPI dendrimer into the semi-worsted fabrics made a long-lasting fragrant fabrics without considerable impacts on bending length, air permeability and wrinkle recovery angles based on statistical analysis. However, the effects of making fragrant fabrics on the increasing weight are significant. In addition, the E-nose was successfully used to monitor the release of ginseng and rosewater fragrance from the fabrics by the response patterns of a temperature-modulated chemo-resistive gas sensor. E-nose analysis showed that the aroma intensity released from the old fragrant semi-worsted fabrics has no obvious diversity from that of new fragrant fabrics. Originality/value The findings suggest that the semi-worsted fabrics perfumed with dendritic materials revealed excellent sustained release property.

Investigation on the novel measurement for fabric wrinkle simulating actual wear

It is very important to measure fabric wrinkling objectively and accurately. However, the most commonly used measurements could not be employed to realistically evaluate and predict how fabric will resist wrinkle when worn on human body. In our previous study, an equipment of measuring fabric wrinkling that can simulate actual wear was proposed. In this paper, we conduct further investigation on the measurement for fabric wrinkle-simulating actual wear, including improving the equipment, validating its repeatability, and clarifying its more accurate relationship with the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) method. Results show that the measuring repeatability of the method is much better than WRA method and fabric wrinkling in the warp and bias direction plays more important part than weft. Therefore, it is advisable that WRA of the bias should be increased, whose measurement stability is the best in the WRA method as well. Equations of Wrinkle Density (WD) with WRAs are established, which can be used to estimate wrinkling of clothes after actual wear only by several WRAs of fabrics, avoiding the tedious clothes making and trial work.

Investigation on Functional Properties of 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid Cross-Linked Fabrics Impacted by Molecular Structures and Chemical Affinity of Catalysts

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), catalyzed by sodium hypophosphite (SHP), brings good antiwrinkle property to cotton fabrics and causes significant strength losses due to cross-linking and acidic degradation of cellulose simultaneously. Previous studies presented optimum pH values for different catalysts based on wrinkle recovery angle but without analyzing the tensile strength losses (TSL) of the treated fabrics. Here, the differences in TSL were analyzed from catalyst diffusibility and affinity to BTCA and cellulose based on anion sizes and Hansen solubility parameters of the corresponding acids of catalysts, respectively. Results showed that smaller catalyst anions such as the SHP anion would diffuse into the fibers more deeply, causing more TSL due to more cross-linking (TSLC). Besides, the lower affinity of the catalyst to BTCA and cellulose would accelerate the cross-linking reaction, also resulting in more TSLC. Connolly accessible area of an acid anion, catalyst anion concentration, and ...

Preparation and performance evaluation of phosphorus-nitrogen synergism flame-retardant water-borne coatings for cotton and polyester fabrics

Three phosphorus-nitrogen content effective synergist flame-retardant water-borne coatings have been synthesized, and their structures were characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Cotton and polyester fabrics have been treated by coatings to improve their flame retardancy. The thermal performances and flame retardant properties of treated samples were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), horizontal flame test, vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index (LOI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The combustion performances of cotton and polyester fabrics have proven to be strongly affected by flame-retardant coatings and HFD-coating performed the best. As a result, the LOI value of treated cotton increased to 22.5, and the UL-94 value of treated polyester achieved V-0. In addition, the antistatic behavior, hydrostatic pressure, tearing strength and wrinkle recovery angle of samples were studied carefully, and the results showed that all of these performances were improved.

Antibacterial efficacy of functionalized silk fabrics by radical copolymerization with quaternary ammonium salts

ABSTRACTQuaternary ammonium salts Quats‐C8, Quats‐C12, and Quats‐C18 with different alkyl chain lengths have been successfully synthesized, and used for modifying silk fabrics. The optimum reaction conditions of initiator concentration, curing temperature, curing time, and monomer concentration have been studied. The modified fabrics of silk‐g‐C8, silk‐g‐C12, and silk‐g‐C18 were characterized by FTIR spectra. Antibacterial test showed that the modified silk fabrics possessed potent antibacterial activity against both Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. The carbon number in the alkyl chain of monomers Quats‐C8, Quats‐C12, and Quats‐C18 can affect the antibacterial efficacy. With longer alkyl chain, the antibacterial efficacy increased. The quaternary ammonium salts‐modified silk fabrics have small change on the tensile strength and wrinkle recovery angle, and have shown potential practical application. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43450.

