Woven Structure Research Articles

Interpretative Elements of György Kósa’s Chinese Song Series From an Art Psychology Perspective

"I got to know the art of György Kósa (1897-1984) during my performing career. During the performances of the first Chinese Songs series, the songs inspired me to learn more about the composer. Delving into the literature shed light on the composer’s artistic concept, elements of which I can identify with also as a performer. It can be said that, even if we focus only on his songwriting, his most important role as a songwriter is to communicate values. His choice of lyrics is based on a profound knowledge of twentieth-century Hungarian and world literature, and his literary themes represent both the cultural and mental-spiritual well-being of the time, and satisfy the musician’s need for expression, both on a personal and a communal level. György Kósa’s oeuvre as a songwriter is a densely woven structure, consistently and organically formed. The songs are each a microcosm of their own, linked to a particular state of being, time and emotional mood of the individual, and in portraying this, the literary and musical tools employed can all be accurately mapped. Keywords: Chinese songs, György Kósa, Po Chü-i’s poetry, Sándor Weöres, performing arts, creative arts, singing voice, Stella Ferch"

Tensile mechanical properties and damage analysis of layered woven GFRP composite bolts

Composite bolts have become one of the research focuses in screw threads joints due to their lightweight, high-strength, and wave transmission properties. We elucidate the differences in tensile properties, damage processes, and tensile failure forms between two types of layered woven GFRP composite bolts through tests and numerical simulations. It was found that the tensile strength of layered plain woven bolts is 40% higher than layered twill woven bolts. The failure forms of both types of bolts are related to their layered woven structure. The fracture surface of plain bolts is planar, while the fracture surface of twill bolts is apex shaped. Subsequently, a refined thread stretching model was established to study the effect of loading speed on the tensile property of screw threads. It was found that the tensile strength of plain woven screw threads and twill woven screw threads at a loading speed of 1 mm/min was 11% and 6% higher than that at 3 mm/min, respectively. The results show that the bolts and screw threads with layered plain woven have stronger tensile strength than those with layered twill woven, and a decrease in loading speed within a certain range can improve the tensile strength of the screw threads.

Tensile‐after‐ablation progressive damage and the failure mechanism of 2.5D woven composites with crack pores

Abstract2.5D woven structures are of interest in new thermal protection systems for their excellent interlayer properties and structural stability. In this paper, dense (CDP) and lightweight (CLP) carbon/phenolic 2.5D woven composites were prepared. Quasi‐static tensile experiments were performed on the specimens before ablation (TCDP‐0, TCLP‐0) and after ablation for 30 s (TCDP‐30, TCLP‐30). A quarter macro–meso hybrid model that takes into account the degradation of material properties after ablation and ablative crack pores was innovatively proposed. The predicted tensile elastic modulus is within 9% error from the experimental results. The results show that TCDP‐30 and TCLP‐30 have rapid damage expansion and lethal injury at smaller displacements than the pre‐ablation specimens. The displacement of the maximum load point of TCDP‐30 is 38.7% lower than that of TCLP‐30. The forms of damage in TCDP‐30 are dominated by matrix fragmentation and matrix cracks. The damage forms of TCLP‐30 are dominated by debonding and delamination.Highlights Micro‐CT was used to collect matrix fabrication defects and ablative crack pores defect. A quarter macro–meso hybrid model that takes into account the degradation of material properties after ablation and ablative crack pore was innovatively proposed. The tensile failure mechanism of the material after ablation was revealed by the combination of experiment and numerical method.

Fabrication-Aware Strip-Decomposable Quadrilateral Meshes

Strip-decomposable quadrilateral (SDQ) meshes, i.e., quad meshes that can be decomposed into two transversal strip networks, are vital in numerous fabrication processes; examples include woven structures, surfaces from sheets, custom rebar, or cable-net structures. However, their design is often challenging and includes tedious manual work, and there is a lack of methodologies for editing such meshes while preserving their strip decomposability. We present an interactive methodology to generate and edit SDQ meshes aligned to user-defined directions, while also incorporating desirable properties to the strips for fabrication. Our technique is based on the computation of two coupled transversal tangent direction fields, integrated into two overlapping networks of strips on the surface. As a case study, we consider the fabrication scenario of robotic non-planar 3D printing of free-form surfaces and apply the presented methodology to design and fabricate non-planar print paths.

