Wrinkle Recovery Angle Research Articles

OCCUPATIONAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH. THE WRINKLE RECOVERY ANGLE (WRA) STUDY OF FABRIC THAT NANO-SILVER TREATED

The constant use of wrinkle-resistant cellulose fabrics in professional and everyday life can negatively affect the health state. This is because formaldehyde vapours, which contribute to allergies, persistent coughing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, sleep disturbances, headaches, etc., pose a greater danger. In this study an attempt was made to achieve fabric stabilization from wrinkle resistant by formation ionic bonds of as replacement covalent bonds. And this is the main study purpose. Industrially Desized and Bleached 100 % pure cotton fabric with the weight of 110 g/m2, and the chemicals were used. Preparation of cationic glycerine, carboxymethylation of bleached fabric and application of antimicrobial finishes on the ionic cross-linked fabric was provided. Measurements were taken to determine of wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), of absorbency, of whiteness index, of flexural rigidity, of abrasion, of tensile strength. Wrinkle recovery angle was measured by standard method of AATCC 66 (option 2). AATCC Test Method 79-2000 was used to test the absorbency of fabric. The CIE whiteness index was determined using an Xrite Colour Eye 7000A spectrophotometer. Flexural Rigidity was measured through a testing cantilever method ASTM D-1388. Fabric abrasion was checked according to standard method for abrasion resistance of textile fabric ASTM 4966 on Martindale Abrasion Device M235. Mechanical strength of the fabric was measured under the standard method of ASTM D-5034. With the ionic cross-linking, the dry WRA was achieved an optimum of 118º and wet WRA up to 128º with increased fabric strength and whiteness. In addition to ionic cross-linking fabric was treated with Nano silver. Based on the results it was concluded that the fabric can be optimized first with ionic cross-link method and then it can be treated with the antimicrobial making the fabric cleaner and hygienic. This fabric treatment provides the necessary characteristics and is safe for the health of the people who use it.

Wrinkle recovery angle enhancement and tensile strength loss of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid finished lyocell fabrics

The formaldehyde-free crease-proof finishing agent 1,2,3,4,-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) was used to treat lyocell fabrics. The effects of BTCA concentration and curing temperature on the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) and tensile breaking strength of lyocell fabrics were discussed. The results showed that with the increase of BTCA concentration and curing temperature, the WRA value of lyocell fabrics increased obviously and the maximum WRA reached 147°, but breaking strength decreased gradually and the minimum strength retention was 68%. The WRA was durable against laundering. The fabric whiteness difference was not obvious and the whiteness retention of all samples exceeded 98%. After further alkali treatment, the WRA of the treated lyocell fabrics decreased and the fracture strength retention recovered to varying degrees (0.45–10.8%). The developed regression equations were found to be in good correlation ( r2 > 92%) with the selected variables (tensile strength, BTCA concentration, curing temperature). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the tensile strength loss of BTCA-treated lyocell fabrics was caused by cross-linking of cellulose molecules and acid degradation. Tensile strength loss that resulted from ester bonding could be restored after hydrolysis in alkaline solution. The recoverable magnitude of tensile strength was related to the curing temperature. A high temperature not only promoted the cross-linking of cellulose macromolecules, but also accelerated the acid degradation of cellulose.

Comprehensive evaluation of the fabric crease recovery property by the whole recovery process

Current standard methods specify the recovery angle of a folded wrinkle in a controlled recovery period as the evaluation standard for the fabric crease recovery property. Nevertheless, there are limitations in the characterization of the whole recovery process by using the single recovery angle. We proposed a whole-process test method and comprehensive evaluation method for assessing the fabric crease recovery property. Firstly, a specimen was tested on the automatic fabric crease recovery testing device to obtain the “time-recovery angle” data. Then, the “time-average recovery angle” data was calculated by the recovery angle at the corresponding moment in the recovery period from repeated testing. The “time-average recovery angle” data was fitted into power function equation f( t) = atb. Parameter a reflects the degree of initial recovery. Parameter b reveals the speed degree at which the sample recovery reaches stable status. The K value, the ratio of a to b, could be calculated. Finally, the [Formula: see text] value, the average of the K values of four folded ways, was used to evaluate the crease recovery property of the fabric. The experimental results demonstrate that the [Formula: see text] values have positive correlation with the recovery angle of the fifth minute in the recovery period ( r = 0.92). In addition, for fabrics with the similar recovery angle results obtained from the wrinkle recovery angle evaluation method, the proposed method could differentiate the property of the fabrics. Therefore, the evaluation method can accurately reflect the initial resilience and comprehensive crease recovery property of textile materials.

