Woven Fabrics Research Articles

Optimization of Combined Pre-Treatment Process for Bleaching of Cotton Woven Fabric Using Box–Behnken Design

ABSTRACT The conventional bleaching process for cotton woven fabrics is characterized by high consumption of chemicals, water, and energy, resulting in significant environmental impact through elevated energy use and wastewater discharge. To address these concerns and align with sustainable development goals, there is an urgent need for eco-friendly alternatives that minimize environmental footprint while maintaining fabric quality. This study presents the development and optimization of a novel one-bath pre-treatment process for cotton bleaching, employing the Box-Behnken design to enhance sustainability. The optimized process utilizes 32% hydrogen peroxide and 12% sodium hydroxide based on fabric weight, operating at 90°C. The application of the Box-Behnken design facilitated substantial reductions in chemical usage, energy consumption, and wastewater output. The results demonstrated notable improvements in fabric properties, with a whiteness index of 139.5, weight loss of 7.9%, and tensile strengths of 404.9 N (warp) and 259.5 N (weft). Moreover, fabric absorbency increased by 9.3% compared to conventional methods. The findings underscore the efficacy of the Box-Behnken design in optimizing a more sustainable and eco-friendly bleaching process, which not only significantly enhances fabric performance but also offers considerable environmental benefits. This approach presents a promising solution for the textile industry to achieve greener practices while maintaining high-quality standards.

Flexible Temperature Sensor with High Reproducibility and Wireless Closed-Loop System for Decoupled Multimodal Health Monitoring and Personalized Thermoregulation.

Temperature and pulse waves are two fundamental indicators of body health. Specifically, thermoresistive flexible temperature sensors are one of the most applied sensors. However, they suffer from poor reproducibility of resistivity; and decoupling temperature from pressure/strain is still challenging. Besides, autonomous thermoregulation by wearable sensory systems is in high demand, but conventional commercial apparatuses are cumbersome and not suitable for long-term portable use. Here, a material-design strategy is developed to overcome the problem of poor reproducibility of resistivity by tuning the thermal expansion coefficient to nearly zero, precluding the detriment caused by shape expansion/shrinkage with temperature variation and achieving high reproducibility. The strategy also obtains more reliable sensitivity and higher stability, and the designed thermoresistive fiber has strain-insensitive sensing performance and fast response/recovery time. A smart textile woven by the thermoresistive fiber can decouple temperature and pulse without crosstalk; and a flexible wireless closed-loop system comprising the smart textile, a heating textile, a flexible diminutive control patch, and a smartphone is designed and constructed to monitor health status in real-time and autonomously regulate body temperature. This work offers a new route to circumvent temperature-sensitive effects for flexible sensors and new insights for personalized thermoregulation.

Aplikasi Material Rotan Pada Perancangan Table Lamp

Rattan is one of the main materials in simple crafts and a material for interior furniture items. In Indonesia, rattan is very abundant and is one of the largest rattan producing countries in the world. On the other hand, this rattan material is very popular with furniture entrepreneurs because rattan can be made into creative products that have features both in terms of function and aesthetics.. Furniture produced includes chairs, tables, and decorative products. The application of rattan in making table lamps is found on the hood which uses rattan material with a four-axis rattan weaving technique. This technique Arrange the woven material in 4 different directions and will produce a woven pattern with more holes with hexagonal and octagonal pattern shapes. On the lamp body is made of wood glued to the sides of the wood. So the process of making this table lamp is through material observation and experimentation. The purpose of this design is to increase consumer attractiveness to interior needs. The application of rattan material in the design of table lamps produces products that are not only aesthetically pleasing, but also pay attention to aspects of sustainability and functionality needs.

