Woven Form Research Articles

Review and prospects of geotextiles: role of babassu fibers

With the increase of global environmental changes and intensive anthropogenic activities, it is extremely important to maintain and improve soil function. Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. Different structures and forms of geotextiles are available to geotechnical engineers. Geotextiles in the form of woven and nonwoven structures are mostly used in various geo-engineering applications. This review focus on how the use of geotextiles have grown during the last decades and the importance of a particular material to be base of geotextiles, babassu (Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng, Arecaceae)) that is a palm with socioeconomic and ecologic importance found in humid tropical areas in Brazil.

Compressive and Shear Strength of Kevlar based Nano Composites

The Fibre Reinforced Composite (FRC) material consists of building materials in macroscopic level by having fibres and resin as reinforcement and matrix material respectively. It has different physical and chemical properties that were bonded together in order to get new material with different required characteristics from individual components. The properties of the composites are largely depending on the matrix and reinforcement materials. The matrix strengthening process by introduction of fine nano particles in composite laminate was done in this work. In order to study the effect of nano particles, the composite consists of Kevlar- 49 (K49) fibre in woven form with epoxy resin as matrix was considered. All the test specimens have been prepared with 12 layers of K49 to build 3mm thickness using vacuum bag moulding method. The K49 fibre in form of plain-woven type were chosen as reinforcement material. The nano fillers such as Titanium dioxide (TiO2), Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Graphite powder (Gr) were used as nanomaterial added in the matrix and was compared with pure K49 reinforced composites for better performance. The TiO2, CaCO3 and GR nano fillers were constituted on various weight ratios in FRC. The structural properties like compression and shear strengths were determined as per ASTM standards. The fracture behaviour for all the categories of laminate has been detailed and reported using scanning electron microscope.

An In Vitro Study Comparing the Impact and Flexural Strength of Leucitone 199 Denture Base Resin and Conventional Denture Base Resin Enhanced With Glass Fibre Mesh and Polyethylene Fibre Mesh.

Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare and evaluate the impact and flexural strength of conventional denture base resin reinforced with glass fiber mesh and polyethylene fiber mesh with Leucitone 199 denture base resin (Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, USA). Leucitone is an expensive denture base material. To come up with a cheaper solution for reinforced denture base resin with superior impactand flexural strength was the goal of this study Material and methods The specimens (maxillary denture bases) were fabricated using a standard polyvinylsiloxane mold with conventional heat-cured polymethyl methacrylate resin (ISO 1567:1999). The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 10). Group I specimens, or the control group, were pre-reinforced Leucitone 199. Group II and Group IIIspecimens were reinforced with 3% by weight of glass fibers and polyethylene fibers in weave form, respectively. All the specimens were immersed in water for 1 week before testing. The impact strength was measured with a falling weight impact testing machine. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. The flexural strength was measured with the three-point bending test in a universal testing machine. Results The highest impact strength values were exhibited by the Leucitone 199 group, followed by the polyethylene fiber mesh group, followed by the glass fibers mesh group. The highest flexural strength was seen in the Leucitone 199 group, followed by the glass fiber mesh group. The least flexural strength was seen in the polyethylene fiber mesh-reinforced group. Conclusion Reinforcement of maxillary complete dentures showed a significant increase in impact strength and flexural strength, but not in comparison to pre-reinforced Leucitone 199 dentures. By using pre-impregnated glass and polyethylene fibers in woven form (prepregs), the impact strength of the denture bases can be increased effectively.

Impact of nano-marble dust on characteristic development of sisal-jute hybrid composites

Environmental awareness brings the attention towards the biodegradable natural fibre composites in most of the industrial and manufacturing sectors. The light weight, low cost, ease-in-availability, biodegradability and non-toxic inherited nature of natural fibres have predominated over the synthetic fibres. Jute hybrid composites are very common from the early decades for their superior mechanical performance. In this research work, the woven form of natural fabric like jute and sisal has been hybridised with synthetic S-glass fabrics have been reinforced in epoxy matrix by most convenient and economic hand layup process. The nano-marble dust, the waste of marble industry was used as filler in the hybrid composites. The natural fabrics are mercerised before fabrication for improvement in fibre texture in order to get better interfacial bonding, as waste materials, wax, lignin contents and other foreign ingredients are removed by the process. The various characteristics such as physical, mechanical and thermal are studied for the prepared composite specimens. It is observed that the tensile strength of the composite improved drastically due to the presence of nano-marble dust. The impact strength is also enhanced due to the addition of nano-marble dust and more no. of glass fabric layers in composite. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the composite containing nano-marble dust and glass fibre mat exhibited maximum degradation temperature of 410.4°C.