Study on the bending property of shirt sleeve slits

Shirts are the clothing products that people need in all seasons. The folding effect of shirt sleeves directly affects the quality of the sleeves. In this paper by controlling the fabric of the shirt, the folding pressure and the additional pressure time, the fold recovery performance of the sleeves are studied from three aspects: bending stiffness, wrinkle recovery angle and bending recovery force. The experimental results show that the greater the areal density of the fabric is, the greater the restoring force is, the less likely the sleeves are folded. Under operation time of 5 minutes, the pressure of 30 N, 40 N, 50 N is applied to the wool fabric and the polyester fabric respectively, the restoring force was 1.0 cN, 0.75 cN, 0.5 cN and 1.2 cN, 0.8 cN, 0.6 cN respectively. At the same time the experimental results show that, the greater the additional pressure is, the smaller the resilience is, and the better the folding effect of the sleeves is. The research in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the actual production of the folding of the shirt sleeves and improves production efficiency by controlling the relationship between negative pressure and negative pressure time.

Cyclodextrin-Based “Green” Wrinkle-Free Finishing of Cotton Fabrics

This study presents a cyclodextrin-based “green”, inexpensive cross-linker to enhance the wrinkle-recovery angle (WRA) of fabrics. Cyclodextrin (CD) was oxidized using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ...

Innovative ecological method for producing easy care characteristics and antibacterial activity onto viscose fabric using glutaraldehyde and chitosan nanoparticles

PurposeThis study aims to explore the incorporation of the authors previously prepared chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) of size around 60-100 nm in the cross-linking formulation of viscose fabrics to see CNPs impact in terms of imparting multi-functional characteristics such as tensile strength, dry wrinkle recovery angles and antibacterial properties.Design/methodology/approachCNPs of size around 60-100 nm were incorporated in cross-linking formulations for viscose fabrics, including different concentrations of glutaraldehyde as a non-formaldehyde cross-linking agent and magnesium chloride hexahydrate as a catalyst. The formulations were applied at different curing times and temperatures in 100 mL distilled water, giving rise to a wet pickup of ca. 85 per cent. The fabrics were dried for 3 min at 85°C and cured at specified temperatures for fixed time intervals in thermo fixing oven according to the traditional pad-dry-cure method.FindingsThe above eco-friendly method for finished viscose fabrics was found to obtain high dry wrinkle recovery angle and maintain the tensile strength of the finished fabric within the acceptable range, as well as antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as a gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Both, scanning electron microscope and nitrogen percent on the finished fabric confirm the penetration of CNPs inside the fabric structure. Finally, viscose fabrics pageant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria assessed even after 20 washing cycle.Research limitations/implicationsCNPs with its flourishing effect with respect to cationic nature, biodegradability, reactivity, higher surface area and antimicrobial activity; in addition to glutaraldehyde as non-formaldehyde finishing agent can be used as multi-functional agents for viscose fabrics instead of DMDHEU, polyacrylate and monomeric composites as hazardous materials.Practical implicationsCNPs as cationic biopolymers were expected to impart multi-functional properties to viscose fabrics especially with obtaining reasonable dry wrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength in addition to antibacterial properties.Originality/valueThe novelty addressed here is undertaken with a view to impart easy care characteristics and antibacterial activities onto viscose fabrics using CNPs as antimicrobial agent and glutaraldehyde as non-formaldehyde durable press finishes to-replace the traditional formaldehyde-based resins. Besides, to the authors’ knowledge, there is no published work so far using the above cross-linking formulation written above.