Improved coloration of hemp fabrics via low-pressure argon plasma assisted surface modification

Interest in hemp as a viable cellulosic fibre for clothing has increased, driven partly by its economic benefits and the importance of natural renewable materials in emerging circular economies. However, the coloration and chemical finishing of lignocellulosic fibres such as hemp typically require large quantities of water and chemicals. Argon plasma pretreatment provides a way of modulating the physical properties of hemp fibres to improve the coloration process without compromising other bulk properties such as tensile strength. Such plasma treatments may contribute to alleviating the negative environmental impacts associated with liquid pretreatments, heating, or the use of auxiliary chemicals. Dyeing of hemp fibres is particularly challenging due to its crystalline chemical structure. In this study, low-pressure argon plasma-assisted surface modification of woven hemp fabrics up to 600 s at 40 and 80 Hz was explored for enhanced dyeability, resulting in enhanced dye-fibre bonding. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy of argon plasma pretreated hemp fabrics produced no noticeable changes in the functional groups of the fibres, but a physiochemical modification was observed in terms of the density of polar groups. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed marked morphological changes including nano-etching of the fibre surface at certain argon plasma process conditions. The pretreatment process increased fibre hydrophilicity, and enhanced reactivity of the surficial –OH groups towards fibre-reactive and vat dyes, resulting in higher colour strength in dyed woven hemp fabrics. Overall, we envisage such plasma pretreatments may impact positively on the material and energy efficiency of the hemp fabric dyeing process.

Physics-Constrained Neural Network for design and feature-based optimization of weave architectures

Woven fabrics play an essential role in everyday textiles for clothing/sportswear, water filtration, retaining walls, and reinforcements in stiff composites for lightweight structures in aerospace, sporting, automotive, and marine industries. Several possible weave architectures (combinations of weave patterns and material choices) present a challenging question about how they could influence the physical and mechanical properties of woven fabrics and reinforced structures. This paper presents a novel Physics-Constrained Neural Network (PCNN) to predict the mechanical properties (like modulus) of weave architectures and the inverse problem of predicting pattern/material sequence for a design/target modulus value. The inverse problem is particularly challenging as it usually requires many iterations to find the appropriate architecture using traditional optimization approaches. We show that the proposed PCNN can more accurately predict weave architecture for the desired modulus than several baseline models considered. We present a feature-based optimization strategy to improve predictions using features in the Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix space. We combine PCNN with feature-based optimization to discover near-optimal weave architectures and facilitate the initial design of weave architecture. The proposed frameworks will primarily enable the woven composite analysis and optimization process and be a starting point to introduce knowledge-guided neural networks into the complex structural analysis.

Dyeing of Cotton Woven Fabric Using Sustainable Natural Dye (Date Leaves) and Bio-Mordants

This study on natural dyes has been chosen for a sustainable dyeing method on textile through the using of 99% cotton 1% spandex woven fabric. The dye was produced from the Date Palm Leaf (Phoenix dactylifera L) using Soxhlet machine through continuous extraction method and dyed using natural bio-mordant eucalyptus, guava leaf. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) test was carried for nanoparticle characterization along with color measurements with specular and UV include mode. The dyed fabrics were also assessed for wash fastness, fastness against perspiration, dry rubbing and wet rubbing property. In most of the cases the fastness property of sample without mordant is better than with mordant. Cotton fabric is used for dyeing to make it sustainable and to reduce the dependency on synthetic dyes; the natural material can also reduce the pressure on synthetic material.

Effect of the Glass Fiber Orientation on Mechanical Performance of Epoxy based Composites

Composites are one of the most advanced and adaptable engineering materials. The strength of any composite depends upon volume/weight fraction of reinforcement, orientation angle and other factors. The present work focuses on the determination of the mechanical properties of pure epoxy and unidirectional glass fiber reinforced epoxy. Nowadays, glass fibers are being used in several engineering applications like electronics, aviation, automobile, sport industry etc. Glass fibers are having excellent properties like high strength, flexibility, stiffness, and resistance to chemical attack. With an increase in the content of unidirectional glass fiber volume the properties of unidirectional glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer (GFRP) composite were improved. It may be used in different forms like chopped, woven mat, short fibers and long fibers etc. Each type of glass fiber has unique properties and is used for different applications. The mechanical and thermal properties of various polymer composites reinforced with glass fibers when subjected to mechanical loading have been studied and reported.

