Wright Brothers Research Articles

Analysis of the Principle of Jet Engine and State-of-art Application

Abstract. In 1903, the Wright Brother made the dream of flight come true. Contemporarily, as the development of modern technology, aviation has become a major type of daily transportation. The jet engines are the magic that makes the airplanes soar high in the blue sky. As the jet engine is a major invention in human history that brought humans to the sky, it is meaningful to gig into the principle behind the engines. In this article, the principle of 5 jet engines are explained. There are benefits but also impacts due to the human beings. Environmental problems are caused by the exhausted gases, healthy of people who work and live near the airstrips and airports are threatened. Different types of jet engine produced by different companies latest are enumerated and stated with detailed data such as thrust and bypass ratio. According to the analysis, the current limitations and challenges of the development with the future prospect are stated.

Computational and experimental study on the aerodynamic performance of NACA 4412 airfoil with slot and groove

Since the Wright Brothers’ first flight in 1903, extensive research has been dedicated to improving the aerodynamic performance of aircraft. This study investigates the effect of two distinct wing geometric modifications on airfoil performance at high angles of attack (AOAs). These two modifications are slot, specifically the NACA 4412 with only a slot, and groove, specifically the NACA 4412 with both a slot and a groove. The investigation combines numerical simulation using ANSYS fluent with experimental evaluations conducted in the VDAS AF1300 subsonic wind tunnel. Since turbulent airflow often results in early stall, the primary objective of this research is to delay the stall angle of the normal NACA 4412 airfoil by mitigating local separation zones, and boundary layer transitions. Numerical simulations are performed at airspeeds of 20 m/s and 43.9 m/s, while experimental investigations are conducted at a speed of 20 m/s. The results indicate that both modified airfoils have higher lift-to-drag ratio than the normal airfoil at high AOAs. Specifically, the NACA 4412 airfoil with only a slot demonstrates the highest lift-to-drag ratio among the modified airfoils at high AOAs. Moreover, the NACA 4412 airfoil equipped with a slot and a groove demonstrates the highest stall angle, measured at 18°, compared to the normal NACA 4412 airfoil with a stall angle of 14°. At high AOA, the NACA 4412 airfoil with a slot generates a nearly 35 % higher lift coefficient than the normal NACA 4412 airfoil, while the NACA 4412 with a slot and a groove achieves almost a 16 % higher lift coefficient than the normal NACA 4412 airfoil.

Power plants of the first aircraft

The article is dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the construction of the first Russian aircraft designed by Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky. The main attention is paid to a comparative assessment of the parameters of the power plants of the Mozhaisky aircraft and some of the best known of the first heavier-than-air manned aircraft driven by a propeller. For the analysis, data published in various sources were used, primarily on the parameters of the elements of power plants (engines and propellers). An assessment was made of the sufficiency of the engine power of the first aircraft needed for their flight. The published materials of detailed studies of the aerodynamics of aircraft by A.F.Mozhaisky and the Wright brothers were used as the basis for an expert qualitative assessment of the aerodynamic characteristics of the compared aircraft. An analysis of the known statistical data and the results of the calculated estimates made it possible to show the impact of engine improvement on the progress in aviation.

UAVs - The Indian Road Map for Development

The last century saw the birth of the 'First Engine Powered heavier than air' aircraft flight by the Wright Brothers' and within fifty years air power became the key to supremacy in the war game. Today the focus has shifted to include 'Unmanned Aerial Vehicles'(UAVs). UAVs range from the 100 gram Micro-UAV to the High Altitude, Long Endurance and Unmanned Combat aircraft. Primary roles even today are 'Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance' (ISR) but 'Combat UAVs' are expected to come into operation within l5 to 20years. UAVs conceived originally as desirable low cost, 'eyes-in-the sky' are today key assets in the military tool kit. The paper focuses on some of the issues and technology challenges associated with UAVs and provides a glimpse into the DRDO road map for development of UAVs.

