Wrightia Tinctoria Research Articles

An Overview of the Phytochemical and Therapeutic Potential of Wrightia Tinctoria

Introduction: Several natural phytomedicines derived from Chinese herbs demonstrate a wide range of pharmacological effects. Wrightia tinctoria (WT) is a small deciduous tree known as sweet indrajao. It belongs to the Apocynaceae family. Many diseases have been treated with this plant's phytoconstituents, such as skin disorders, dysenteric, diarrhea, and hair treatments. In addition, the therapeutic elements of WT demonstrate significant anti-inflammatory and anti-dandruff properties. However, there is a difference between this plant's preclinical and clinical significance. The purpose of this study is to collect and evaluate the various chemical, medicinal, and pharmacological characteristics of WT in relation to multiple disorders using preclinical evidence. This will serve as a valuable foundation for researchers to explore its effectiveness in clinical trials further. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted across several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Journals Embase, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The search utilized specific keywords such as "Wrightia tinctoria" as well as terms like "Traditional Chinese Medicine," "Pharmacological activities," "Anti-cancer," "Anti-viral," "Anti-microbial," "Anti-psoriatic," "Anti-Inflammatory," "Quercetin" and their combinations mainly from 1993 to 2024. Results: The pharmacological and therapeutic potential of WT is gathered and summarized based on existing research reports. WT substances consist of various phytoconstituents, including flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, volatile oils, esters, and others. These components are primarily responsible for the various pharmacological effects of WT, such as anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, antifungal, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer effects. Conclusion: This review focuses on current research findings regarding WT's therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities. Additionally, it addresses the major safety and toxicity issues related to WT.

Topical Gel Containing <i>Wrightia tinctoria</i> Extract: Optimization by Central Composite Design, Characterization and Bio-activity Assessment

Topical Gel Containing <i>Wrightia tinctoria</i> Extract: Optimization by Central Composite Design, Characterization and Bio-activity Assessment

Anti-psoriatic potential of medicinal plants, Alstonia scholaris, Wrightia tinctoria, and Solanum xanthocarpum, using human HaCaT keratinocytes by multi-parametric analysis

Ethnopharmacological relevancePsoriasis, a widespread skin condition impacting over 100 million individuals globally, is characterised by uncontrolled hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, abnormal apoptosis, and excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factors. Traditional use of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. and Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. in Ayurveda and Siddha medicinal systems have shown promising anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. However, underlying mechanisms of their phytoactivity in addressing psoriasis-like skin inflammation on human keratinocytes remain largely unexplored. Aim of the studyThe study was aimed to investigate anti-psoriatic potential of ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of A. scholaris, W. tinctoria and S. xanthocarpum in human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). Material and methodsEthyl acetate and ethanolic extracts of A. scholaris (ASEA and ASE), W. tinctoria (WTEA and WTE) and S. xanthocarpum (SXEA and SXE) were first subjected to phytochemical screening through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using their marker compound loganin, kaempferol and chlorogenic acid, respectively. The proliferation inhibition efficiency of these extracts was measured using MTT assay on HaCaT cell line. Subsequently, the apoptotic effect of these extracts on HaCaT cell line was determined by JC-1 and Annexin V assays. Furthermore, IL-8 and RANTES levels were measured in TNF-alpha-induced HaCaT cell line post-treatment with these extracts to determine their anti-inflammatory properties. ResultsASEA, ASE, WTEA, WTE, SXEA and SXE significantly inhibited proliferation of keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) and resulted in the induction of apoptotic markers (mitochondrial membrane potential and phosphatidyl serine externalization). Additionally, pro-inflammatory markers (IL-8 and RANTES levels) were downregulated in HaCaT cells.The anti-proliferative effects were particularly distinct at higher concentrations (200 μg/mL), with inhibition rates reaching over 85% for W. tinctoria and S. xanthocarpum extracts. In apoptotic assays, notable increases in late apoptotic or necrotic cell populations and significant losses in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed. All extracts markedly reduced the secretion of inflammatory mediators IL-8 and RANTES. ConclusionAll three plants exerted an anti-psoriatic effect at the cellular level via multiple parameters (anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory effect). This study provides insight into the mechanism of action of ASEA, ASE, WTEA, WTE, SXEA and SXE and highlights their promising potential for development as herbal therapeutic agents for psoriasis. It emphasizes the need for further pharmacological evaluation and toxicological studies of these extracts.