Determination of optimal system parameters to characterize the wrinkle recovery of fabrics by an integrated shape retention evaluation system

Measurement methods based on the visual testing principle have been widely used for evaluating the wrinkle recovery property of fabrics; however, the cumbersome testing process and poor adaptability for various fabrics are the main shortcomings of these methods. Here, a facile mechanical testing method named the integrated shape retention evaluation system (ISRES) was developed, providing an alternative approach to assess the wrinkle recovery, as well as the compression recovery and elastic recovery of fabrics. The optimal system parameters of the ISRES in measuring the wrinkle recovery angle were determined using an orthogonal experiment design based on correlation analysis between the curve parameters from the force–displacement curves of the ISRES and the wrinkle recovery angles tested by a standard Shirley crease recovery tester. Moreover, the sensitivity of the ISRES for the differences of the wrinkle recovery of fabrics was analyzed. The results showed that the selected optimal system parameters were a good combination, and the ISRES with the optimal system parameters provided a feasible method to differentiate the wrinkle recovery of fabrics.

Harnessing of non-fibrous textile for production of high performance easy-care cotton fabrics

Purpose This study aims to explore the incorporation of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) in cross-linking formulation of cotton fabrics to see their impact on fabric performance like tensile strength, dry wrinkle recovery angles, elongation at break, degree of whiteness and increase in weight as well as durability. Design/methodology/approach SNPs of size around 80-100 nm were successfully prepared from native maize starch by Nano precipitation technique and confirmed instrumentally by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmittance electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transformer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and particle size analyzer. The latter were incorporated in cross-linking formulation of cotton fabrics encompassing different concentrations of citric acid and sodium hypophosphite at different curing time and temperature in 100 ml distilled water to a wet pickup of ca. 85 per cent. The fabric samples were dried for 3 min at 85°C and cured at specified temperatures for a specified time intervals in thermo fixing oven according to pad-dry-cure method. Findings FTIR spectra and SEM micrograph signified the chemical structure and surface morphology of cotton fabric before and after finishing in absence and presence of SNPs. Cotton fabric samples finished in presence of SNPs showed a higher tensile strength, elongation at break, comparable dry wrinkle recovery angles and degree of whiteness than that finished in their absence. On the other hand, the enhancement in the aforementioned performance reflects the positive impact of incorporation of SNPs in textile finishing especially with strength properties; which are one of the important requirements for industrial fabrics that can be used widely in heavy-duty applications. Research limitations/implications SNPs with its booming effect with respect to biodegradability, reactivity and higher surface area can be used as a novel reinforcement permanent finish for cotton fabrics instead of more hazardous materials likes poly acrylate and monomeric compounds. Practical implications As SNPs biopolymers is one of the important reinforcement agents, so it was expected that it would minimize the great loss in strength properties during easy-care cotton finishing and improve the fabric performance. Originality/value The novelty addressed here is undertaken with a view to remediate some of the serious defects of easy-care cotton fabrics using poly carboxylic acids; especially with the great loss in strength properties by virtue of using SNPs as a permanent finish. Besides, to the authors’ knowledge, there is no published work so far concerning the use of SNPs as an innovative base for production of easy-care finished cotton textiles with high performance.

An eco-friendly way to whiten yellowish anti-wrinkle cotton fabrics using TBCC-activated peroxide low-temperature post-bleaching

