Worst Month Research Articles

Concealment and Care in Deathcare During COVID

ABSTRACT: During the worst months of the COVID-19 pandemic, photojournalistic depictions of the havoc wreaked by the virus became ubiquitous. Images of physically distanced funerals and large-scale body disposal populated newsfeeds, but the labor and experiences of those working within these images—people handling bodies and guiding bereaved families—remained largely hidden from public view. Even before the pandemic, visibility and public recognition were complicated matters for the “deathcare” sector, as professionals cautiously constructed and defended the line separating the family-facing frontstage and industry-insider backstage. Our engagement with this sector through photography was motivated by a desire to illuminate the experiences of those working in deathcare during COVID outbreaks and lockdowns in Melbourne, Australia. Reflecting on photography as method in the study of death, we think through the complexities of seeing and unseeing, exposure and concealment in contemporary death rituals. The pandemic exposed certain realities of death and dying to the public but obfuscated others. Further, our ethnographic practice of portraiture revealed concealment to be a key element of the caring labors that deathcare workers perform.

School counseling internship and the role of grit: Perceptions Among newly graduated school counselor trainees who successfully navigated internship during the COVID-19 pandemic

School counseling interns rose to the task of teaching full-time while earning hours for their internship course during COVID-19. For this qualitative study, the researchers conducted a focus group with eight graduates who successfully completed their internship in Fall 2021 or Spring 2022 amid the pandemic. The purpose of this exploratory, inductive, qualitative research study was to examine the role of grit in successful completion of Internship requirements among school counselor trainees who were enrolled in Internship during some of the worst months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Criterion and convenience sampling were utilized for participant recruitment. After the interviews were transcribed, the authors utilized thematic content analysis and identified six overarching themes. Following themes were identified: a) personal characteristics of grit, b) observations about gritty individuals, c) internal internship challenges, d) external internship challenges, e) internal contributors to internship success, f) external contributors to internship success. The authors present results on the participants’ perceptions of their experiences during internship to offer an enhanced description of the phenomenon of grit. Implications were provided for students, educators, and programs to foster grit as a contributing factor for student success and overall well-being

Estimation of satellite link’s fade margin using non-meteorological technique and worst month analysis

<span lang="EN-US">Satellite technology is shifting to higher frequencies such as Q or V-band to cater to greater bandwidth and higher data rates applications such as videoconferencing, internet of things (IoT) and telemedicine. The main challenge in deploying high-frequency bands in heavy precipitation areas is severe rain attenuation. In this paper, a frequency scaling technique was developed to estimate the fade margin at a higher frequency. The worst month analysis was also conducted since the analysis is also important in determining dependable fade margin. The result was evaluated and analyzed using root mean square error (RMSE) and percentage error. The proposed model offers the smallest RMSE and lowest percentage error when compared to all existing prediction models. A dependable fade margin acquired from high-accuracy rain attenuation estimation is very important. This is to apply the best mitigation technique in overcoming rain attenuation in the satellite-Earth link so that, the best system performance can be delivered.</span>

BROODING PRACTICES OF LOCAL CHICKEN PRODUCERS AND ON-STATION EVALUATION OF NOVEL BROOD NEST ON HATCHABILITY OF CHICKEN EGG AT GAMO ZONE, SNNPR, ETHIOPIA

A survey was conducted at Gamo Zone of SNNPR, Ethiopia, to assess the indigenous practices of incubation, brooding, egg selection practices, broody hen selection practices, and causes of hatchability failure. Multistage sampling procedures were employed to select woredas, sample kebeles, and respondents, in which two districts were selected by purposive sampling technique; stratified purposive techniques were employed to select nine sample kebeles, and purposive random sampling techniques were used to select a total of 385 respondents. Pretested structured questionnaire and focused group discussion were employed to generate data. All generated survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics of SPSS 16. Broody hens were the sole means of egg incubation and chick brooding. Broody hens are selected based on plumage color, egg yield, body weight (size), and mothering ability. Eggs laid at home were the predominant sources of incubation and were selected mainly based on egg type, egg age, and egg size. Clay pots, plastic, bamboo cages, and cartons were used as egg-setting materials, and grasses, straws, cotton seeds, feathers of broody hens, and clothes were used as bedding materials. October–December was the most preferred while July–September was the worst months of the year to incubate eggs and to achieve the best hatchability eggs. Environmental temperature, lack of proper laying nests, and post handling were the critical causes of the failure of egg hatchability in the study area. The total number of eggs incubated using a novel nest was 16 eggs. A comparatively high number of chicks were hatched during the second phase (7–12) from the number of eggs set. There is a strong need for training of chicken producers in increasing hatchability performances through the preparation of proper brooding nest or laying nest, egg selection, feeding, housing, health care, proper post handling, and chick management to increase their economic returns. Community-based holistic improvement programs are also very imperative to design to improve the genetic potential through selective breeding and conservation of the indigenous chicken genetic resources. Further research on hatchability performance evaluation of the indigenous chickens both on-farm and station as well as the effect of the 12 months of the year on incubation and hatchability of eggs.