Manufacturing defects of woven natural fibre thermoset composites

Abstract Thermoset polymer are components with high strength, chemical inert and thermally stable, due to its high degree of cross-linking. Natural fibre composite is providing a winning solution for extraordinary performances yet biodegradable. Woven form fibre even found better in specific energy absorption and stronger in strength. Fabricating woven thermoset composites may be done in a variety of ways. However, processing errors or manufacturing defects often occur by many factors, especially thermoset composites with natural fibre reinforcement. It is nearly impossible to achieves in detect-free when in lab scale production. Hence, it is important to study and understand the factors that causing the defects. Processing parameters, compatibility of matrix/fibre combination, yarn production and woven waiving skills may be the reasons of composite’s defects. In this chapter, several fabrication methods for woven thermoset composite were introduced. Some major defects on manufacturing the thermoset composites were highlighted. Some future perception of the woven natural fibre thermoset composite also have been discussed. This chapter set as a guidance to avoid or minimizes manufacturing defects upon thermoset composite processing.

Performance of polylactide biopolymer as matrix material for woven fiber composite laminates

The first purpose of this study was, as the first time in the literature, to investigate usability of polylactide (PLA) biopolymer as the matrix of high-performance composite laminated structures having woven forms of glass and carbon fibers. For this purpose, 2-14 layers of 2 × 2 twill Carbon Fiber (CF) and 1 × 1 plain weave Glass Fiber (GF) forms were stacked by PLA powders followed by consolidation of these layers by compression molding technique. After conducting various tests and analysis it was observed that significant improvements in the mechanical and thermal properties could be obtained by laminating PLA with woven CF and GF layers. For instance, mechanical properties obtained for PLA/CF laminates with 14 layers were flexural strength of 641 MPa, flexural modulus of 34 GPa and interlaminar shear strength of 38 MPa. Another purpose of this study was to compare mechanical performance of the PLA matrix laminates with Epoxy matrix laminates having exactly the same type and number of GF and CF layers. It was revealed that mechanical properties of the PLA/CF laminates were approaching to the values of the Epoxy/CF laminates (e.g. flexural strength of 607 and 673 MPa, respectively); while due to poor adhesion between the PLA matrix and Glass Fiber surfaces, the properties were lower in the PLA/GF laminates (e.g. flexural strength of 302 and 553 MPa, respectively). Therefore, it could be generally concluded that, in terms of mechanical performance; traditional thermoset Epoxy matrix could be replaced with the renewable biopolymer PLA matrix in the Woven Carbon Fiber laminates. For the Woven Glass Fiber laminates, a proper sizing treatment with a PLA compatible silane coupling agent would be necessary.

Study of Machinability in Drilling Operation of Enset–Sisal Hybrid Polyester Composite

Due to their light weight, low density, high-specificity strength, and ease of fiber surface treatment, natural-fiber-reinforced composites are recognized as the most suitable materials for interior part applications. Moreover, natural fibers are widely accessible and environmentally friendly. The fabricated parts are assembled predominantly by fastening using drilled holes, which makes drilling operations common machining processes for the composite parts. Damage occurs at the entry and exit surfaces of drilled holes. In this study, hand layup procedures are used to create unidirectional and woven forms of 1:1 ratio enset (false banana)/sisal hybrid polyester composites that have been treated with 5% NaOH. The drill operation was performed using a computer numerical control (CNC) drill machine with high-speed steel twist drill. A Taguchi design tool was used to complete the analysis. The experiments were conducted at different levels of drilling speeds: 600, 1200, and 1800 rpm. Feed rates of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 mm/rev and drill bit diameters of 6, 9, and 12 mm were used. These were determined to be the study parameters that influenced the delamination factors (Fd) and surface roughness (SR) of the hybrid composite drilled parts. Delamination occurred at the entry and exit surfaces of the drilled holes, and surface roughness occurred at the inner surface of the sectioned drilled hole. The quality of the drilled holes was compared based on the delamination factor and the surface roughness, as analyzed by the 3D optical surface profiles.