Water vapour resistance modelling of basic weaving structure

Water vapour diffusion through textile fabrics plays a crucial role in maintaining body comfort. Developing and producing comfortable textiles is a major challenge for manufacturers of fibres, yarns and fabrics. This study aims to develop a simple model to predict the water vapour permeability of textile fabrics as a function of their structural parameters to assist manufacturers in developing comfortable fabrics. To achieve this goal, geometric modeling of the woven structure was proposed to calculate porosity at the micro-and macro-pores level. Two mathematical models were introduced based on the principle of diffusion of water vapour through a textile fabric. To validate the two models, a series of 18 samples was prepared with three basic fabric structures: Plain, Twill and Turc Sateen. To vary the compactness of the structures, three weft densities were chosen: 18, 21 and 24 picks/cm. In addition, since the material influences water vapour diffusion, two types of weft yarns were inserted: 50% CO/50% PET and 100% PET. The results show that the two models are reliable for predicting water vapour resistance (Ret) depending on the structural parameters of the textile fabric.

Flexible Actuators with Hygroscopic Adaptability for Smart Wearables and Soft Grippers.

Flexible actuators have garnered significant interest in the domains of biomedical devices, human-machine interfaces, and smart wearables. However, the mechanical properties of existing materials are not sufficiently robust, and the expensive and time-consuming pretreatment process and the ambiguous high-degree-of-freedom deformation mechanism make it difficult to meet the demands of industrialized production. Hence, drawing inspiration from the adaptable movement of living organisms in the natural world, this research created and engineered a fully textile-based humidity-sensitive flexible actuator (TbHs-FA) using high-cost-effective viscose/PET fibers as raw materials. The breakthrough development in actuation performance is covered, including substantial contraction force (92.53 cN), high actuation curvature (16.78 cm-1), and fast response (264 cN s-1 and 46.61 cm-1 s-1). Additionally, the programmable stiffness system and weave structure give TbHs-FAs low hysteresis and fatigue resistance, narrowing the gap between the conceptual laboratory-scale design of existing fully textile-based humidity-sensitive flexible actuators and actual textiles. The high-degree-of-freedom and large bending deformation mechanisms are elucidated for the first time by combining microscopic mechanical structure simulation and macroscopic energy conversion analysis. The novel humidity-sensitive flexible actuator possesses strong mechanical qualities, making it suitable for applications such as flexible robots, medicinal devices, and smart wearables.

Low-velocity impact-resistance of aramid fiber three-dimensional woven textile-reinforced thermoplastic-epoxy composites

The development of impact-resistant composite materials for protective applications such as helmet and body armor has attracted considerable attention. In this study, a novel aramid fiber-woven thermoplastic-epoxy composite was developed. Furthermore, three types of woven textiles, namely three-dimensional (3D) orthogonal-woven (3DOW), 3D angle-interlock woven (3DAIW), and two-dimensional plain-woven (2DPW) textiles, were used as reinforcement structures. To study the effect of the woven structure, impact energy, and damage repairment on impact-resistance performance of these composites, low-velocity drop-weight impact tests with various impact scenarios, such as single-impact, repeated-impact, as well as multiple-impact with hot-press damage repairment, were conducted. The results revealed that the woven structure exhibited an obvious effect on the composite impact-resistance performance and failure modes when subjected to specific impact scenarios. For the single-impact scenario, especially under high impact energy levels (10 and 20 J), the 3DOW structure exhibited superior impact-resistance performance as well as damage tolerance, followed by 3DAIW and 2DPW structures. Furthermore, 3DOW achieved superior impact-resistance to the other two structures for the 10-J repeated-impact scenario. The 3DAIW structure, in which debonding or delamination as well as severe resin cracks dominated, achieved superior impact-resistance to multiple impacts with damage repairment.