Optimized Anti-germs and Photodecomposition Efficiencies of Fabricated TiO2 NPs Employing Tender Coconut-Mediated Wrightia tinctoria Leaf Extract

Optimized Anti-germs and Photodecomposition Efficiencies of Fabricated TiO2 NPs Employing Tender Coconut-Mediated Wrightia tinctoria Leaf Extract

The Vegetation of Dangs District in Gujarat

The Dangs district is situated between 20°30' and 21°5' N and 73°15' and 74° E. The whole district is mountainous.The forests are generally dry deciduous, though, in protected and moister spots moist- and mixed-deciduous types also are found. Tectona-Terminalia is the dominant tree community. Their associated common tree species are Adina cordifolia Hook. f., Anogeissus latifolia Wall., Dalbergia latifolia Roxb., Garuga pinnata Roxb., Lagerstroemia species, Lannea coromandelica (Hout.) Merr. and Ougeinia oojeinensis (Roxb.) Hochr. Wrightia tinctoria Br. is abundant as an understorey tree. Bambusa arundinacea Retz. and Dendrocalamus strictus Nees are common.The vegetation has been studied by quadrats at different forest sites, namely Bandripada, Billaya, Chikarda, Chikarmatibari, Dhavlidhar, Dholeambar, Ghadvi, Ghogli, Kotbha, Laochali, Mahal, Mulchond, Pimpri, Piplemar, Pipliamal, Raiwad, Shivbara, Susarda and Waghai. Relationship of vegetation with habitat features has been discussed. Reference has been made to species useful for timber, minor forest produce and medicinal value.

A Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol Utilizing Bimetallic CuO-Co3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized via Wrightia tinctoria Extract: A Green Approach

In this investigation, copper oxide (CuO), cobalt oxide (Co3O4) and bimetallic copper oxide-cobalt oxide (CuO-Co3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using an aqueous extract of Wrightia tinctoria leaves and characterized through UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, TEM and zeta potential analyses. The FT-IR analysis identified that specific phytoconstituents are responsible for the reduction and capping agents in nanoparticle synthesis. TEM analysis determined size and shape and zeta potential analysis assessed stability. The CuO and Co3O4 NPs, synthesized through an eco-friendly approach, were employed for 4-nitrophenol reduction with sodium borohydride. The reaction rate, was computed at 1 × 10-4 s-1, which indicated the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The synthesis of 4-aminophenol was also successfully acheived demonstrated that the excellent catalytic activity of CuO, Co3O4 and CuO-Co3O4 nanoparticles as catalysts.

Investigation of Therapeutic Potential of Biosynthesized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles Using Extract of Wrightia tinctoria

Background:: In Indian traditional medicine, the seeds and bark of Wrightia tinctoria are utilized as remedies for antidiarrheal and antidysenteric purposes, as well as for other medicinal uses. Aim:: The primary aim of the study was to explore the green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by employing an extract obtained from the Wrightia tinctoria plant and to explore their potential medicinal properties. Objective:: This study involved the characterization of the nanoparticles in terms of their properties and quality, as well as an investigation of their potential anti-bacterial, anticancer, and antiinflammatory properties. Methods: Various characterization techniques, including UV spectroscopy, XRD spectra, FTIR, SEM, particle size and zeta potential analysis, were used in this study for the synthesized nanoparticles. Our study investigated the impact of concentration, pH, and incubation time on nanoparticle synthesis, providing a comprehensive description of the synthesis procedure for both silver and gold nanoparticles. Result:: Experimental findings confirmed that silver and gold nanoparticles derived from Wrightia tinctoria exhibited irregular shape, with an average diameter ranging from approximately 0.08 to 0.34 μm and 0.09 to 0.30 μm, respectively. Appreciably, the biologically synthesized WTAgNPs and WTAuNPs demonstrated promising antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties without any signs of toxicity. The enhanced biological activity of WTAgNPs and WTAuNPs can be attributed to their distinctive properties at the nanoscale, as both exhibit lower polydispersity and average particle size, contributing to increased reactivity and interactions with biological systems. Conclusion:: The nanoparticles synthesized through the biogenic approach using Wrightia tinctoria extract have immense potential for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications.