EKSPLORASI ETNOMATEMATIKA PADA BENTUK ANYAMAN ENDE

The purpose of this study is to explore the ethnomathematical concepts contained in the woven form of the Ende tribe. This type of research is exploratory research using an ethnographic approach. The subjects in this study were woven gedek and khidhe craftsmen, mothers who used to make plaits in Rewa Rangga Village, Ende Regency. The instruments in this research are field study interviews and documents. Data analysis used is a triangulation technique. The results showed that there were geometric shapes in woven shapes and motifs. Geometric shapes that are explored are building spaces: beams; flat shapes: circles, regular hexagons, rectangles, and rhombus.

Mechanical and water absorption behaviour on silane treated jute fiber based natural composites

In this study the mechanical behaviour of chemically modified jute fiber based bio composites was discussed. Vacuum infusion process was used to fabricate the natural fiber reinforced composites with three stacking order of jute fibers in the woven form. Four mechanical properties were analyzed using tests like impact, flexural, tensile & shore-D hardness as per ASTM norm. The structural analysis was characterized by scanning electron microscope. The water absorption test specimen was prepared in accordance with ASTM-D570. The obtained experimental result of silane treated jute fiber sample provides better mechanical strengths compared to non-treated sample. The water absorption test results showed that chemical treatment of jute fiber, the polymer matrix strongly bonded with jute fiber, which restricts the water molecules to sneak into the fiber phase.

A Comprehensive Review on Advanced Sustainable Woven Natural Fibre Polymer Composites.

Over the last decade, the progressive application of natural fibres in polymer composites has had a major effect in alleviating environmental impacts. Recently, there is a growing interest in the development of green materials in a woven form by utilising natural fibres from lignocellulosic materials for many applications such as structural, non-structural composites, household utilities, automobile parts, aerospace components, flooring, and ballistic materials. Woven materials are one of the most promising materials for substituting or hybridising with synthetic polymeric materials in the production of natural fibre polymer composites (NFPCs). These woven materials are flexible, able to be tailored to the specific needs and have better mechanical properties due to their weaving structures. Seeing that the potential advantages of woven materials in the fabrication of NFPC, this paper presents a detailed review of studies related to woven materials. A variety of factors that influence the properties of the resultant woven NFRC such as yarn characteristics, fabric properties as well as manufacturing parameters were discussed. Past and current research efforts on the development of woven NFPCs from various polymer matrices including polypropylene, polylactic acid, epoxy and polyester and the properties of the resultant composites were also compiled. Last but not least, the applications, challenges, and prospects in the field also were highlighted.

Manufacturing of a sandwich structure engineered wood with a rice husk flake core and teak veneer reinforced with glass/carbon fiber skin

The manufacturing of a sandwich structure engineered wood, constructed from a rice husk flake core and teak veneer as outside skins, was studied in this work. Epoxy adhesive was employed, while glass and carbon fiber, both short discontinuous and woven forms, were used as reinforcement. The impact strength, flexural properties, and dimensional stability of the samples after prolonged water immersion were measured. At the assigned reinforcement loadings, the rice husk flake/woven woods showed mechanical superiority over the rice husk flake/short discontinuous materials, regardless of the fiber type. The reason for the greater rice husk flake/woven interfacial adhesion and laminated woven strength, compared to the rice husk flake/short discontinuous composite was investigated. The samples constructed from teak veneer laminated with woven glass or carbon fiber skin and rice husk flake or rice husk flake/30% woven glass cores had greater mechanical properties. The high shear and tensile/compression stresses of woven glass or carbon fiber laminated onto teak veneer skins were confirmed. The sandwich structure engineered wood using woven glass and carbon fiber reinforcement exhibited good dimensional stability under prolonged water immersion. Carbon fiber was the better material candidate compared to woven glass in terms of manufacturing the sandwich engineered wood presented in this work.