The Global Impact of Improving Aviation Safety in Africa

Aviation safety has been a pillar of the aviation industry since the early 20th century when the Wright brothers made their historic maiden flight. Air transport has increased exponentially since then, with tons of cargo and millions of passengers moving monthly around the world. This increase in flights has made it imperative to reduce the number of accidents and incidents and to achieve the same level of aviation safety worldwide, but that has not been the case in Africa. Organizations like the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA) have fostered aviation safety since the 1940s. More recently, in 2001, ICAO published Annex 19 on Safety Management, which provides standards and recommended practices under the safety management system (SMS) and the state safety program (SSP). In January 2018, the African Union launched the Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM), which presents a great opportunity for the improvement of aviation safety in Africa. Based on data from various aviation organizations and on-the-ground experiences in the past decade spearheading many aviation projects in Africa, the author, a 30-year aviation veteran with expertise in aviation safety, provides a fresh analysis of the state of aviation safety on this vast and rich continent of 54 countries. Key issues and practical solutions to those issues are presented while highlighting the global interconnectivity of aviation safety with the goal of enhancing the efforts of the various stakeholders working to raise the level of aviation safety in Africa.

Should We Care about how Birds Fly?

Bird flight has intrigued human minds ever since the Stone Age. Paintings in Lascaux cave in France are considered the oldest representation of birds in flight made by early ancestors of humans. The ability to fly has been interpreted as a divine power by some cultures which proceeded to include wings in drawings and sculptures of their deities. In the Renaissance period, Polymaths like Leonardo Da Vinci studied birds and their motion in detail. His codex of birds mentions the objective of this study as to develop a human-powered flying machine. Even, the Wright brothers used warping wings in their flight tests mimicking the flight patterns of birds. The wing and fuselage design of fixed-wing aircraft from the earliest versions to modern jet-powered airliners is directly inspired by the bio-mechanics of large birds. However, with the success of fixed-wing aircraft, the flapping wing concepts saw declining interest as a viable design option for air vehicles. During this time, the aerodynamics of bird wings was only studied in fundamental science to answer the questions on their aerodynamic performance. However, the popularization of Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs) renewed the interest in bird-inspired air vehicles with flapping wings as a possible design.

Evaluating the Influence of the International Civil Aviation Organization on Aircraft Accident Rates and Fatalities: A Seven-Decade Historical Data Analysis

The advent of air travel, originally proposed by the Wright brothers, has led to a significant surge in aircraft usage for human transportation. In its nascent stages, this mode of transport was linked with a high frequency of accidents and consequent fatalities, placing it in the high-risk category. To counter these risks, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was established in 1947 as a collaborative effort among numerous countries with the primary goal of enhancing aviation safety regulations. This study analyzed archival data from the Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives (B3A), covering a span of 72 years from 1918, the year of the first commercial airplane crash, until 2020. The objective was to understand the ICAO's impact on altering accident rates, fatalities, and underlying causes. Analytical methodologies encompassed both descriptive statistics—examining data distribution, central tendencies, and category frequencies—and exploratory data analysis (EDA) to identify variable relationships and outlier identification. The results indicated that ICAO's interventions have led to a notable decline in accident rates, with an annual average reduction of 70.9%, and a corresponding decrease in incidents attributed to technical factors. However, an unexpected trend was the increase in fatalities despite the drop in accident numbers, attributable to the introduction of larger aircraft designs carrying more passengers per flight. The findings underscore the ICAO's successful efforts in reducing aircraft accidents, but also suggest a need for further exploration into factors contributing to the rise in fatalities.

The Aerospace Industry’s Impact on 20th Century American Society

Since the dawn of mankind, the stars have been an inspiration for humanity. From the studies of the Greeks and the observations of the Indians and Chinese to Da Vinci’s plans and the research of the Wright Brothers, exploring the sky, space and stars has always been at the forefront of human ingenuity. In the United States, the idea of flight exploration began in the early 1900s: a true embodiment of the American dream. This paper examines developments in politics, economics and social movements in 1900s America while contrasting claims with counter arguments and exposing continuities in U.S. history to discuss the impact of the aerospace and defense industry on U.S. society. From Women’s Rights and Civil Rights to military and economics, the growth of the aerospace and defense industry paralleled a period of radical growth for American society creating lasting changes in the process.