Evaluation of in vitro anti-cancer potential and apoptotic profile of ethanolic plant extract of Wrightia tinctoria against oral cancer cell line.

For decades, Wrightia tinctoria (W. tinctoria) has been important in the field of traditional medicine. The identification and isolation of numerous chemically potent and pharmaceutically advantageous phytochemicals isolated from this plant extract has contributed to its resurrection into evidence-based modern medicine. This plant is inexpensive and indigenous to the Indian subcontinent. An in vitro study was carried out using KB (KERATIN-forming tumour cell line HeLa) oral cancer cell line. The control drug doxorubicin along with the test drug W. tinctoria was tested for anti-cancer potential by using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and for apoptotic activity by using DNA fragmentation assay and western blotting assay. The study was conducted using MTT assay to determine the cytotoxicity of plant extract against oral cancer cell line by determining the IC50 values at the end of 24 hours by the MTT calorimetric assay. The IC50 value of 48.89 and 9.62 was arrived for the W. tinctoria extract and doxorubicin, respectively, by using MTT calorimetric assay. DNA fragmentation assay showed a ladder pattern when treated with 59 μg/mL extract of W. tinctoria, and western blot analysis revealed the presence of cleaved caspase 3, confirming the apoptotic potential of the extract. The current study demonstrated that the plant extract has effective anti-cancer and apoptotic potential and can be used as a natural source for the production of new anti-cancer and cytotoxic agents against oral cancer.

Management of Plaque Psoriasis through Agadatantra Principles – A Case Report

Psoriasis is a chronic, relapsing dermatological disorder characterized by the presence of pink to erythematous plaques with overlying silver hyperkeratotic plaques, distributed on the scalp, postauricular skin, elbows, gluteal cleft etc. Plaque psoriasis is one among the common variety of psoriasis. Though it is manageable with difficulty, its relapsing nature remains a threat to the present management strategies. On the contrary in Ayurveda, a thorough analysis of condition, purification, rasayana and samana medicines proves to be effective in such conditions. A single case report of 42 year old male consulted in the Vaidyaratnam Ayurveda College OPD with presenting complaints as dry itchy and scaly silvery white lesions on chest, lower back, scalp and beard upon reddish patches with duration of two years. He was allergic to dantappala (Wrightia tinctoria) also. On examination the case was having positive candle grease and Auspitz sign with PASI score as 20.8 and DLQI as 21. The case was doignosed as ekakushta associated with severe pitta dushti and poor satva bala. The Doosheevisha chikitsa along with snehapana, svedana, vamana, virechana, takradhara, Shashtika annalepa and rasayana was done with proper medicines. The condition of the patient improved considerably by reducing the symptoms like erythema, dryness, itching, scaling and pain. The PASI score reduced to 2.3 and DLQI reduced to almost zero at the time of discharge. The further follow up has not reported any recurrence of the disease since two years.The proper understanding of the pathology through dasa vidha pareeksha and tracing out the vishaja nidanas can lead to a proper treatment plan. This will give successful management of similar conditions along with the enhancement of immunity to prevent or reduce the recurrence of the disease through principles of Agadatantra.

Characterization of the Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts From Wrightia Tinctoria R.Br.

Characterization of the Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Extracts From Wrightia Tinctoria R.Br.

Characterization of carbon fluxes, stock and nutrients in the sacred forest groves and invasive vegetation stands within the human dominated landscapes of a tropical semi-arid region