Preliminary rain rate statistics with one‐minute integration time for radio propagation uses in Venezuela

AbstractIn the present study, rainfall rate statistics for radio propagation applications collected during 1‐year measurement with a 1‐min integration time in three locations of Venezuela are presented and analyzed for the first time in the country. Specifically, the statistics of the worst‐month (WM) are assessed and compared with the Recommendation ITU‐R P.841‐7 prediction model. The results indicate that the model does not accurately predict the statistics of the WM in the country. Also, the performance of Recommendation ITU‐R P.837‐7 (Annex 1 and Annex 2) in estimating the rain rate for a 1‐min integration time at the three locations is examined, with the ITU‐R P.837‐7 Annex 1 exhibiting the best performance and providing results that encourage its use in the prediction of complementary cumulative distributions of rain rate in the country.

Solar Radiation Forecasts and a Tiny House PV Off-Grid System

In this article, which is discussed at a time when initiatives towards renewable energy sources are increasing and reducing fossil fuel consumption; the factors that need to be examined for the installation of an off-grid solar panel system were examined and in line with the data obtained, a system was designed for a tiny-house. An off-grid system with 10KWh power consumption with optimum irradiance data has been found on how many square meters of PV system will be needed to operate it. How to meet the stable 10KWh need for the worst month, the amount of battery capacity required has been examined. A system inventory has been allocated. The province of Pamukkale in Turkey, with a latitude of 37.89°, was chosen for the solar panel installation; It is aimed to meet all the electricity needs of the house, which was built in a forest area 8 km away from the mains, with the solar panel system to be installed. From theory to practice with an academic approach as well as solar energy sector jargon; in this article, includes a two-way study. A solar panel system was installed in line with the data obtained and the 7600Wh value that the house to be built would need, and 29 batteries integrated into the system were sized for cases where the system could not provide sufficient energy through the sun with a 1% probability. Thus, the design of the optimum "Solar Energy System" desired for a certain location and compatible estimation calculations will be able to provide examples of this study.

Comparative Study of Worst Month Rain Rate and Attenuation Statistics for Satellite Links in Nigeria

AbstractThis study aims to characterize the dynamic trend of the worst case scenario of rain rate and attenuation for satellite links applications in Nigeria. Rain rate data for four locations (Akure, Jos, Ikeja, and Port Harcourt) were obtained from the Tropospheric Data Acquisition Network at the Centre for Atmospheric Research, NASRDA at an integration time of 5 min from January 2013 to December 2014. The statistics of time series of worst month rain induced attenuation were computed using the method of Synthetic Storm Technique. The International Telecommunication Union model was found to overestimate the Q‐factor in Akure, Port Harcourt, and Ikeja by 34%, 115%, and 50%, respectively while a 25% underestimation was observed in Jos. The results obtained in this study will be useful for location based link design in tropical Nigeria to reduce the uncertainty of specification of design for communication links.