Comparative Study and Aerodynamic Analysis of Rectangular Wing Using High-Lift Systems

High-lift systems are designed to expand the flight envelope and have a most important effect on the size of the wing, economy, and safety of many airliner configurations. Even a small increment of lift using a high-lift system can significantly impact an aircraft’s profitability. The effective design of the airfoil shape with the required aerodynamic performance is still difficult. In the early days, the designs of airfoils were randomly set up and tested in the flow section, and then, the Wright brothers emerged with a cambered section. NACA has provided an appropriate airfoil definition that supports us in making airfoil designs using formulas, not randomly. This paper describes the influence of aerodynamic analysis of wing with flaps at various deflection angles. Aerodynamic variables for the aircraft wing, which is made up of the NACA airfoil 6412 model with and without flaps, have been studied at various angle of attack (AOA) (i.e., -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16) and different Mach number at 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4. Also, the analysis was done for the 15000 ft altitude to check the density effects for the real-time applications. The coefficients of lift and drag are gained by examining the pressure distribution over the surface of the wing. Lift increases as the approach ascends from a low to a high angle of attack, and the most extreme lift is produced at a specific point. After that, when the angle of attack increases further, the drag component increases, so the stall occurs at that point in time. The results showed that the NACA 6412 airfoil obtained the maximum lift at 14°, and the lift value started to decrease. The CFD computations are performed in Ansys Fluent by performing hybrid mesh using ICEM-CFD. The analysis is performed for various configurations of the wing section, and the effects of flow parameters like angle of attack, altitude, and the gap distance between the main wing and slotted flap were compared to identify the better configurations.

Analysis of Existing Physical Theories Explaining Aerodynamic Lift Production by an Airplane

Since the first successful airplane, invented by The Wright brothers in the early 1900s, air travel has become one of the most common modes of transportation. While airplane production and use rapidly increase, explanations regarding the physics of flight remain elusive due to major shortcomings. With all the research available, this paper aims to explore how accurately current theories have explained lift production by an airplane's wing. The contents of this paper will touch on the subject of physics, more specifically fluid dynamics and aerodynamics, and even more specifically, the aerodynamic force known as lift. Theories analyzed in this paper include the "Equal Transit", "Skipping Stone", "Venturi", Momentum-Based, Bernoulli-Based, and Circulation theory. Overall, limitations leading to the inaccuracy of these explanations include not providing physical explanations for specific assumptions, misusing and misinterpreting principles and theorems, simplifying explanations thus not accounting for all necessary factors, proposing one-way causation relationships, confusing mathematical theories for qualitative physical theories, and conflicting experimental data. Because of this, an additional purpose of this paper is to provide a more accurate and comprehensive explanation for lift.

From the Wright Brothers to the A380: Developing Transplantation Takes Teams of Teams.

From the Wright Brothers to the A380: Developing Transplantation Takes Teams of Teams.

Biomechanics of avian flight

Throughout recorded human history, birds have fascinated and inspired humans to dream of flying. The Greek myth of Daedalus and his son Icarus, who flew too close to the sun and fell to his death, first written by Diodorus (60-30 B.C.E.) and later poetically revised by Ovid (8 C.E.), evokes the dangers of hubris. Many indigenous peoples invoke spiritual qualities and protection ascribed to birds that were symbols of freedom and viewed as sacred messengers of the gods. As a student of bird flight, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) was the first to document dynamic soaring by birds. And, subsequently, the flight of birds inspired human engineered pursuit of powered aircraft design, with the Wright Brothers being the first to design and achieve sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, NC, USA in 1903.

Physical Models: Their Historical and Current Use in Civil and Building Engineering Design ed. by Bill Addis (review).