In the semi-arid plains of Southern India, outside the protected area network, sacred groves forests and the barren lands invaded by Prosopis juliflora are reckoned to be the major greenery, but have homogenous and heterogeneous vegetation respectively. This study attempted to compare 50 Sacred Groves Stands (SGS) and 50 monodominant Prosopis juliflora Stands (PJS) for the functional diversity, evenness, floral diversity, carbon stock and dynamics, carbon-fixing traits, dendrochronology of trees, soil nutrient profiles, and soil erosion. Quadrat sample survey was adopted to record stand density, species richness, abundance, basal area and leaf area index; composite soil samples were collected at depths 0–30 cm for nutrient profiling (N, P, K, and OC). Photosynthesis rate (µmole co2 m2/sec), air temperature (°c), leaf intracellular co2 concentration (ppm), ambient photosynthetic active radiation (µmole m2/sec), transpiration rate (m. mole H2O m2/sec) were determined for the 51 tree species existed in SGS and PJS using Plant Photosynthesis system. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was applied to derive the carbon sequestering potential and photosynthetic efficiency of eight dominant tree species using vital input parameters, including eco-physiological, morphological, and biochemical characterization. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, in conjunction with ArcGIS Pro and ArcGIS 10.3, was adopted to map soil loss. Carbon source/sink determinations inferred through Net Ecosystem Productivity (NEP) assessments showed that mature SGS potentially acted as a carbon sink (0.06 ± 0.01 g C/m2/day), while matured PJS acted as a carbon source (−0.34 ± 0.12 g C/m2/day). Soil erosion rates were significantly greater (29.5 ± 13.4 ton/ha/year) in SGS compared to PJS (7.52 ± 2.55 ton/ha/year). Of the eight selected tree species, SEM revealed that trees belonging to the family Fabaceae [Wrightia tinctoria (estimated coefficient: 1.28, p = 0.02) > Prosopis juliflora (1.22, p = 0.01) > Acacia nilotica (1.21, p = 0.03) > Albizia lebbeck (0.97, p = 0.01)] showed comparatively high carbon sequestering ability.

Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Wrightia tinctoria fruit extracts

Nanoparticles are synthesized by using various chemical methods in higher yields but they are not very environmentally friendly and have hazardous effects on living cells. This can be attributed to the overuse of hazardous chemicals involved in the process. The green approach of nanoparticle synthesis is widely gaining attention worldwide as it is considered as nontoxic, harmless and ecofriendly. Apart from this they also have multiple applications in various fields of science and technology. Nanoparticles synthesized by using various phytochemicals are also effective against a variety of microbial populations. The objective of this study is to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the fruit extracts of Wrightia tinctoria and evaluating its antimicrobial capacities against gram-positive and negative bacterial strains. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using different solvent extracts of Wrightia tinctoria pods. The formation of silver nanoparticles was noted by detecting the change in color of the solution. The presence of nanoparticles was detected by performing UV visible spectroscopy and monitoring the spectrum from 400 nm to 800 nm. A small peak at 425 nm suggested the presence of silver nanoparticles. In a later part of the study, the inhibitory effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles on the growth of E. coli and S. aureus was monitored. The appearance of a zone of inhibition further confirmed the antimicrobial effect of the synthesized nanoparticles.

Phytochemical Profiling and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Wrightia tinctoria Extracts on Vero Cell Lines: A Comparative Analysis and Insight into the Bioactive Compounds

Introduction: The utilisation of plant-based medicine is a continuing practice that remains prevalent even with modern times. Some therapeutic modalities have a long history, while others are quite recent. The lack of sufficient reporting on the utilisation of medicinal plants has resulted in an ongoing deficit in the understanding of their therapeutic benefits, as well as, their potential short-term and long-term side-effects. The Sweet Indrajao, commonly known as Pala Indigo Plant or Dyer’s Oleander, and scientifically identified as Wrightia tinctoria R. Br, is a member of the Apocynaceae family. It is known as the “Cure for jaundice tree” in southern India. Wrightia is a plant commonly found in India and Burma. The Wrightia tinctoria plant has been chosen for this study due to its long-standing medicinal usage and the variety of pharmacologically active compounds it contains. Despite of the fact, it is been widely used for medicinal uses, the information concerning its safety mentioned in the literature is scarce, particularly its cytotoxic effects on normal cellular systems, which this research aims to address. Aim: The study was aimed to analyse the therapeutic potential of Wrightia tinctoria plant extracts by evaluating the phytochemical composition and to assess the effect of the Wrightia tinctoria plant extracts on Vero cell lines, for a clearer understanding of its medicinal application and its safety profile. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai and the duration of the study was eight months (Jan to August 2023). For the phytochemical analysis of Wrightia tinctoria, dried plant material (leaves) was collected shade dried and extracted using Soxhlet solvent extraction methods followed by fractionation using techniques like column chromatography. Ethanol, ethyl acetate and aqueous solvents were used for the in-vitro study. The various standard protocols were employed to identify phytoconstituents. The cytotoxicity analysis on Vero cell line (Kidney epithelial cells of African green Monkey) was performed using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2Htetrazolium bromide) assay, where vero cells were cultured and seeded into 96-well microtitre plates. Different concentrations of Wrightia tinctoria extract were added to the wells, followed by incubation. After incubation, MTT solution was added, and formazan crystals formed by viable cells were solubilised using a suitable solvent. Absorbance was measured at a specific wavelength using a microplate reader to assess cell viability and cytotoxic effects. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides. Of the three solvents used in the study, ethanolic extract yielded maximum amount of phytochemicals when compared with the other solvents (aqueous and ethyl acetate) that were investigated. MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity and the Wrightia tinctoria ethanolic extract demonstrated Half maximal Inhibitory concentration (IC50) >100, ensuring the safety profile of the extract on normal cells. Conclusion: Wrightia tinctoria was a significant plant with highly potent phytochemicals with therapeutic properties. Moreover the extract was also safe against the normal cell line (vero cell line).