Effects of Mulching and Flaming on Weed Control and Almond Growth in a Newly Established Almond Orchard

This study was conducted in a newly established (2-year-old) almond orchard to investigate the effects of five different mulching materials (woven and nonwoven fabric, black and white polyethylene, almond shell) and flame treatments applied at two different frequencies (FL20 and FL30) on weed control and almond growth compared with those of conventional herbicide (glyphosate) application and weedy control. Thus, this study included nine different treatments. The impacts of these treatments on weed density and coverage were periodically monitored. Additionally, the biomass of the weeds was measured at the end of the season to evaluate the effects of the treatments. Because the almond orchard was not yet in the economic fruit-bearing stage, the effects of the treatments were examined in terms of parameters that characterize almond growth, such as plant height, trunk diameter, shoot length, and shoot thickness. The chlorophyll content and water potential values of the trees were also determined. The results of this two-season study indicated that synthetic mulches provided the best outcomes in terms of weed control and almond growth. No weed emergence was observed throughout the season in any of the synthetic mulch treatments. Although almond shells used as organic mulch were highly effective for blocking sunlight, they failed to prevent the growth of some vigorously growing perennials such as Cynodon dactylon and Sorghum halepense that emerged from gaps. Flame treatments demonstrated rapid and effective results; however, they were less successful against the aforementioned monocot perennial weeds and required frequent repetition because of the lack of residual effects. Glyphosate, an herbicide that is commonly used in conventional orcharding, was applied five times throughout the experiment and proved effective weed management compared with that of the weedy control. However, considering the increasing herbicide resistance, environmental and health issues, and growing interest in organic almond cultivation, synthetic mulch applications have emerged as good options. Despite the initially higher establishment costs, synthetic mulches effectively controlled weeds and reduced water stress, thereby promoting almond tree growth.

Design, simulation and manufacture of a flexible frequency selective surface based on aramid/carbon fiber woven fabric

Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) are significant for the efficient and accurate transmission of microwave signals due to its ability to selectively shield electromagnetic (EM) waves of different frequencies. In some special scenarios, mechanical properties are vitally required. Herein, a flexible frequency selective fabric (FSF) is proposed. Different from traditional FSSs or reported FSFs, aramid/carbon fiber woven fabric serve as the flexible substrate in which carbon fiber provides functionality instead of metallic materials, and patches made of carbon fiber prepreg are periodically applied for property reinforcement. Equivalent circuit model is used to guide the basic determination of patch’s geometry, and it is further optimized via full-wave simulation software HFSS. A simulation model that reasonably reflect the correlation between structure and frequency-selection characteristic is provided, and structural factors affecting the characteristic are analyzed and discussed. Further, an FSF sample is prepared and its frequency response is measured. Measurement revealed the FSF selectively shields EM waves in the frequency range of 8.9 GHz to 11.4 GHz, and is of the bandpass-bandstop-bandpass characteristic. Benefit from EM property and flexibility, the proposed FSF has advantages in applications pursue lightweight, high strength, and require excellent EM functionality, such as aerospace and structure-EM function integrated products.

Wastepaper-Based Cuprammonium Rayon Regenerated Using Novel Gaseous-Ammoniation Injection Process.