Characterization of cotton woven compression bandages with different structures

Purpose Nowadays, textiles play a striking role in various medical applications. Compression bandages are the most essential medical fabrics that help treat venous flow and edema. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of different woven compressive bandage structures produced using compact cotton and cotton/lycra. Design/methodology/approach Four samples were weaved by matt-plain2/2, twill2/2, stripe-stain4 and mock-leno structures. Several properties were tested that related to structural performance. Tensile strength, elastic and sub-bandage pressure are considered the main functional properties. Three different analysis tools were performed: chart-diagram, one-factor ANOVA and radar chart area. Findings The woven structures critically affected the performance of woven compression bandage samples as well as their classifications. Originality/value The woven structures critically affected the performance of woven compression bandage samples as well as their classifications.

Effect of Chemical Pre-treatment on Screen Printed Fabric Performance Properties

Printing is the process of transferring a specific pattern or design onto the surface of textile fabric. In the printing process, screen printing is one of the fundamental printing methods on textiles and is widely used worldwide. However, screen-printed fabrics have specific properties like fastness, water absorbency, and whiteness index that increase the end-use properties of the printed fabrics. There are several factors that affect the technical characteristics of printed fabrics. This research focuses on an experimental approach to ascertain and confirm the pre-treatment process as one of the most important factors in pigment dye screen-printed fabrics. The main raw material used in this research was 100% cotton fabric with a plain weave structure. The experimental method used in this research involved the pre-treatment (singeing, scouring, and bleaching) process with different recipes and four samples. Screen-printed fabric after printing was tested for its technical properties using standard test methods. The results of a one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) were analysed using MINITAB and Microsoft (MS) Excel software. The results indicate superior fabric technical properties like color fastness to rubbing and washing, coupled with improved water absorbency and excellent whiteness index values of samples printed after bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2). In this research, we conclude that printed fabric after bleaching with H2O2 has the best color fastness, and bleaching with NaOCl is the next one. However, printed fabric has a low fastness property after scouring and singeing.

Analysis of performance properties of retro-reflective woven fabrics made with retro-reflective yarns and natural yarns

Retro-reflective (RR) materials have been the subject of recent interest largely due to their ability to ensure personal safety on the road. Their use limits vehicle–pedestrian collisions, especially at night-time. Studies have mainly developed RR textiles for aesthetics and reported on their appearance performance accordingly. This study, however, investigates the mechanical and functional properties of RR fabrics produced with RR yarns and natural yarns. The results reveal that the woven fabrics have radiative cooling effects to transmit body heat to the environment, and a good ultraviolet protection rating (15–35) with a transmittance rate below 6% depending on the weave structure. The contact angle measurements reveal that the surface of these fabrics is hydrophobic or has low wettability. The total hand value for the fabric shows their suitability for men’s dress shirts in the winter or thin women’s dresses.

Effect of fillers and weave architecture hybridization on the impact performance of 3D woven hybrid green composites

AbstractThe eco‐friendly characteristics of green composites not only make them economically and technically viable but also contribute to the reduction of pollution. Green composites are developed by combining degradable fibers (primarily cellulosic materials) with natural resins. A disadvantage of green composites is their lower mechanical strength. To address this issue, 3D woven reinforcement along with fillers can be used to enhance the mechanical properties of green composites. In the current study, three different types of novel 3D woven hybrid structures, that is, hybrid through the thickness (HB‐1 (TT), novel woven layer‐to‐layer structure (HB‐2 (LL)), and layer‐to‐layer structure with double warp yarn (HB‐3 (LL)) were developed. Composites were fabricated using the compression molding technique. Three different concentrations (2%, 5%, and 8%) of nano clay (nanoparticles) were used as fillers and mixed in the green epoxy resin. Pendulum (Charpy) and drop weight impact tests of the composites were performed. The results showed that by the addition of nano particles the impact properties were increased. Nanoparticles showed a significant effect on impact strength. Charpy impact test results showed that the HB‐3 (LL) composite sample with 8% nanofillers showed the highest impact performance, while the HB‐1 (TT) composite sample with 8% nanofillers showed the highest impact performance during the drop weight impact test. By comparing the impact strength of the present work with that of similar research previously published, it is evident that our study achieved a remarkable improvement of 19.17%. This increase is due to the novel structures and nano fillers in the composite.Highlights Eco‐friendly green composites: economically feasible, minimizes pollution. Adding 3D woven structures to green composites improves their mechanical properties. Composite materials with nano clay fillers have increased impact resistance. The highest impact performance is shown by HB‐3 (LL) composites with 8% nanofillers.