Molecular docking on IL-17 cytokine suppression by the ligands of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br., an anti-psoriasis medicine

Molecular docking on IL-17 cytokine suppression by the ligands of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br., an anti-psoriasis medicine

Ethanol-salt based two-phase partitioning for concentration of milk clotting proteases from Sweet Indrajao (Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.) fruit

Cheese is the naturally fermented dairy product beloved for its wide variety of textures and other nutritional qualities. Animal rennet, microbial and fermentation produced chymosin are generally considered for commercial level cheese preparation. In order to meet the growing global demand observed in cheese market, milk clotting proteases from diverse alternative sources are under exploration. Sweet Indrajao (Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.) fruit extract is known for its utility in traditional cheese preparation. Organic solvent-salt based aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) using ethanol and salt was employed to partially purify milk clotting proteases from W. tinctoria fruit. The system with ethanol-25.90% (w/w) and dipotassium phosphate-13.60% (w/w) was found favorable with yield of 96.33%, milk clotting index of 77.85, purification factor of 2.42, partition coefficient of 458.80 and selectivity of 345.58. Tricine SDS-PAGE and zymogram revealed presence of two prominent protein bands between 66 and 97.4 kDa with caseinolytic activity. Whole casein and κ- casein hydrolysis pattern was analyzed by tricine SDS-PAGE. The optimized system was scaled up to 100 g and its performance was found comparable to its 10 g counterpart. Characteristics of the cheese prepared using partitioned enzyme was comparable to that of the positive control used (Enzeco®).

Comparative antimicrobial study of bark extract (Aqueous, Chloroform, Ethanol) of Pum Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica [Linn] Wall ex.G.Don) & Stri Kutaja (Wrightia tinctoria R.Br)

Antimicrobial resistance has become a global health crisis, leading to increase morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to many commonly used drugs. Natural plant-based medicines offer an alternative approach to combat infections, as they contain various bioactive compounds that can effectively inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms. This study describes a procedure for retrieving the ethanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts from the bark samples of Sample A - Pum Kutaja (Holarrhena antidysenterica [Linn] Wall ex.G.Don) and Sample B - Stri Kutaja (Wrightia tinctoria R.Br) testing them against a variety of microorganisms, both Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae (MTCC 3906), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC2592), and Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae (MTCC 655), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and fungus Candida albicans (MTCC 227) for antimicrobial effect.