Rayon is an extremely valuable cellulosic fiber in the global textile industry. Since cuprammonium rayon is more eco-friendly than other types of rayon fabrics, it was synthesized by regenerating α-cellulose isolated from wastepaper using a novel gaseous-ammoniation injection (GAI) process. This was achieved by preparing tetra-ammine copper hydroxide (cuoxam solution) via reacting copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide to produce copper hydroxide that was, finally, ammoniated by injecting the gas directly to the reaction vessel instead of using ammonium hydroxide applied by prior art. After that, the air-dried cellulose was chemically generated by dissolving it in a freshly prepared cuoxam solution and, subsequently, was regenerated by extruding it within a hardening bath constituted mainly from citric acid, producing the cuprammonium rayon (c. rayon). The properties of the fibrous, structural (XRD and mechanical), physical, and chemical features were investigated. It was found that the rayon was produced in a high yield (90.3%) with accepted properties. The fibrous properties of the rayon staple length, linear density, and fiber diameter were found to be 44 mm, 235 Tex, and 19.4 µm, respectively. In addition, the mechanical properties determined, namely tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, and breaking tenacity, were found to be 218.3 MPa, 14.3 GPa, 16.1%, and 27.53 cN/Tex, respectively. Based on this finding, and upon injecting the ammonia gas through the α-cellulose saturated and immersed in the Cu (OH)2 to complete producing the cuoxam solvent, we find that theuse of an injection rate of 120 mL/minute to obtain the highest fibers' tensile strength for the final product of the c. rayon is preferable. Utilization of higher rates will consume more amounts of the ammonia gas without gaining noticeable enhancement in the c. rayon's mechanical quality. Accordingly, the GAI invention rendered the c. rayon favorable for use in making sustainable semisynthetic floss for either insulation purposes or spun threads for woven and nonwoven textile clothing.

Pengaruh Supply Chain Management Terhadap Firm Performance Melalui Information Technology Pada Virtual Hotel Operator (VHO) Kota Malang

This research aims to determine the influence of financial knowledge, income, financial attitude, and personality on financial management behavior among owners of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the village of Tawang, with a focus on the production of woven lurik fabric. All owners of MSMEs specializing in woven lurik fabric in the village of Tawang were included in this study, and the sampling method applied was saturation sampling. Primary data were obtained through the distribution of questionnaires to 86 respondents who are owners of MSMEs. Data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis methods. The results of the study indicate that financial knowledge has a positive and significant influence on financial management behavior among owners of MSMEs specializing in woven lurik fabric in the village of Tawang. Income has a positive and significant influence on financial management behavior among owners of MSMEs specializing in woven lurik fabric in the village of Tawang. Financial attitude has a positive and significant influence on financial management behavior among owners of MSMEs specializing in woven lurik fabric in the village of Tawang. Personality has a positive and significant influence on financial management behavior among owners of MSMEs specializing in woven lurik fabric in the village of Tawang.

Comparative ballistic performance of 3D through-the-thickness angle-interlock woven fabrics and their reinforced variants

Comparative ballistic performance of 3D through-the-thickness angle-interlock woven fabrics and their reinforced variants

A deformation procedure using position-based dynamics to optimize the geometric model of woven fabrics

Generating realistic three-dimensional (3D) yarn-level models for fabrics has become a significant research topic due to the complexity of fabric structures and the requirement for high-quality models with no interpenetration between yarns. The generation process of idealized geometric models leads to inaccurate descriptions of yarn contact, specifically the interpenetrations and spurious voids between yarns. A geometric optimization procedure was developed to address the defects in the idealized models, involving a series of geometry-driven operations, such as the shrinking and expansion of yarn volume and the straightening of the yarn centerline, to obtain accurate and consistent fabric models for Finite Element Analysis. During the geometric optimization, a method for yarn deformation based on position-based dynamics (PBD) was applied to simulate the real deformation during yarn interweaving, ensuring no interpenetrations between yarns while preserving yarn volume. The accuracy of the model is validated by comparison with the real fabric images. Although the methods involved in the procedure are all geometric, their deformation results have realistic physical effects. In addition, the procedure can be applied to various woven fabric structures.

EKSTRAKSI DAN UJI STABILITAS EKSTRAK DAUN TARUM (Indigofera tinctoria) SEBAGAI PEWARNA KAIN TENUN DI DAERAH ENDE NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Since ancient times, woven fabric craftsmen in the Ende area have used tarum leaves as a dye in their woven fabrics. Extraction of color pigments in tarum leaves is carried out by soaking in water or seawater for a certain length of time so as to produce quality color pigments.This study aims to determine the stability of natural dyes in tarum leaves which are used as dyes for woven fabrics in the Ende area of ​​East Nusa Tenggara which were extracted using water and seawater as solvents. The research was carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Flores using the experimental method. The results showed that tarum leaves produced the optimum wavelength when soaked for 24 hours and there was a decrease in the color stability of the tarum leaf extract due to storage factors, increased temperature, duration of sunlight and increased concentrations of oxidizing agents.