Reviewed by: Physical Models: Their Historical and Current Use in Civil and Building Engineering Design ed. by Bill Addis David F. Channell (bio) Physical Models: Their Historical and Current Use in Civil and Building Engineering Design Edited by Bill Addis. Berlin: Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, 2021. Pp. 1113. Readers of Technology and Culture will find a great deal of useful information in this edited collection but may also find some frustrations. The focus of the book is the somewhat neglected subject of the role of physical models in the history of design from ancient times to the present. The editor argues that physical models provide a way for designers to convey ideas to those who build engineering artifacts and to provide a way to test that the designed artifact will function as intended. As such, physical models represent a crucial "third strand" along with theory and practice in the development of engineering science. Nearly half of the book deals with physical models that were developed from ancient times through the 1930s. The book has a very large number of photographs, drawings, charts, graphs, and other illustrations that allow the reader to more fully understand how the models function and their role in engineering design. The book is well organized, first focusing on historical time periods and then on specific design projects such as Filippo Brunelleschi's design of the dome of Florence Cathedral, Leonhard Euler's model for a bridge in St. Petersburg, the models used in the Conway and Britannia tubular bridges in Great Britain, and the use of models in the design of the Boulder Dam. With only a few exceptions, the contributors to the volume are trained in engineering or architecture. The editor has a Ph.D. in the history and philosophy of engineering along with a background in the aerospace industry. A small number of contributors have some training in the history of architecture, but aside from the editor only one or two contributors have backgrounds in the history of technology. Because of this, much of the literature on the history of technology that involves modeling and structures, such as works by Edwin Layton, Terry Reynolds, Walter Vincenti, David Billington, and Eda Kranakis, among others, are not cited in the volume. Not surprisingly, given the backgrounds of the contributors, the volume follows a very internalist approach to the history of physical models. With the exception of some discussion of testing laboratories, there is almost no engagement with the idea of contextual history. There is little discussion of how physical models have been shaped by society and culture and how society and culture have been shaped by the use of different types of physical models. While the idea of physical models as a "third strand" in shaping engineering science is mentioned in the preface, there is no continuing or broad analysis of how the development of physical models have interacted with theory of practice to contribute to the development of engineering science. [End Page 1250] While the volume covers a tremendous amount of material, there are some surprising topics that are not covered. For example, the chapter on the development of arch construction during the ancient period makes almost no reference to the Roman use of the arch and subsequently the dome. The chapter on wind tunnels tends to focus on testing buildings and bridges and therefore neglects any discussion of the Wright brothers' use of wind tunnel testing. Many major bridge projects, such as the Conway and Britannia bridges and the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, are covered, but there is no discussion of the Brooklyn Bridge. But if a reader wants to gain an almost encyclopedic knowledge of the technical details of almost any type of physical modeling, this book would be a very useful resource. David F. Channell David F. Channell received his Ph.D. in the history of science and technology from Case Western Reserve University and is currently professor of history/history of ideas at the University of Texas at Dallas. His newest book is George Wilson's Vision of Early Victorian Science and Technology (Routledge, 2022). Citation: Channell, David F. "Review of Physical Models: Their Historical and Current Use in Civil and Building Engineering...

All My Sons

All My Sons

The Spirit of Innovation in Ohio Cities

The Spirit of Innovation in Ohio Cities John W. Kropf Kevin R. Cox, Boomtown Columbus: Ohio's Sunbelt City and How Developers Got Their Way. Columbus, OH: Trillium, 2020. 264 pp. $29.95 (paper). Adam Millsap, Dayton: The Rise, Decline, and Transition of an Industrial City. Columbus, OH: Trillium, 2019. 208 pp. $24.95 (paper). Shortly after the Civil War, Union veteran William D. Curtis returned home to Sandusky, Ohio, and started experimenting in the family kitchen with crude blocks of chalk and gypsum from nearby Sandusky Bay. His tinkering led to improved schoolhouse chalk and, later, crayons and paints, founding what would become the American Crayon Company. Curtis was not the only Ohioan to pursue entrepreneurial innovation. Akron's Harvey Firestone and Frank Seiberling experimented with rubber, and Thomas Edison was born in Milan, a dozen miles south of Sandusky. As one of the first tracts opened for settlement in the Northwest Territory, northeast Ohio attracted people with new ideas who "hastened to it as to a seedbed."1 Curtis, Firestone, and Edison were part of a larger, vibrant culture of innovation and growth that took root in nineteenth-century Ohio. Many in Sandusky and other small- to medium-sized midwestern towns believed they could, with enough determination, create something new. Alan Millsap provides an examination of just this kind of innovation and growth in another middle-size Ohio city in Dayton: Rise, Decline, and Transition of an Industrial City. A senior fellow at the Charles Koch Institute, Millsap has spent years studying urban development, population trends, labor markets, and federal and local urban public policy. At the book's outset, Millsap posits "a period of optimism" with profiles of exceptional innovators who emerged in Dayton around the turn of the twentieth century (13). His examples are compelling. Union veteran John H. Patterson, for example, moved through a series of businesses where he [End Page 121] was consistently frustrated by a lack of accurate accounting tools. In 1884, he bought a controlling interest in the National Manufacturing Company that produced a recently patented cash register. By the early 1890s, he had changed the name of the company to National Cash Register (NCR) and was selling over 15,000 registers per year. Drawing a parallel with twenty-first-century Silicon Valley, Millsap describes how Patterson "incubated" other start-ups. Two of his employees, Edward Deeds and Charles Kettering, bonded over their common interest as inventors who saw new uses for small electric motors. Deeds had replaced the manual crank on cash registers with an electric motor, and he approached Kettering with the idea of adapting this innovation for the nascent automobile industry. The two formed the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company, later Delco (18–19). Luring other engineers away from NCR and working in Deeds's barn, their early breakthrough turned out to be an electric starter that by 1919 had become the industry standard. Orville and Wilbur Wright are easily Dayton's best-known products of its "period of optimism." Millsap emphasizes that the brothers were, like Deeds and Kettering, intensely curious and forward-looking. As they tinkered with bicycles in their shop, they followed developments in the news regarding "the flying problem." They approached the question of power flight by applying their conceptual understanding of the bicycle. They methodically designed a small-scale wind tunnel in their Dayton shop, conducting multiple experiments, and later progressed to applying their discoveries to kites and gliders. On December 17, 1903, Orville piloted their first controlled flight, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Millsap points out that highly respected inventors such as Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison and the Smithsonian's Samuel Langley were trying to create a flying machine, but it was two brothers from Ohio, lacking advanced education, outside financing, connections, or government subsidies, who finally succeeded (21). Millsap concludes that the Wright Brothers, Patterson, Deeds, and Kettering were able to thrive in Dayton's culture of innovation (24). They were not the only ones. Millsap also notes that in 1900, Dayton led the list of U.S. cities in the number of patents issued and placed third in 1910. The legacy of this culture brought lasting economic benefit to Dayton. Huffman...

HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROPLANES IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT IN PRE-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD

Winning the blue sky became possible with the invention of the motor operated aero plane by Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright—the Wright Brothers in 1903. Shortly after their invention, aeronautic companies established in America and Europe started manufacturing aero planes. The year 1911 marked the beginning of the Civil Aviation in India when the Humber-Sommer biplane manufactured in England by Humber took 10-kilometre (approx.) flight in 15 minutes carrying about 6,500 mails. Since then, a continuous technological advancement in aero plane manufacturing had been noticed that not only contributed significantly to the military aviation during the two World Wars but also flourished the Civil Aviation sector for fastest communication worldwide. Prior to the Independence of India, a good number of aero plane models manufactured by different companies occupied the Aviation Sector. It is a matter of proud that India was among the privileged countries where aviation started within a decade of its invention. More than a century old Indian Civil Aviation at present is one of the fastest developing aviation markets in the world according to the International Air Transport Association (IATA). In this present paper an attempt has been taken to document the various aero planes flew in the sky of the Indian Subcontinent to understand the history of the Indian Civil Aviation in the pre-Independence period in the light of its demand and popularity that led India in achieving scientific temperament and technological advancement.

Wings for the Rising Sun: A Transnational History of Japanese Aviation by Jürgen P. Melzer

Reviewed by: Wings for the Rising Sun: A Transnational History of Japanese Aviation by Jürgen P. Melzer Christopher Hood (bio) Wings for the Rising Sun: A Transnational History of Japanese Aviation. By Jürgen P. Melzer. Harvard University Asia Center, 2020. xxiv, 339 pages. $60.00, cloth; $32.00, paper. When you think of Japanese aviation, what comes to mind? Modern passenger jet planes with the names of JAL or ANA on them? Or something more historical, such as the Zero fighter or the infamous kamikaze planes? Of course, there is much more to aviation and Japan than images such as these. Indeed, Jürgen Melzer's excellent study is not really concerned with either of them and points to why the study of Japan's aviation world is of importance to those studying a much wider range of issues. Having spent more than 20 years researching aspects of the transportation world in relation to Japan, I find that one source of constant frustration has been that, regardless of what studies have actually covered, many people tend to assume that transportation-related studies are not relevant to their own work, whether such studies involve trains or planes. Many seem to assume that such subjects are not likely to have wider relevance or that the works will be overly concerned with engineering-related issues, for example. This situation needs to change, and Melzer's study is a prime example of why. While the book contains a wealth of information about engineering and design, these are by no means the main thrust of the work. The book itself is split into four main parts, covering different periods in the development of the aviation industry in Japan, 1877–1918, 1918–37, 1912–37, and 1937–45, respectively. The parts are primarily concerned with the shifting influences of other countries on Japan's aviation industry, and there is some overlap in the chronology of the parts rather than neat changes between the various countries. Indeed, part 3 shows the influence of two countries (Britain and Germany) at the same time. But the book is not merely about foreign influence. It also highlights the importance of the Japanese government, Japanese industry, and the Japanese media. Ultimately, Melzer argues that these various actors along with certain key countries (or companies within them), as well as external pressures and developments, shaped the development of the Japanese aviation industry. The title of the book is both helpful and, to some degree, misleading. From the subtitle, "A Transnational History of Japanese Aviation," it may be fair to assume that the book covers the whole history of Japanese aviation. It does not. Although there is a chapter, entitled "Epilogue," that fills in some key issues from 1945 to the present day, the book is primarily concerned with the period up to 1945. While the "Epilogue" is an interesting [End Page 171] addition, it was perhaps unnecessary as it suffers from not presenting a full picture of the domestic (let alone international or transnational, in terms of flights rather than plane manufacture) passenger or freight market, or of the constant battle that many face when passages in the text are outdated by the time a book is published or read (this applies particularly to the section discussing the Mitsubishi Regional Jet, as it was still called at the time the book was written). My personal knowledge of the Japanese aviation world is based much more on the period the book does not cover in detail—i.e., the contemporary and recent history (such as the JAL flight JL123 crash of 1985). However, a general interest in aviation and the need for all of us in Japan studies to include more transnational approaches to our research and teaching attracted me to this book. My knowledge of the pre-1945 Japanese aviation world was based largely on the image mentioned near the beginning of this review and knowledge that the first plane flight in the world, albeit only about 36 meters long, happened in Japan, in 1891 some 12 years before the Wright brothers' flight which is widely credited as being the world's first powered flight. Sadly, I have never managed...

People in aviation – a linguists’ insight into history

History can be studied from a number of angles and on the basis of a variety of sources. Researchers interested in the history of aviation typically focus on the development of subsequent types of flying machines. This study relates to the history of aviation, but, due to its linguistic bias it concentrates on the semantic field <people in aviation>. The structure of this field is analysed on the basis of a collection of nouns that form the relating lexical fields. In detail the study is aimed to cast some light on the history of modern aviation, i.e. aviation that started with the 1903 flight made by the Wright Brothers in an engine-driven machine, and has been continued up to now. Importantly, in 1911, soon after the first flight took place, the first dictionary of aviation was published. This specialized dictionary served as an inspiration for an attempt to draw a linguistic picture of the discipline at the beginning of the 20th century, and later to contrast it with a linguistic picture of the discipline as emerging from modern specialized dictionaries of aviation one century later. Additionally, the analysis of particular nouns, including the study of their morphological structure and semantics leads to some interesting observations relating to the history of modern aviation.

Adaptive wing aeroelasticity CFD analysis using artificial neural network (ANN)

Morphing wing technology has been part of the aviation industry since the time of the Wright Brothers. Wright Brothers used morphing wing for Wright flyer, and type of morphing wing used then was twisting the wing prepared with the help of bicycle tubes and cardboards. But to enhance the morphing wing technology and to produce more effective results aerodynamically, and increase lift performances and lower drag performances, better materials with better mechanism had to be used. This research is directed towards morphing a Supersonic aero elastic wing in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Here a CFD analysis of National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA)0012 airfoil, made of a morphing material is done in the initial part. It has low and transonic regions of CFD analysis in the said airfoil. The problems persisting with the high speed aerodynamic CFD analysis is brought out in detail. Later part of the work is on designing of a self-trainable and multilayer Artificial Deep Neural Network and its programming using Python deep learning (Python Anaconda). It also explains how these Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques help immensely in supersonic aerodynamic and aeroelastic analysis of the aerofoils. The data from designing the aerofoil and its CFD analysis will be used for training the deep neural networks, which is done by the Python code.

Computing Through Time

Presents one (or more) cartoons or humorous images. The Wright brothers were able to achieve the control of their airplane design on 9 October 1909. This was a major milestone at that time. From 20 September to 30 October, they made over 1,000 flights with the new controls. Their longest duration was 26 seconds, and the longest distance was slightly over 600 ft (180 m). The current longest uncrewed plane flights can reach more than 20 days. The current record, which belongs to the airbus Zephyr 8, is almost 26 days!