Low‐temperature plasma processing for the enhancement of surface properties and dyeability of wool fabric

ABSTRACTIn the present investigation, wool fabric was treated with a low‐temperature air plasma. The plasma discharge power and treatment time were varied. The effect of plasma treatment on various fabric properties such as wettability, wickability, dyeability, crease recovery angle, breaking strength, and elongation at break was investigated. Surface morphology was studied using SEM micrographs. The fabric became substantially hydrophilic even with a short duration of air plasma treatment of 30 s with improvement in dye uptake and in the rate of dyeing when dyed at a lower temperature. Under these treatment conditions, aging was almost nil in a dry environment, even after 45 days, whereas some aging was observed in a humid (75% relative humidity) environment. A 20% increase in the breaking strength and 24% increase in the elongation at break were observed with reduction in wrinkle recovery angle to 133–144° from 169° for untreated fabric. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43097.

Catalytic Actions of Sodium Salts in Direct Esterification of 3,3′4,4′-Benzophenone Tetracarboxylic Acid with Cellulose

Aromatic polycarboxylic acids can directly react with cellulose to form ester cross-linking structures and provide wrinkle resistance functions to cotton fabrics, different from aliphatic polycarboxylic acids, which will form anhydrides as intermediates. Sodium hypophosphite is a catalyst proven effective in the reactions of both acids. In order to find alternative catalysts, the mechanism of the direct esterification and the role of the catalyst in the reaction were investigated in this study. Several sodium salts of phosphorous acid and dichloroacetic acid with varied pKa values were employed in the treatment of cotton fabric with 3,3′,4,4′-benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid (BPTCA). The results confirmed that the overall reaction follows the Fischer esterification mechanism, an acid catalyzed reaction. The acid anions also play an important role in the reaction. Results of wrinkle recovery angles, FTIR band ratios of ester bonds, and thermogravimetric analyses of the treated fabrics consistently support...

Effect of Wrinkle Free Finishing of Cotton Twill Fabric

Wrinkle free finishing is a widely used functional finishing process to produce wrinkle-resistant cotton fabrics at the expense of tearing strength of fabrics. In this research, full factors and orthogonal experiments were carried out to invesitgate the mechnism between the wrinkle recovery and tearing strength of cotton fabrics. Wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) was tested by AATCC Test Method 66–2003. Fabric tearing strength, interwoven resistance, and yarn strength were tested before and after resin treatment by a tensile testing machine. By full factors experiment, it was found that the specimen could achieve its best wrinkle-free performance at 110°C curing temperature, 2.5 minutes curing time, 80% pick-up percentage and 60g/l resin concentration considering fabric tearing strength. It is found out that after resin treatment in optimum condition, it could effectively improve the WRA and at the same time with the minimum lose of tearing strength of fabric.

Multi-functional properties of cotton fabrics treated with UV absorber and N-halamine

Cotton fabrics have received more and more attentions due to their excellent properties such as hygroscopicity and comfortability. However, cotton fabrics also have some disadvantages such as easiness to wrinkle, poor ultraviolet resistance, and breeding bacteria. In this work, we used (3-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (abbreviated as hydantoin diol) and 2,4-dihydroxy diphenylketone (abbreviated as UV-O) as antibacterial agent and ultraviolet absorber, respectively. They were bonded to cotton fabrics with cross-linking agent 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) using the pad-dry-cure process to achieve multi-function by one step. The hydantoin diol/UV-O treated cotton fabrics were characterized by SEM and FT-IR. The UPF of the cotton increased from 4 to 36 and the wrinkle recovery angle increased from 112 ° to 169 ° after treatment. The addition of 2,4-dihydroxy diphenylketone could also improve the UV stability of N-Cl bonds on the coated cotton. The chlorinated hydantoin diol/UV-O cotton could inactivate 1.05×106 CFU/sample of S. aureus and 2.2×106 CFU/sample of E. coli O157:H7 with 5 min of contact completely.