THE ETHNOMATHEMATICS OF TUTUWARU COMMUNITY IN THE CRAFTS OF KOLI LEAF WEAVING

Ethnomatemics-based mathematics concept implementation can be carried out through constructivism-based learning such as realistic mathematics, problem-based and learning with a scientific approach. This research purpose to explore the form of ethnomatemics on the woven cabbage leaves of the Tutuwaru community and analyze the process of understanding mathematics from the perspective of indigenous people and indigenous knowledge and examine the development of woven form ethnomatatics in school mathematics. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. The subjects are 2 members of the weaving community, while the objects of research are Nyiru (winnowing-basket), Topi (hat), Keranjang dan Bakul (basket). The results showed that the form of weaving from a typical local Koli (cabbage) tree, could be connected with several mathematical concepts such as basic geometry and arithmetic. The hexagonal concept based on the understanding of multiples is an "indegious knowledge" that exists in the Tutuwaru community in constructing the form of nyiru-woven, reflection, points, lines and tessellation. These mathematical ideas can be used as context in school mathematics learning

Electroless nickel plating and spontaneous infiltration behavior of woven carbon fibers

The effects of electroless Ni plating on the interaction between molten aluminium and carbon fibers was studied to investigate the fabrication of woven carbon fiber-reinforced Al-matrix composites by liquid processing. An appropriate electroless plating method for coating carbon fibers in woven form was developed. The uniform and compact coatings could be generated stably at a temperature of 70 °C and pH 4.0, and the addition of a disperser improved the deep plating ability and promoted bidirectional plating. More than 80% of the coated woven fibers exhibited excellent coating properties, which offered sufficient fixation and protection of the fibers for subsequent processing. A synchrotron X-ray radiography analysis indicated that the spontaneous infiltration behavior mainly stemmed from the chemical reaction between Al and Ni, rather than the simple physical filling of the fiber interspaces with molten aluminium. The infiltration process could be divided into three typical periods, namely the slow infiltration, rapid infiltration, and stable infiltration periods. Moreover, the coated fibers oriented in the direction perpendicular to the infiltration direction were more easily infiltrated than those oriented in the direction parallel to the infiltration direction.

Thermal properties of pineapple leaf/kenaf fibre reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites

In this modern technology era, the usage of natural fibres has been widely used in various field of applications such as aerospace, maritime, military, automotive as well as structural building. This is due to the reason that they are lightweight, cheap, good sustainability and biodegradable. Only a small amount of research work being conducted on the hybridization of pineapple leaf and kenaf fibres reinforced with vinyl ester (PALF/KF/VE) hybrid composites. Thus, in this present work, the PALF/KF/VE hybrid composites are presented. The thermal properties of PALF, KF, VE as well as hybrid composites were investigated based on their structural components. PALF was in long fibre form while kenaf fibre was in woven form fabricated to form hybrid composites by using the hand lay-up and hot compression moulding. TGA testing was conducted to determine their respective thermal properties. From the experimental testing, the results showed that the thermal stability of hybrid composites enhanced rather than fibres themselves. The thermal degradation of PALF and KF occurred at the range temperature of 250-370°C while neat VE, PALF/VE and PALF/KF/VE occurred at 300-450°C. Thus, these composites can be used for various application such as automotive, aerospace, structural and others.

The Effect of Minimum Distance Between Bamboo Strengtheners on Flexural Strength of Bamboo Reinforced Cement

Various species of Bamboo is widely available in Indonesia. Usually it is used as pillars, roof frame, and for walls in a woven form and it can be used for steel substitute in reinforced concrete. In making bamboo as a strengtheners or reinforcement a proper volume fraction should be chosen. Besides that, the minimum distance between bamboo bars or inter-strengtheners distance must be determined so that the reinforcement effect on cement matrix takes place. Ten variations of mixtures were used in this research. The number and distance between reinforce bars and its arrangement perpendicular or parallel with loading direction. From the observation it is found that both of the vertically and horizontally arranged bamboo bars at minimum inter-strengtheners distance of 10 mm gave maximum reinforcement and the flexural strength are 16.1 ± 0.3 MPa and 15.8 ± 0.6 MPa. Whereas cement only sample gave 7.2 ± 0.6 MPa hence 2 folds increase. For distance less than 10 mm, the flexural strength is lower, even volume fraction is relatively high and it supposed to give higher strength, in fact this is due to composite reinforcement effect did not occur and this is belief due to a hindered hydration process.