Penganalisaan Julat Hujan Bulanan Terburuk Di Malaysia Dari Tahun 2017 Hingga 2019

The degradation of radio wave signals in the frequency band more than 10 GHz is due to the factor of high rainfall intensity in tropical climates.Therefore, the prediction of rainfall attenuation on the propagation of using 1 minute intgration time of rainfall rate is important. This study uses 60 minute intergration time of rain rate ,observed at 10 station of the Deparment Irrigation and Drainange Malaysia through out Malaysia in a period of 3 years fro 2017. The Segal’s model was selected as the 1 minute integrated rainfall data conversion method due to the small probability error as well as the suitability for the tropics. The worst month rainfall distribution forecast was implemented by choosing the ITU-R model P.184-5. The result of this study has found that Sarawak showed the highest rain rate value compared to the Peninsular Malaysia. Apart from that, the worst month rain rate forecast also found the value of worst month coefficient, Q1 and β proposed by the International Union Telecommunication (ITU-R) model are not suitable for Malaysia where the new parameter value for Q1 and β were obtained so that better estimation for the worst month statistic could be published. The results of this study are not only in preparation for flooding but can also be used as a guideline in designing a more efficient satellite communications system.

Rancangan Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) Berkapasitas 100 WP dengan Inverter 1000 Watt

Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is abundantly available in Indonesia. One way to utilize solar energy is to convert it into electrical energy using photovoltaic modules or solar panels, which are called solar power plants (PLTS). The construction of PLTS can accelerate the electrification ratio and reduce fossil materials. In this study, the author will design a 100 Wp solar power plant (PLTS) using a 1000watt inverter, while the research uses the Research and Development method, with stages covering system analysis, design, implementation and testing. The manufacture of PLTS is done by identifying components such as solar panels, DC wattmeter, SCC (Solar Charge Controller), battery, 1 Phase MCB, and AC Wattmeter. It can be concluded that to obtain electrical energy, weather conditions greatly affect the working system of solar panels. The maximum voltage from a 100wp solar panel that was designed and tested for 3 days in the worst month conditions was produced on the second and third days with a voltage value of 17.08 Volts at 12:00 noon and a minimum voltage was generated on the second day of testing, namely with a voltage value of 12.00 Volts at 12.00 Volts. 07:00 am. Furthermore, the 100 wp solar panel can only produce a maximum power of 256.01watt which was obtained on the second day of testing with an average voltage and current obtained of 14.19volt and 1.58 Ampere. The condition of the battery takes 5.47 hours or 328 minutes to fully charge energy to 100%. To maximize power gain and get the intensity of sunlight throughout the morning to evening, the use of the Single Axis solar tracker system is very effective.

Design of a Photovoltaic System to Partially Supply Electrical Energy to a Residential Complex Located South of Bogotá, Colombi

The Torres de Bellavista residential complex has 1,500 apartments, distributed in five towers of thirty floors each, a nine-story building for approximately 750 parking spaces and other community infrastructure. Given the dimensions of this set, it is presumed that electricity consumption entails high economic and environmental costs, so one way to solve this cost is the use of alternative, non-conventional methods of electricity generation, for this reason, it is proposed to design a photovoltaic system that allows partial supply of electricity to the common and administrative areas of the residential complex. The calculations of the components of the photovoltaic system were carried out using the methodology of the worst month, which consists of finding the month in which the relationship between solar irradiation and electricity consumption makes it more difficult to satisfy the energy demand; When making the design under these conditions, it will be guaranteed that the rest of the year an electricity supply greater than the month of the calculations will be achieved. This methodology made it possible to demonstrate that, with the installation of 100 photovoltaic solar panels distributed on the roofs of the 5 towers and connected to the supply network, it is possible to satisfy up to 27% of the energy demand of the common areas. To achieve the objective of this proposal, an initial investment of COP 220,453,967 must be made, of which 50% must be financed by a bank. However, the investment can be recovered between 5 and 6 years after implementation, starting to generate returns for the rest of the estimated useful life of 25 years. The benefits of implementing this proposal are not only economic but also environmental, since it manages to reduce Greenhouse Gas-GHG emissions by 37.07 tCO2e for the first year of implementation.

Tropospheric attenuation prediction for future millimeter wave terrestrial systems: Estimating statistics and extremes.