Inspecting anisotropy in wrinkle recovery angle of woven fabric

In this paper, the anisotropic wrinkle recovery properties of plain and twill fabrics are explored by studying the variations of the wrinkle recovery angle with sample orientation angle. Orientation angle is the angle measured counterclockwise from the weft direction to the sample’s long axis, that is, the crease direction. This study focused on inspecting anisotropy in wrinkle recovery to find more effective test angles for different woven fabrics. A dynamic wrinkle recovery tester was used to measure the recovery angles of specimens automatically which were cut in various directions. The trend of plain fabrics shows that its recovery angle generally increases at first and then decreases with the increase in the orientation angle. The trend of twill fabrics differs in folding ways. The experimental results revealed that the wrinkle recovery angles of the woven fabrics had the lowest values near the orientation angles of 0° and 90°, i.e. the warp and weft directions, and therefore these two traditionally used directions in the standard test method did not best reflect the wrinkle recovery yielded from both warps and wefts. The diagonal direction (45°) was proven to be the optimal orientation angle for a balanced plain fabric, while the two orthogonal directions, i.e. the twill direction and its perpendicular direction, were found to be more relevant for a twill fabric. Optimal orientation angles used to test the wrinkle recovery angle of a woven fabric should be associated with its structure.

Catalytic actions of alkaline salts in reactions between 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid and cellulose: II. Esterification

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) reacts with cellulose in two steps with catalysis of alkaline salts such as sodium hypophosphite: anhydride formation and esterification of anhydride with cellulose. The alkali metal ions were found effective in catalyzing formation of BTCA anhydride in a previous report. In this work, catalytic functions of the alkaline salts in the esterification reaction between BTCA anhydride and cellulose were investigated. Results revealed that acid anions play an important role in the esterification reaction by assisting removal of protons on intermediates and completion of the esterification between cellulose and BTCA. Besides, alkaline salts with lower pKa1 values of the corresponding acids are more effective ones for the reaction since addition of these salts could lead to lower pH values and higher acid anion concentrations in finishing baths. The mechanism explains the results of FTIR and wrinkle recovery angles of the fabrics cured under different temperatures and times.

High dye fixation efficiency single-step dyeing and DP finishing process with polymethylol dyes and DMDHEU

Polymethylol dyes were synthesized to achieve high dye fixation efficiencies, especially in single-step dyeing and durable press (DP) finishing process with DMDHEU. The treating conditions, including the composition of catalysts, the concentrations of the polymethylol dyes, and the concentrations of catalysts, have been studied for obtaining the optimum performances of the treated cotton fabrics. The optimum conditions were applied to a novel single-step dyeing and DP finishing process with DMDHEU (or etherified DMDHEU). As the results demonstrated, the dye fixation efficiencies could achieve >>97 % by using this method. At the same time, the other performances (wrinkle recovery angle, tearing strength, tensile strength, wash fastness, and crocking fastness) were similar to those from the traditional two-step dyeing and DP finishing process.

Durable Press Finishing of Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Henna (<i>Lawsonia inermis</i> Linn.) Leaves Extract

Cotton fabrics were treated with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and then dyed with a natural dye extracted from henna (Lawsonia inermisLinn.) leaves. The effect of BTCA concentration on the dyeing properties of cotton fabrics was studied by measuring the K/S values of the treated dyed cotton fabrics. The wrinkle recovery angles of the treated dyed cotton fabrics were assessed. The results proved that the BTCA treated cotton fabrics showed increase dye uptake of cotton fabrics. Concentration of BTCA enhances the durable press and tensile strength of the dyed cotton fabrics. Fastness properties of these to wash, rub and light have also been discussed.