Modeling and Testing of ESD Protective Textiles

This article discusses the important issue of designing textiles for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection. ESD protective textiles are used to prevent the failure of electronic circuits. They also safeguard human health and life in explosive environments. The textiles are usually made of woven, knitted, or nonwoven fabrics incorporating a grid or strips of conductive fibers within a base material made of cotton, polyester, or blends of these materials. Various testing standards have been developed to evaluate the suitability of textiles for ESD protection. One of the most widely used is the EN 1149-3 standard, which outlines procedures for recording charge decay plots. The procedure can be used to evaluate all types of textiles. This paper discusses models corresponding to the standard developed in the general-purpose COMSOL Multiphysics software. Using the advanced numerical methods of the software, it is possible to graphically present the phenomena occurring during the application of the standard procedure and to determine the influence of the grid and material parameters on the shape of the charge decay plots. Furthermore, this article compares charge decay plots and shielding effectiveness measured in an accredited laboratory with simulation results.

Electrode-dependent thermoelectric effect in ionic hydrogel fiber for self-powered sensing and low-grade heat harvesting

Ionic thermoelectric materials show great significance for wearable energy devices, owing to the capability of the conversion between thermal and electrical energy. The two-dimensional massive structure which is difficult to integrate with fabrics of ionic thermoelectric materials, however, prevent them from realizing their full potential when employed in wearable electronics. In this work, ionic thermoelectric 1D PAM/LiTFSI4 hydrogel fibers with high aspect ratio, inherent flexibility, conductivity, anti-freezing, self-adhesion and self-healing properties are constructed by free radical polymerization technology based on a template strategy, which contains a PAM polymer matrix and an LiTFSI conductive material. Based on thermal diffusion, owing to the ion size difference, the covalent cross-linked polymer network and the electrode-dependent effect promote rapid transport of the cations and boost ion concentration difference, resulting in a huge ionic Seebeck coefficient of 19.02 mV K−1. Meanwhile, embedding hydrogel fibers into the woven textile demonstrates a promising thermoelectric wristband with desirable human heat collection and electrical output capabilities. What’s more, thanks to the introduction of LiTFSI, the microstructure and molecular network system of hydrogel fibers are reshaped, which significantly improved the ionic conductivity of hydrogel fiber, and endowed them with anti-freezing, self-adhesion and self-healing properties. The PAM/LiTFSI4 hydrogel fiber also has excellent strain and temperature sensing properties, which enable a variety of human signal monitoring. Besides, the hydrogel fiber-based sensor can realize self-powered sensing by generating a thermovoltage. Thus, combining the merits of one-dimensional structure, superior thermoelectric performances, sensing at low temperature, excellent adhesion, self-healing and anti-freezing properties together, believing that the PAM/LiTFSI4 hydrogel fiber will render new numerous in human signal monitoring and low-grade heat harvesting applications like wearable electronics and wearable energy supply devices.

Mechanism of pre-tension on the impact response of plain weave fabric: Experimental and numerical investigation