Improving thermal conductivity of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic steel using three-dimensional woven copper fiber

Reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steel is a primary candidate for blanket modules in nuclear-fusion reactors. Blanket modules transfer thermal energy generated by nuclear-fusion reactions to the coolant; therefore, blanket materials must have high thermal conductivity. RAFM steel is suitable for fusion reactors owing to its high strength, toughness, and resistance to neutron irradiation; however, its thermal conductivity is lower than that of other metals. This study fabricates RAFM steel–copper composites using three-dimensional (3D) woven copper fibers with different volume fractions as a preform to improve the thermal conductivity of RAFM steel around the coolant pipes. The microstructural, mechanical, and thermal properties of the developed composites and the correlations between them are experimentally investigated. Finite element simulations were also conducted on the composites comprising 3D woven copper fibers to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity. The factors that improve the effective thermal conductivity of RAFM steel–copper composites are discussed through a comparison with copper-powder composites with comparable volumes. This study demonstrates the manufacturing of composites with excellent thermal and mechanical properties using various 3D woven structures as preforms.

Microstructural modeling on electrical conductivities of 3-D carbon/epoxy woven composites along different directions

Carbon fiber composites have widely been used in aircrafts and high speed vehicles. Electrical conductivity of the carbon fiber composites is critical to electrical safety for the aircrafts and vehicles under high voltage applications. Here we report microstructural modeling on electrical conductivities of three-dimensional (3-D) carbon/epoxy angle-interlock woven composites along on-axis and off-axis directions. A 3-D resistor network model and finite element analysis (FEA) model based on fabric microstructure have been developed to reveal the electric conductivities along different directions. We have found that the conductivity of the woven structure exhibits full anisotropy. The difference of electrical conductivity between in-plane and through-thickness direction decreased due to the existence of through-the-thickness carbon fibers. The electrical conductivity through-thickness direction increases with warp directional length. With increasing off-axis directional length, the conductivity perpendicular to the off-axis direction increases, while the conductivity parallel to the off-axis direction remains basically unchanged. Electric potential distribution and electrical current density are highly related with fabric structure and current directions. Owing to the dependence of mechanical properties are also related with fabric structure and directions, it is expected that both the electrical and mechanical properties of the 3-D woven carbon/epoxy composites could be optimized simultaneously from the composite microstructure designs.

Woven organic crystals

Woven architectures are prepared by physical entanglement of fibrous components to expand one-dimensional material into two-dimensional sheets with enhanced strength and resilience to wear. Here, we capitalize on the elastic properties of long organic crystals with a high aspect ratio to prepare an array of centimeter-size woven network structures. While being robust to mechanical impact, the woven patches are also elastic due to effective stress dissipation by the elasticity of the individual warp and weft crystals. The thermal stability of component crystals translates into favorable thermoelastic properties of the porous woven structures, where the network remains elastic over a range of 300 K. By providing means for physical entanglement of organic crystals, the weaving circumvents the natural limitation of the small size of slender organic crystals that is determined by their natural growth, thereby expanding the prospects for applications of organic crystals from one-dimensional entities to expandable, two-dimensional robust structures.

Acoustic behavior of three-dimensional woven fabrics and their composites: role of fiber type and weave architecture

The ability of composites to insulate against noise and heat is crucial when utilized in buildings and other public structures and provide enhanced load bearing properties. Three-dimensional (3D) woven textile structural fabric and composites are one of the least investigated. Therefore, in this research, the acoustic behavior of various woven structures was investigated. The effect of weave geometry, weave architecture, number of stuffer layers, etc. on the acoustic behaviors of 3D woven orthogonal fabrics was studied. The textile reinforced composites were also characterized for tensile properties. The acoustic performance of the woven fabrics also depends on the air porosity in the structure. Therefore, investigation of air flow resistance and its correlation with sound absorption coefficient is very essential. It was observed that the acoustic behavior of jute and flax orthogonal fabrics is superior to glass fabrics. Fiber-reinforced composites show less sound absorption characteristics due to the infusion of epoxy resin.