SummaryTropospheric attenuations can be significant in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands; hence, accurate prediction modeling of tropospheric attenuation is important for reliable mmWave communication. Several models have been established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), yet estimation accuracy is limited due to the large spatial scales used for model input parameters. In this paper, we address this and apply local precipitation data to analyze tropospheric attenuation statistics and compare to results when using ITU regional input rain data. Specifically, tropospheric attenuation is predicted via simulations using the ITU method at 30, 60, and 90 GHz in four distinct geographic locations with different climate types. From our simulations, we gather statistics for annual average rain attenuation, worst month rain attenuation, and rain attenuation per decade. Our results indicate that when using local measured rain data, for 1 km link distance, mean rain event attenuation increases from 0.5 to 2 dB. Local rain data yield larger attenuations at essentially all percentages of time not exceeded (essentially corresponding to all probability values): for example, for 0.1% of time not exceeded, in Columbia, SC, rain attenuation for 30 GHz frequency increases to 9 dB with local rain data, compared to 5 dB with ITU's regional data, corresponding to rain rates of 38.2 and 17.5 mm/h, respectively; at the same probability and location, the 90 GHz attenuation increases by 10 dB, from 10 to 20 dB when local rain data are used. Fog attenuations are also appreciable, reaching 8 dB for the 90 GHz frequency. Moreover, for the example locations, peak rain attenuations have increased at a rate of approximately 2 dB/decade over the past 50 years. Our results indicate that actual tropospheric attenuations may be substantially larger than that predicted by the ITU model when using regional rain rate data.

Excess Mortality Data Analysis of COVID-19 Infections and Fatalities in Ecuador

The global COVID-19 pandemic has shocked the world. Since the virus gave rise to health problems and often ended in deaths, the count of the contagion and the deceased has been an open issue. Such statistics are vital for every nation and even every city or district and suburb as these numbers decide the level of intervention and the subsequent reduction of its given spread. Worldwide data show a mortality rate of around two percent prior to successful vaccination campaigns. However, Ecuador's statistical data indicate an abnormal amount of excess mortality, which is officially denied in each of the studied countries. These numbers have been projected on a monthly basis and exceed up to 300% of the official COVID-19 deaths. In particular, the average mortality rate in Ecuador, prior to and close to the pandemic, has been about 6083.4±234.6, while in the worst month during the sanitary crisis, deaths piled up to 21,000 people, and only 1180 were recognized as deceased by COVID-19. The reasons are widespread but based on an insufficient financed health sector, political incompetence, lack of leadership, and a long-lasting economic crisis. Therefore, premature endings of confinements or lockdowns have contributed to an accelerated contagion and seem to even counteract the vaccination phase, in middle 2021, shortly before excess mortality ceased completely.

Heterogeneous price adjustments among Airbnb hosts amid COVID-19: Evidence from Barcelona

COVID-19-induced travel restrictions have led to a sharp drop in Airbnb bookings. Confronted with a decrease in demand, hosts have implemented heterogeneous price responses. This study evaluates the different price adjustments developed by professional and non-professional hosts. Considering the city of Barcelona as the case study, I exploit monthly longitudinal data for 24,000 different Airbnb listings observed between June 2020 and April 2021. Using hedonic regressions with listing and neighbourhood fixed effects, I show that professional hosts have reduced prices to a greater extent, especially during the worst months of the pandemic. The findings support intertemporal price discrimination among professional hosts, which seem to adjust prices faster to meet demand and better adapt to market conditions.

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns Conducive to Severe Haze in Eastern China Have Shifted Under Climate Change

AbstractRegional atmospheric circulation patterns affect haze pollution and they change in the warming climate. Here, the characteristics of atmospheric circulation anomalies conducive to extreme haze occurrence in China and their historical and future trends are examined based on surface observations, reanalysis data, aerosol source tagging technique, and multimodel intercomparison results. December 2016 and 2017 are identified as the worst months of haze pollution over northern and southern China, featuring weakened and strengthened prevailing winds, respectively. During 1980–2019, the atmospheric pattern similar to December 2016 decreased, while that similar to 2017 increased, suggesting that severe haze formation mechanism in eastern China has been shifting from causes of local accumulation to regional transport processes. In the future, climate change under the sustainable and intermediate development scenarios are the ideal paths to reduce haze in China, while high social vulnerability and radiative forcing would cause a severe damage to the environment.