Anti-wrinkle finished fabrics have the problem of yellowing, especially the citric acid-treated fabrics. Post-bleaching using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could endow better whiteness to yellowish fabrics, however during the process some anti-wrinkle properties are lost. The crosslinking bonds of anti-wrinkle fabrics would be broken under high temperature and strongly alkaline conditions of H2O2 post-bleaching. In this work, an N-[4-(triethylammoniomethyl)benzoyl]caprolactam chloride (TBCC)-activated peroxide post-bleaching method is developed, which has milder conditions and can better bleach the yellowish anti-wrinkle fabrics. The proposed method hardly breaks any crosslinking bond. Moreover, a one-time post-bleaching method for whitening anti-wrinkle fabrics is proposed, which means that fabrics would not be bleached before finishing, rather are bleached only once after the finishing. In this regard, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy are employed to provide key evidence for changes before and after the post-bleaching process. Whiteness, wrinkle recovery angles, tensile strength retention, wettability and level of durable press of cotton fabrics before and after the post-bleaching treatment are evaluated. The results reveal that one-time TBCC-activated peroxide post-bleaching can effectively whiten the yellowish fabric and maintain a good anti-wrinkle property. This study would be helpful in establishing an eco-friendly way to produce high-quality anti-wrinkle cotton fabrics.

Production of high-performance textiles via pioneering strengthening approach using starch nanoparticles

To minimize the serious defects of durable press finishing of cellulosic textiles with respect to the great loss in strength properties, new pioneering strengthening approach of cotton fabric based on our previously prepared starch nanoparticles of size around 80–100 nm was used. For this purpose, cotton fabrics were treated with different concentrations of starch nanoparticles via coating technique using pad-dry-cure method, at which the starch nanoparticles are attached to the fabrics with the use of a padder adjusted to appropriate pressure and speed, followed by drying and curing. Fabric stiffness, surface roughness, tensile strength, elongation at break, abrasion resistance, wrinkle recovery angles, add-on %, and degree of whiteness as well as durability of treated fabrics were fully explored. SEM was used for detecting the change in surface morphology of reinforced coated fabric. The results obtained reflect the following findings: (a) all fabric performance like tensile strength, stiffness, wrinkle recovery angle, abrasion resistance and add on % were improved for coated fabrics with starch nanoparticles in comparison with untreated fabric, except that of surface roughness; (b) SEM confirmed the change in surface morphology of cotton fabric after reinforcement treatment using starch nanoparticles; (c) the dry wrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength of cotton fabrics treated in presence of 30 g/l starch nanoparticles are slightly decreased after 10 washing cycles as compared with untreated fabric; and (d) starch nanoparticles introduce an advance in textile finishing with respect to the above-mention fabric performance except that of surface roughness.

Synthesis and Characterization of Freeze Dryer Chitosan Nano particles as Multi functional Eco-Friendly Finish for Fabricating Easy Care and Antibacterial Cotton Textiles

Antibacterial and easy care characteristics were imparted to cotton fabrics using multifinishing formulation comprising citric acid (CA) and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as an eco-friendly finish. The latter of size around 60-100 nm were prepared through polymerization of meth acrylic acid (MAA) with chitosan using potassium permanganate as initiator and characterized using scanning electron microscope, transmittance electron microscope, Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy, particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction and thermo gravimetric analysis. Different factors affecting the degree of multifinishing treatment and their onset on fabric performance and antimicrobial activity were studied and optimized according to pad dry cure method. This was done to see the impact of chitosan nanoparticles to accomplish multifunction characteristics on cotton fabrics like reasonable strength loss, comparable wrinkle recovery angles, elongation at break, higher fabric stiffness and suitable durability in addition to antibacterial activity. It was seen from the attained results that; FTIR spectra and SEM micrograph showed the change in chemical structure and surface morphology of cotton fabric before and after finishing in absence and presence of chitosan nanoparticles. These fabrics parade antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria tested even after 10 washing cycles. Mechanism of finishing of cotton fabric using citric acid and CNPs is identified.

Development and performance study of a new shrink-proof and non-iron cotton blended fabric

The approaches for cotton shrink-resistant finishing can be categorized into chemical finishing and physical finishing. In this research, a new approach to prevent cotton fabric from shrinkage and wrinkling without resin finishing was studied to reach an easy care effect of “wash-and-wear” for related end products. It was achieved by adding a certain proportion of fine denier polyester and memory polyester fibers. Unlike the previous chemical finishing methods, this physical finishing method does not cause yellowing, formaldehyde content increase or strong damage of tensile strength. It can reduce the shrinkage rate and increases the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) through the shape memory formed by the memory polyester fiber in the heat setting stage. Our results were of better condition with significant improvements in WRA, anti-pilling effect, shrink-proofing and strength of the fabrics. The fabrics can be widely used in bedding textiles and shirting fabrics.