Knittable ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene microporous fibers for all-day personal passive radiative cooling in outdoors

Polyethylene (PE) has been recognized as a basic material with great potential for personal thermal management garments, expected to realize industrialization at a low cost. However, post-treatment or functional additives tend to be used to improve the wearability properties and cooling performance of PE textiles, which not only increases the production expense but also is unfavorable to recycling. Here, we fabricated an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UPE) microporous fiber with high porosity (∼70.2 %) and nano pores (0.56 ± 0.43 μm) by gel spinning and multistage extraction. Without any modification, the woven fabrics can exhibit a low thermal conductivity (31–37 mW m−1 K−1), high mid-infrared transmittance (85.7 %) and solar reflectivity (96 %). The UPE fabric was demonstrated to reduce the simulated skin temperature by average 5.2 °C under direct sunshine of 800 W m−2 and allowed for a subambient temperature close to bare skin at night, realizing personal cooling all day in outdoors. Attributing to the weaving structure of the UPE fabric, its wearability and durability are superior to traditional textiles, such as cotton and Tyvek, and it can meet the requirements of most people for wearing comfort. UPE microporous fibers provide a possible opportunity for large-scale production and practical application of radiation cooling clothing.

Characterization of tool-ply friction behavior for treated jute/PLA biocomposite prepregs in thermoforming

This paper investigates the tool-ply friction behavior of woven jute fabric reinforced poly-lactic acid (jute/PLA) biocomposite in thermoforming. A home-made pull-through friction testing device was developed to characterize the tool-ply friction behavior of the jute/PLA prepreg at elevated temperature. The effects of alkali treatment, fiber orientation, normal force and slipping velocity were studied. The results suggested a strong relationship between the tool-ply friction behavior and the woven and fiber structures. In addition, a quantitative definition of the tool-ply friction behavior was achieved by introducing the characteristic stress and friction coefficient. These findings indicated a hydrodynamic lubrication of tool-ply friction. This work provides a beneficial complement to the understanding of the thermoforming process of jute/PLA biocomposites.

Surface modification of different woven structures of polyester fabrics using TiO2NPs for multifunctional properties

Surface modification of different woven structures of polyester fabrics using TiO2NPs for multifunctional properties

Directing Molecular Weaving of Covalent Organic Frameworks and Their Dimensionality by Angular Control.

Although reticular chemistry has commonly utilized mutually embracing tetrahedral metal complexes as crossing points to generate three-dimensional molecularly woven structures, weaving in two dimensions remains largely unexplored. We report a new strategy to access 2D woven COFs by controlling the angle of the usually linear linker, resulting in the successful synthesis of a 2D woven pattern based on chain-link fence. The synthesis was accomplished by linking aldehyde-functionalized copper(I) bisphenanthroline complexes with bent 4,4'-oxydianiline building units. This results in the formation of a crystalline solid, termed COF-523-Cu, whose structure was characterized by spectroscopic techniques and electron and X-ray diffraction techniques to reveal a molecularly woven, twofold-interpenetrated chain-link fence. The present work significantly advances the concept of molecular weaving and its practice in the design of complex chemical structures.

Test method for vapor collection and ion mobility detection of explosives with low vapor pressure.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely used for on-site detection of explosives. Air sampling method is applicable only when the concentration of explosive vapor is considerably high in the air, but vapor pressures of common explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are very low. A test method for analyzing the vapor detection efficiency of explosives with low vapor pressure via IMS was developed using artificial vapor and collection matrices. Artificial explosive vapor was produced by spraying an explosive solution in acetone. Fifteen collection matrices of various materials with woven or nonwoven structures were tested. Two arrangements of horizontal and vertical positions of the collection matrices were employed. Explosive vapor collected in the matrix was analyzed using IMS. Only three collection matrices of stainless steel mesh (SSM), polytetrafluoroethylene sheet (PFS), and lens cleansing paper (LCP) showed the TNT and/or RDX ion peaks at an explosive vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. There was no collection matrix to detect PETN vapor at or lower than 49 ng/L. For the PFS, TNT and RDX were detected at a vapor concentration of 49 ng/L. For the LCP, TNT and RDX were detected at vapor concentrations of 14 and 49 ng/L, irrespectively. The difference in the explosive vapor detection efficiencies could be explained by the adsorption and desorption capabilities of the collection matrices. The proposed method can be used for evaluating the vapor detection efficiency of hazardous materials with low vapor pressure.