World Wheat Research Articles

The determinants of world wheat trade, 1963-2010: A gravity equation approach

The international configuration of the world wheat trade has undergone sig-nificant transformations over the past fifty years. The volume of total wheattrade has increased fivefold, new exporting leaders have appeared and a largeimport market has emerged in less developed countries. The aim of this paper is to iden-tify the main drivers of those changing patterns. For that purpose, we estimated a grav-ity equation based on data for bilateral trade flows. Information on the wheat trade wasobtained from the UN-COMTRADE database (2014). We also accessed other sourcesto include explanatory variables such as gross domestic product (GDP) of the export-ing and importing countries, GDP per capita, wheat production, different measures ofcultural distance and proximity, current trade agreements, etc. The results are discussedand interpreted using a cliometric approach.

Assessing the Current Situation of the World Wheat Market Leadership: Using the Semi-Parametric Approach

This paper examines the world wheat market leadership using price discovery occurring in wheat futures markets of the United States (U.S.) and Europe. An error correction model (ECM) generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH), and semi-parametric dynamic copula methods are used for this purpose. The results indicate a positive link between U.S. and Europe price discovery which is stronger, fluctuating less after August 2010 because of a drought occurring in the Black Sea region, and then lessens, fluctuating more after 2015 with the changing wheat trade map. Furthermore, after 2015, wheat market leadership moved from the U.S. to the European market, meaning price discovery is primarily located by the Marché à Terme International de France (MATIF) futures market.

Assessing water management effects on spring wheat yield in the Canadian Prairies using DSSAT wheat models

Canada is one of the top wheat grain exporters, with a share of more than 10% in the world wheat market. The majority of Canadian wheat production takes place in the Prairies where 6.2 million ha of the area is seeded to spring wheat. The climate is semiarid with an estimated precipitation deficit of about 300 mm during the crop growing season, indicating that water is the primary limiting factor for crop production. In this study, three DSSAT-Wheat models (CSM-CERES, -CROPSIM, -NWHEAT) were used to quantify the impacts of water management practices on crop water stress and wheat yields. The models were evaluated individually and as an ensemble against observed wheat performance using three field experiments conducted to investigate irrigation, rainfed, and summer fallow impacts on wheat yields. The results showed that all three wheat models well simulated grain yield gains with irrigation and summer fallow that conserved additional soil water. Statistically, the multimodel ensemble improved the accuracy in simulating grain yields and biomass of spring wheat under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. The improvements could not be linked to eco-physiological processes in crop systems, and the increased simulation accuracy was likely due to the offsetting effects of simulation bias and errors from the individual models. Water input (precipitation + irrigation) of 400 mm was sufficient to reach the highest yield of spring wheat cultivars in the Canadian Prairies. Irrigation of 200 mm was able to alleviate most of the crop water stress in the study region. Further simulation scenarios showed that irrigating spring wheat when soil moisture was below 50% of available water capacity (AWC) for plants led to high yield, low irrigation rates, and reduced evaporation for different soil textures. Combined with improved drought tolerance varieties, this irrigation regime provides good prospects for increasing wheat yield and water use efficiency.

Wheat varietal identification study using common quality and disease PCR markers

The main vital cereal crop in Mongolia is wheat (Triticum spp .). There are more than 10000 wheat varieties are released and registered in the world wheat atlas up to the date. Internationally, wheat varieties are identified by their genotypes. However, local wheat varieties are being identified only by its phenotypic traits in Mongolia. Not significant study was carried out on wheat varietal identification. In this study, we aim to differentiate widely planting 6 local wheat varieties Darkhan-34, Darkhan-131, Darkhan-144, Darkhan-166, Tsogt and Khalkh-gol-1 using PCR based common quality and disease 22 markers. As a result, 10 out of 22 markers were detected in all wheat varieties in distinct sizes, 8 markers detected otherwise and 4 markers was not detected at all. Thus, the ZSBy9 marker which is specific marker to distinguish Darkhan-144, ZSBy8 primer which is specific marker to distinguish Khalkh gol-1, GluA1c and GluB1 Bx642 markers those are specific markers to distinguish Tsogt variety from other studied varieties respectively.