Immobilization and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles on polyethylene terephthalate cardiovascular grafts for local drug therapy of associated graft complications

The cardiovascular graft associated complications limit the long-term patency of the graft and restrict the patient's life quality. In the present study, PLGA nanoparticles were covalently immobilized onto the woven form of crimped polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Dacron®) cardiovascular graft to treat the early thrombosis, inflammation, or bacterial infection via local delivery of therapeutic agents. PET surface was firstly functionalized to produce reactive amino groups used as anchor sites for covalent immobilization of PLGA nanoparticles by end-point technique. The functionalized surface characterized by electro kinetic analyzer showed marked negative surface potential values up to −41 mV at high pH value indicating the presence of amino groups on PET surface. The scanning electron microscopy observations of nano-coated PET showed topographic architecture of homogenously distributed monolayer of PLGA nanoparticles on the PET surfaces. Profoundly, the immobilized nanoparticles manifested stability under blood flow-mimetic conditions for 24 h. The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of the nano-coated PET in mouse L929 fibroblasts revealed adequate biocompatibility in terms of the cellular adhesion and growth pattern without remarkable cytotoxicity.

Prediction of Passive Intermodulation on Mesh Reflector Antenna Using Collaborative Simulation: Multiscale Equivalent Method and Nonlinear Model

We propose a collaborative simulation method for evaluation of passive intermodulation (PIM) on mesh reflector antenna. The electric field on the surface of reflector can be simulated exactly and conveniently by the multiscale equivalent method and finite-element method solver. Meanwhile, the coefficients in the nonlinear model of PIM characteristic on mesh structure are determined from the experimental results on mesh reflector sample, so that the PIM of mesh reflector antenna with the same braided form and working conditions can be calculated using the same nonlinear model. In simulation, the PIM calculations of mesh reflector samples based on the actual woven form and with dimensions of $0.25 \times 0.25\,\,\text{m}^{2}$ at C-band and Ku-band have been established, indicating basically consistent to the measured results and validating the effectiveness of this method. Moreover, the PIM prediction of a mesh reflector antenna with the same woven structure is also given. These results show that this method can be utilized to predict PIM level of the mesh reflector antenna under conditions of the precise PIM measurement of mesh reflector sample, also providing reference for designing the low PIM microwave components.

Dynamic Behaviour of Woven Bio Fiber Composite

The effect of weaving pattern and natural filler addition on the dynamic properties of composite structure was investigated. The reinforcement effect of plain, basket, and twill weave were compared with randomly oriented natural fiber in short form. An experimental modal analysis was used to determine the fundamental natural frequency and modal damping factor of composite structure. The results for a woven reinforced composite were compared with those of a randomly oriented short fiber composite. Reinforcement with woven form enhanced the fundamental natural frequency, while randomly oriented short fiber enhanced the damping factor of composite material. In addition, mechanical properties, such as tensile and flexural behavior, were examined to understand the effect of reinforcement on the composite material. The sisal bio fiber with woven form enhanced the properties of the composite material.

Oblique crushing performances of hybrid woven Kenaf fibre reinforced aluminium hollow cylinder

This paper presents crushing performances of hybrid woven kenaf fibre reinforced aluminium tubes under axial and oblique compression. According to open literature, lack number of works conducted to study the crushing responses when kenaf fibre in the form of woven is used to reinforce aluminium tubes. There are important parameters are used such as fibre orientations and oblique compression angles. Kenaf fibre in the form of woven is firstly wetted with polyester resin before it is wrapped around the tubes. After composite hardened, the hybrid tubes are quasi-statically compressed and force-displacement curves are recorded. Energy absorption performances are then determined and discussed in term of different fibre orientations and oblique angles. It is found that [±30°] fibre orientations capable to produce higher force-displacement responses and hybrid tubes are produced lower force ratio indicating the role of natural fibre in increasing the capability of energy absorptions.

Extraction and Characterization of Fibers from Palm Tree

The characterization of fibers extracted from leaflet, the empty fruit bunches, leaf sheath, and spath of palm tree was performed. The fibers were extracted using three different procedures through chemical and /or enzymatic methods. The raw fibers studied have xylose contents between 13-22% and glucose content between 30% and 45%. The microfibrillar angle (MFA) values are in the order: bunch > spath > leaf sheath >> leaflet. Spath and leaf sheath, which naturally occur in a woven form present poor mechanical strength but could be readily used to produce cheap composites. Leaflet fibers extracted from date palm tree exhibiting a low MFA (16°), a high cellulose content, and cellulose crystallinity present the highest ultimate tensile strengths (≈ 1250 N.mm-2).