Silicone Softener for Stain Repellent Stain Release and Wrinkle Resistance Fabric Finishing

In this paper a modified silicone softener was used on the finishing of stain repellent stain release and wrinkle resistance fabrics. The concentrations of silicone softener, durable press resin CTA-705 and process conditions on the properties of treated fabrics were investigated. In analyzing the results, the fabric's softness rating, smoothness and wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased with the increase of softener concentration. The use of softener has little effect on the fabrics soil release and oil repellency. Wrinkle recovery angle increased remarkably and softness rating decreased steadily with the increase of CTA-705 concentration. Soil release, oil repellency and softness rating of the treated fabrics increased steadily when the cured temperature was raised from 140°C to 170°C.

Production of zwitterionic cellulose by citric acid and triethanolamine hydrochloride for various end uses

ABSTRACTZwitterionic cellulose was produced by the reaction of citric acid (CA) and triethanolamine hydrochloride (HTEA) on cotton fabrics with the pad–dry–cure method. The wrinkle resistance, dye affinity to anionic dye, antimicrobial properties, and zwitterionic properties were considerably improved. The fixation of CA and HTEA in cotton was confirmed by the wrinkle recovery angle, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Elemental analysis and anionic dye sorption testing also substantiated the HTEA fixation. The X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results suggest that CA and HTEA were fixed in the amorphous region of cotton with little surface deposition. The zwitterionic properties of the treated cotton was studied with a cationic dye at various pHs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46840.

Synthesis and application of an alkaline crosslinking agent containing acrylamide as the durable press finishing agent on cotton fabric

In this study, acrylamide-containing crosslinking agents 2,4-diacrylamidebenzenesulfonic acid (AC-DABS1) and 2,5-diacrylamidebenzenesulfonic acid (AC-DABS2) were synthesized and applied to cotton fabric as durable press finishing agents under alkaline conditions. The target products were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. The stability of the acrylamide group in alkaline solution was investigated by model compound para-acrylamidebenzenesulfonic acid. The efficiency of AC-DABS1 and AC-DABS2 as durable press finishing agents was examined and compared by testing the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), tearing strength retention (TSR) and washing durability under different conditions using the steaming process. The performance of fabric treated with 1,3,5-triacroylaminohexahydro-s-triazine (FAP) was also investigated and compared with those treated with acrylamide-containing crosslinking agents. The results showed that the anti-crease effects of FAP were better than those of the new synthesized agents. However, the new synthesized agents have the advantage of water solubility and low cost. The fabric treated with new synthesized agents presented satisfactory WRA and TSR, indicating that AC-DABS1 and AC-DABS2 can be utilized as effective alkaline crosslinking agents. In addition, the different performance of the FAP-treated fabric and fabric treated with the new synthesized agents was illustrated by the HPLC method.

Improvement of Anti-wrinkle Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Additives of Neutral Salts

By employing 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as the finishing agent, SHP as the catalyst and neutral salts NaCl and Na2SO4 as the additives, anti-wrinkle finish of cotton fabrics was carried out here. According to the Donnan equilibrium model and the actions of neutral salts in dyeing process of cellulosic fabrics, NaCl and Na2SO4 should both promote the adsorption of BTCA anions onto the surface of fibers and diffusion into the interior of fibers. Consequently, BTCA would crosslink the interior molecular chains of cellulose, improving the anti-wrinkle properties of treated fabrics. In fact, experimental results confirmed the hypothesis that the two additives of neutral salts indeed both improved wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) of the treated fabrics and the optimal molar ratio of NaCl or Na2SO4 to BTCA was 0.2:1 or 0.3:1, respectively. The neutral salts reduced the dosage of BTCA without decreasing WRA, reducing the manufacturing cost. Besides, the fabrics treated with neutral salts presented good durability. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Xray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses revealed that neutral salts could catalyze the formation of BTCA anhydride by decreasing hydrogen-bond interactions between BTCA molecules.