Effect of solar radiation and operating factor of the PV module on the loss of load probability of a PV-Battery system

A photovoltaic Battery (PV-Battery) system is considered one of the most promising renewable energy off-grid systems. In a conventional design of PV systems generally, an annual average solar radiation of a site and a constant operating factor of the PV module (0.75) are considered. This research aims to find the effect of the two design parameters (solar radiation and operating factor (OPV) of the PV panel) on the Loss of Load Probability (LLP) of the PV-Battery system and to find out the optimum PV array size which is adequate to supply the energy requirement of an agricultural farm, under the climatic conditions of Haldia, India. Four different global solar irradiation have been considered for the design of the PV-Battery systems based on worst month radiation (4.05 kWh/m2/day), yearly average radiation (4.84 kWh/m2/day), yearly average radiation without rainy season months (5.14 kWh/m2/day), and best month radiation (6.28 kWh/m2/day) along with three different OPV of the PV panel (0.7, 0.75 and 0.8). The monthly LLP, yearly LLP variations, PV panel size, and the area required for the installation of PV panels are studied. The results of the study find the LLP as 0 of the system at the radiation of 4.84 kWh/m2/day with the OPV as 0.75 while LLP is in the range of 0.01–0.05 for the radiation of 5.14 kWh/m2/day with the OPV as 0.7. The model developed should be able to design PV systems for any agricultural load designed with the desired LLP.

Intimate partner violence and Its Relationship with Psychological Distress Among Older Asian Americans: Results from the California Health Interview Survey.

This study aimed to examine the influence of intimate partner violence on psychological distress among a diverse sample of older Asian Americans living in California. Participants in the 2007-2009 California Health and Interview Survey (CHIS) aged fifty years and older and self-reported as Asian Americans were included in the study. The primary independent variable was the history of any intimate partner violence (physical or sexual violence) since 18 years of age. The Kessler Psychological Distress Six-item Scale was used to measure the study dependent variable. A composite score (0-24) was created for psychological distress during the past 30 days as well as for the one month in the past 12 months when they were at their worst emotionally. Other covariates, including acculturation and demographic factors, were measured. Hierarchical multivariate linear regressions were conducted to examine the influence of intimate partner violence on psychological distress after adjusting for covariates. In the study, about 8% of older Asian Americans reported ever experiencing intimate partner violence. After controlling for level of acculturation and demographic factors, a history of intimate partner violence was significantly associated with higher levels of psychological distress for the past month (beta = 2.07, SE = 0.74, p < 0.05) and for the worst month in the past year (beta = 1.99, SE = 0.68, p < 0.05). Intimate partner violence is a significant risk factor for distress among older Asian Americans. Culturally targeted violence prevention efforts and treatment approaches for individuals impacted by violence are needed in this highly underserved segment of older Americans.

Performance Evaluation of Airport Operation and Production Based on Entropy Weight-VIKOR Method

The status of airport operation and production is an important factor affecting the efficiency of airport operation. Effective evaluation of airport operation and production performance has important guiding significance for the improvement of airport quality management and the enhancement of market competitiveness. This paper takes the monthly operation of Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport in 2018 as an example. By establishing an airport operation production index system, the entropy weight-VIKOR method is used to evaluate the performance of the airport’s operation and production. The results show that when different decision-making coefficients are taken, the optimal month for the airport’s operational productivity is always October. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the worst month for operational performance. It was found that the main indicators affecting the month were the number of aircraft movements and passengers. Satisfaction. Airport managers should pay close attention to these two indicators, and seek improvement measures in comparison with internal benchmarks to guide the continuous improvement of airport operation and production performance.

The influence of perceived discrimination in healthcare settings on psychological distress among a diverse sample of older Asian Americans

Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between discrimination in healthcare settings and psychological distress. Method This study utilized a retrospective cross-sectional study design. The dataset was obtained from 2015-2017 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). Healthcare discrimination experience (yes, no) was measured using the following question “Over your entire lifetime, how often have you been treated unfairly when getting medical care (never, rarely, sometimes, often)?”. Psychological distress was the study outcome and was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. A composite score (0-24) was created for psychological distress for the prior 30 days and for the worse most in the past 12 months. A hierarchical multivariate linear regression was conducted to examine the influence of healthcare discrimination experience on psychological distress after adjusting for other covariates. Results Study participants (weighted N = 1,360,487) had a mean age of 64.35 years (SD = 0.61), were primarily female (54.93%), heterosexual (96.61%), and married or living with a partner (73.37%). About 10.00% of older Asian Americans ever perceived healthcare discrimination over their entire lifetime. Perceived discrimination was associated with higher levels of psychological distress for the past 30 days (beta= 2.107, SE = 0.662, p < 0.05) and for the worst month in the past year (beta= 2.099, SE = 0.697, p < 0.05) after controlling for covariates. Conclusion Self-reported discrimination was relatively low in this sample of older Asian American adults. However, consistent with prior research, perceived discrimination in the healthcare setting was associated with increased psychological distress. The findings have implications for improving the quality of health care services received.