Extraction and Characterization of Novel Ligno-Cellulosic Fiber from Wrightia tinctoria and Cebia pentandra Plant for Textile and Polymer Composite Applications

Natural fibers derived from cellulose and ligno-celluloses materials have many advantages, such as being renewable, low density, inexhaustible, and cheap rather than synthetic fibers. Researchers and scientists are searching for a new fiber source that can be processed environmentally sustainable. The aim is to produce an organic and Eco-friendly product. The present investigation aims to extract and characterize ligno-cellulosic fiber from the seedpod of Wrightia tinctoria (WT) and Cebia pentandra (CP) plants. The extraction of WT fibers (WTFs) and CP fibers (CPFs) was carried out using the hand-stripping method. The structural and functional Characterization of WTFs and CPFs were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), and the thermal behavior of fibers determined by using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). The results indicated that WTFs composed of 75% cellulose, 14% lignin, and 0.55% wax content were, as the CPFs were composed of 38% cellulose, 15% lignin, and wax content of 2.34%. The SEM micrograph confirms that both fibers were hollow structures with thin cell walls and luminous because of the wax content presence on the surface of the fiber. The crystallinity percentage of WTFs and CPFs was calculated from XRD studies and is valued at 62% and 52%. Thermo gravimetric analysis revealed that WTFs and CPFs were thermally stable up to 460°C and 350°C. The above characterization results confirm that WTFs and CPFs have a wide scope in textile and polymer composite applications.

Novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of oral cancer with compounds identified in Wrightia tinctoria: An in silico docking study with oncogenic pathways

Introduction: Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. According to scientific data on oral cancer, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are two important causative pathways responsible for cellular proliferation in oral cancer. In the current research, two chemical compounds, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose and squalene, identified in Wrightia tinctoria extract, were used to study their action on the EGFR and MAPK pathways using molecular docking to prevent oral cancer progression. Materials and Methods: A molecular docking analysis was carried out based on the chemical makeup and similarities of chemicals derived from the plant with the target oncogenic proteins EGFR and MAPK. Following protein synthesis by Biovia Discovery Studio Visualizer, ligands were imported for virtual screening using PyRx, a program for computational drug discovery for the virtual screening of libraries of compounds against therapeutic targets. Results: The molecular docking investigation between 3-O-methyl-d-glucose, squalene, and the oncogenic pathways EGFR and MAPK was conducted using the Biovia Discovery Studio Client 2021 and AutoDock Vina software. In contrast to squalene, which exhibited an inhibitory constant of 44.99 µM and a ligand efficacy of 0.20, 3-O-methyl-d-glucose had an effective inhibitory constant (10.5 mM) on EGFR and MAPK. Both substances hindered the LSY721 binding site, which in turn suppressed the activity of oncogenic progression. Conclusion: 3-O-methyl-d-glucose and squalene found in W. tinctoria can inhibit the progressive activity of cancer-causing proteins (EGFR, MAPK) in oral cancer. 3-O-methyl-d-glucose was found to inhibit the oncogenic proteins more efficiently than squalene.

Ayurvedic Management of Ekakushtha (Psoriasis) by Single-Drug Therapy

ABSTRACT Well-defined erythematous plaques with silvery-white scales are the hallmarks of the chronic, noninfectious inflammatory skin disorder known as psoriasis. Due to recurrence, it has remained a serious problem. There is no treatment for this condition. The Ayurvedic diagnosis is Ekakushtha, which is a Vata-Kappa-predominant Kshudrakushtha. A 30-year-old female patient visited Ocean Healing Centre in Karnal, India, with complaints of Keshbhoomi rukshata (dryness of scalp), flanks/scales over the back, head, hands, and legs, and itching over the past 3 years. She has taken steroidal medication, but there has been no improvement. Kutaja Kwatha (Wrightia tinctoria), 40 mL BD, was used to treat the ailment before meal internally and Bruhath Dantphladi taila (W. tinctoria) for external application five times a day. The patient was advised to take a capsule of Mahatikta Ghrita once a day after treatment for 1 month. In Avara Satva or Avara Bala patients, Shodhan is contraindicated, in that condition, this Shamana chikitsa is very beneficial and easy to follow. As Kutaja is tikta rasa pradhan and having Rakta dhatu Shodhan property, that’s why Kutaja is used externally and internally in this study and Mahatikta Ghrita prevents dryness of skin as well as prevent relapsing of symptoms. The treatment protocol was found effective in the restoration of normal skin and prevention of recurrence of psoriasis.

Green synthesis of nanohydroxy apatite using Calotropis procera and Wrightia tinctoria plant latex serum extract for biomedical application

Green synthesis of nanohydroxy apatite using Calotropis procera and Wrightia tinctoria plant latex serum extract for biomedical application