Economical One Step Process For Simultaneous Application Of Pigment Dyeing And Wrinckle Recovery Finishing Of Cotton Fabrics

Main objective of this study is to combining pigment dyeing with N,N’-1,3- dimethylol- 4,5- dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) durable press finishing in one step pad-dry-cure process. Dry wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), rubbing fastness and colour strength (K/S) values of specimens were measured before and after one/five/ten times washing treatments for determinating optimum process conditions of combining process. The results indicated that good durable press performance and higher dye depth could be obtained with the one step process (80 g/L DMDHEU, 3 g/L pigment dye, 60 g/L binder, 12 g/L catalyst, 10 g/L antimigration agent, cured at 150 °C for 4 min.). It exhibited good abrasion strength and good rubbing fastness values.

Wrinkle-free finishing of cotton fabrics based on click chemistry via ultraviolet radiation

In this paper, a novel method was proposed to achieve anti-wrinkle finishing of cotton fabrics. Cotton fabrics were pre-treated to terminate –OH groups and reduce the amount of –OH groups by the reaction between the –OC2H5 groups of 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane and –OH groups of cotton fabrics. Then anti-wrinkle finishing of cotton fabric was obtained with waterborne polyurethane acrylate under ultraviolet radiation (UV) where click reaction between –SH groups and C=C bonds was taken place. The surface morphology, reaction and mechanical properties of cotton fabrics were investigated. The results show that the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) of cotton fabrics reaches 205°, and the WRA can maintain 190° after 10 washing cycles, revealing that the anti-wrinkle finishing on cotton fabrics has durable effect. Furthermore, the anti-wrinkle finishing cotton fabrics maintain good mechanical properties like breaking strength.

Enhanced anti-microbial, anti-creasing and dye absorption properties of cotton fabric treated with Chitosan–Cyanuric Chloride hybrid

In this study, cotton fabrics were chemically crosslinked with Chitosan–Cyanuric Chloride hybrid (Ch–Cy) in order to improve their physical–chemical properties. The effect of operational parameters (e.g., initial concentration of Ch–Cy, temperature, reaction time and pH) on the grafting process was evaluated. A high weight gain of the cotton fabrics (~ 4%) was obtained under optimum conditions at initial concentration [Ch–Cy] = 30% over weight of fabric (o.w.f.), at 50 °C, pH 4 after 3 h. The treated and untreated cotton samples were dyed with three natural dyes (i.e., cochineal, madder and weld). The dye absorption of the treated samples was improved noticeably and according to the grafted amount of Ch–Cy on the fabrics. Despite the dye adsorption enhancement, the fastness properties (washing, light, rubbing) of the dyed samples remained at acceptable level. The wrinkle recovery angle of the treated samples increased minimum 60° showing the enhancement in the crease recovery of the fabrics. The treated cotton samples also showed promising antimicrobial behavior against gram negative and gram positive bacteria. This study shows that the dye adsorption, antimicrobial and anti-creasing properties of the treated samples are enhanced by this chemical treatment without any adverse effects on their tensile strength and color fastness properties.

Effects of divalent anionic catalysts on cross-linking of cellulose with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) can efficiently esterify cellulose with pyrophosphoric acid (PPA) as a catalyst to remove protons of reaction intermediates. However, valence and relative concentration ratio (RCR) of catalyst anions correlating to pH of finishing bath played a critical role in the reactions. Results here indicated that wrinkle recovery angle, tensile strength retention and ester absorbance of fabrics treated at pH of 2.8 showed higher values. It was a competing reaction for BTCA molecules to esterify or depolymerize cellulose. Importantly, divalent PPA anions were more efficient than monovalent ones in catalyzing the esterification between anhydrides and cellulose, which was confirmed by FTIR results and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy analyses and by the RCRs of PPA anions and their changing rates versus pH. Furthermore, the higher catalytic efficiency of divalent anions was proved by the selected model catalysts. Meaningfully, the fabrics treated at pH≤3.2 presented good durability.