Incidence of PTSD and generalized anxiety symptoms during the first wave of COVID-19 outbreak: an exploratory study of a large sample of the Italian population

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, between March and May 2020, in Italy, people were asked to shelter in place and most had to put their life on hold, while news of the spread of the virus constantly were broadcasted. The change in habits and the potential exposure to a dangerous virus can be categorized as a catastrophic event, which are usually traumatic and therefore have psychological consequences for the people involved.ObjectiveAssuming the COVID-19 pandemic as a possible traumatic event, this study aims to explore the contingent behavioural and psychological impact of COVID-19 spread and related lockdown on the Italian general population, through measuring anxiety and post-traumatic stress symptoms .MethodsAn ad hoc-survey was set up for the this exploratory research, including the standardized Italian versions of the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) and the Generalized Anxiety Scale (GAD-7), and ad hoc items concerning behavioural reactions due to the pandemic spread and related mass quarantine. Participants were recruited across convenient web-based and mobile app channels using a snowball sampling technique. Data was collected from March 25th to May 1st, 2020.ParticipantsOne-thousand one hundred and ninety-five individuals (851 women and 342 men) completed 60% or more of the survey and were considered for analyses. Mean age was 40 years (s.d. = 14.948). Participants resided in 78 Italian provinces (out of 107 territorial divisions), with 25.7% residing in the Milan province and 9.2% from the Monza and Brianza provinces, closest to the epicentre of the Italian outbreak.ResultsDuring the worst months of the first wave of the Pandemic, the Italian population suffered high level of distress (GAD-7 m = 6.89, s.d. = 5.08; IER-R mean score = 27.86, s.d. 17.46), respectively indicating mild presence of anxiety symptoms, and high levels of PTSD symptoms. Gender seems to be a discriminating variable with women scoring significantly higher than man, both for anxiety symptoms (H (1) = 82.91, p < .001) and all dimensions of PTSD symptoms (intrusion H (1) = 71.23, p < .001, avoidance H (1) = 61.28, p < .001), and hyperarousal (H (1) = 67.348, p < .001). People from Generations Y and Z show to be at higher risk of developing PTSD (V = .746, F (3,1041) =1017.19, p = .001) and GAD symptoms (F (3,1041) = 5.113, p = .002) than older generations.ConclusionsGender and generation appeared to be the most consistent risk factor for higher levels of generalized anxiety and PTSD symptoms in the current pandemic. Other variables – such as information seeking behaviours, parental and marriage status, chronic conditions – yielded less consistent evidence. Results indicate the need of including psychological interventions as a standard tool during the emergency management of a catastrophic events such as a pandemic.

Off-grid solar charging of electric vehicles at long-term parking locations

This work analyses the effectiveness of an off-grid solar photovoltaic system for the charging of electric vehicles (EVs) in a long-term parking lot. The effectiveness of charging is investigated through analysis of the states of charge (SoC) at departure of EVs plugged in at the parking lot over the simulated year. Although the share of vehicles leaving with inadequate charge over the entire year is small, this share is relatively high during low irradiance winter months. We show that an increase in efficiency of the solar modules used in the system and an increase in the minimum duration of time spent at the parking lot are effective within limits at improving charging adequacy. We then formulate three strategies to allocate the available energy in the system with the objective of reducing the number of vehicles leaving at lower SoCs: 1) curtailment of charging beyond 80% state of charge, 2) prioritised charging of vehicles at low SoCs and 3) prioritised charging based on both SoC and time before departure. We identify the strategy prioritising vehicles with low state of charge to be most effective, but performance in the worst month remains a challenge for the location considered.