The fabrics made of high strength and toughness fibers are increasingly used in the structural and individual protection. The research on energy dissipation mechanism and the improvement methods for improving energy dissipation of the fabric under impact, as well as the change of ballistic limit velocity under pre-stress, is relatively mature. However, the transmission mode and velocity of transverse wave in the fabric, as well as the method of accurate finite element simulation is still lacking. In this paper, the transverse impact response of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fabric subjected to fragment impact is studied experimentally and numerically. A novel biaxial pre-tension fixture was developed, and fragment impact test of the fabric in pre-tension state was realized using a gas gun. The displacement-time history of each point on the fabric in three-dimensional space was characterized through 3-D DIC technology, and the process of transverse wave transmission on the fabric after fragment impact was obtained. The calculated results of the finite element model established by truss element agrees reasonably well with the experimental results. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the impact velocity of fragment affects the velocity of transverse wave in the fabric, but does not change its transmission mode. With the increase of pre-tension amount, the propagation mode changes from a cross shape to a rhombic shape and finally to a circular shape, and the wave velocity increases greatly. The wave transmission process in yarns at a mesoscopic level was analyzed through finite element simulation, and the transmission path was determined. It was found that pre-tension accelerated the wave velocity on the stepwise path, causing the transverse wave to reach a farther position in the diagonal direction of the fabric, resulting in different modes of wave transmission. The research content may provide more ways for the application of fabrics in protection.

Experimental analysis of the forming behavior of uni- and bidirectional non-crimp fabrics for different geometries

For efficient large-series production and improved process design, a profound understanding of a textile’s forming behavior is crucial to ensure adequate drapability and defect-free components. Woven fabrics have often been the focus of research due to their easier formability, while non-crimp fabrics (NCFs) have been investigated much less despite their higher lightweight potential, resulting in a limited experimental basis for the validation of numerical models. Therefore, forming experiments of a unidirectional and a bidirectional NCF are conducted for different configurations and punch shapes, including hemisphere, tetrahedron, and square box. The macroscopic strains are captured throughout the entire process using digital image correlation (DIC) and comprehensively analyzed in combination with the outer contour and resulting defects. Fundamental differences in the deformation behavior of both textiles are identified. For the balanced Biax-NCF, the tricot stitching couples the deformation of both fiber layers and the fabric mainly deforms under symmetrical shear with limited yarn slippage or defects. For the highly unbalanced UD-NCF, the lack of a second fiber direction results in an asymmetrical deformation behavior. The UD-NCF deforms due to shear parallel to the fiber yarns superimposed with transverse tensile and compressive strains in different deformation modes. The data generated in this study is freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12516897.

W(Hole). Matter and its absence in woven textiles

Weaving is a binary approach to being, in which a perpendicular entanglement of threads allows for cloth to exist. For millennia, the primacy of threads has shaped the making of woven textiles. However, a seemingly inherent element has been overlooked: negative spaces. In this reflection, such spaces relate to “holes” or the empty spaces adjoining warp and weft. Drawing on textile theory, language, mathematics and the question of emergence, the paper critically explores the ways in which weavers understand weave structure construction. The reflection interrogates our comprehension of the negative space in weaving. Seen as an absence, a “not-something” as opposed to a “nothing,” how can we capture the woven hole? And in doing so, what is our intention? The paper juxtaposes concept and technique to further the craft’s essence and potentially develop a new textile language visualisation.

Effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of a biodegradable composite made from lyocell‐fiber reinforced polybutylene adipate terephthalate

AbstractPolymer waste in the environment is a more and more serious problem for nature. Therefore, the industry is increasingly interested in the use of materials that are biodegradable. Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) belongs to the group of biodegradable polymers, but this polymer often does not have the desired properties for many uses. Therefore, this polymer is often mixed with other biodegradable polymers to form blends with suitable properties. An alternative is, to change the polymer's properties with the addition of fibers. The aim of the present work is to use lyocell fibers to improve the mechanical properties of PBAT. Lyocell is an eco‐friendly cellulose fiber that is biodegradable. The lyocell fibers were embedded into a PBAT matrix in the form of a woven fabric, with different orientations of the fabric warp yarns to the long axis of composites. Consequently, composites with a warp yarn orientation of 0°, ±22.5°, ±45°, ±67.5°, and 90° were prepared. The mechanical properties were characterized by quasi‐static tensile testing and also by dynamic mechanical analysis. The elastic modulus as a function of warp yarn orientation was modeled with the modified rule‐of‐mixture theory and with the theory of elasticity.