Influence of Silica Gel on Ion Homeostasis in Salt Stressed Wheat Varieties of Balochistan

Wheat belongs to Gramineae family and it is called as silicon accumulator. Utilizing the saline lands is one of the critical techniques introduced to increase the production of wheat in the world. Application of silicon can reduce the adverse effects of salinity in wheat grown under salt stress. Therefore, in this research effect of silica gel as a common source of silicon was investigated on wheat grown under salt stress. Seeds of four varieties, two salt sensitive (Sariab & Pir-sabaq) & two salt tolerant (Zarlashta & Zardana) were treated with silicon in the form of silica gel (SiO2) in the presence & absence of salt. After harvesting of the wheat, sodium and potassium concentrations were observed in the wheat plants. The dried wheat plants were acid digested and sodium and potassium were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that salt stress suppressed not only the growth but also increased the sodium concentration in plants. Sodium concentration was increased from 12.87 to 19.63 mg/Kg under salt stress of 100 mM of NaCl. Whereas, potassium concentration decreased from 102.61 to 92.92 mg/Kg under salt stress. When silica gel was applied to salt stressed plants, the sodium concentration decreased (16 mg/Kg) with an increase in potassium concentration (114.73 mg/Kg). Silica gel as a source of silicon positively affected ion homeostasis by increasing potassium and decreasing sodium concentration in wheat varieties grown under salt stress. It is, therefore, suggested that application of silicon must be included in salt stress alleviation techniques.

Inheritance of leaf rust resistance in four popular Indian durum wheat cultivars

Leaf rust is the one of the most important biotic stresses affecting world wheat production because of its wide distribution. In a study conducted to understand the inheritance of leaf rust resistance genes present in the popular durum wheat cultivars viz. HI 8498, HI 8663, HI 8713 and HI 8737 indicated that a single dominant gene each controls resistance to two Puccinia triticina (Pt) pathotypes 162-2 (93R39) and 104-2 (21R55). The allelic tests indicated that three diverse genes control resistance to Pt pathotype 104-2, with the gene being common between HI 8713 and HI 8737. Resistance to pathotype 162-2 was controlled by two diverse genes among the four test cultivars as the same gene conditioned resistance in HI 8737, HI 8713 and HI 8663 with the resistance gene in HI 8498 being different. The infection types of the two Pt pathotypes on the test cultivars were found to be higher than that of near isogenic lines carrying Lr3, Lr14a and Lr23 indicating that the identified genes in the present study were different from these commonly postulated Lr genes in Indian durum germplasm. The identified leaf rust resistance genes in the study will contribute to the diversity of leaf rust resistance in durum wheat and can be well utilized in breeding programmes.

Molecular Marker Based Design for Breeding Wheat Lines with Multiple Resistance and Superior Quality.

There has not been a major wheat stem rust epidemic worldwide since the 1970s, but the emergence of race TTKSK of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in 1998 presented a great threat to the world wheat production. Single disease-resistance genes are usually effective for only several years before the pathogen changes genetically to overcome the resistance. Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is one of the most common and persistent wheat diseases worldwide. The development of varieties with multiple resistance is the most economical and effective strategy for preventing stripe rust and stem rust, the two main rust diseases constraining wheat production. Plateau 448 has been widely used in the spring wheat growing region in northwest China, but it has become susceptible to stripe rust and is susceptible to TTKSK. To produce more durable resistance to race TTKSK as well as to stripe rust, four stem rust resistance genes (Sr33, Sr36, Sr-Cad, and Sr43) and three stripe rust resistance genes (Yr5, Yr18, and Yr26) were simultaneously introgressed into Plateau 448 to improve its stem rust (Ug99) and stripe rust resistance using a marker-assisted backcrossing strategy combined with phenotypic selection. We obtained 131 BC1F5 lines that pyramided two to four Ug99 resistance genes and one to two Pst resistance genes simultaneously. Thirteen of these lines were selected for their TTKSK resistance, and all of them exhibited near immunity or high resistance to TTKSK. Among the 131 pyramided lines, 95 showed high resistance to mixed Pst races. Nine lines exhibited not only high resistance to TTKSK and Pst but also better agronomic traits and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit compositions than Plateau 448.

Wheat industry compared and contrasted between Russia and the USA

Wheat is the most widely produced and consumed cereal crop globally. It belongs to the large family of monocotyledonous flowering plants that is called staple crop as it is grown in great quantities and provide more food energy globally than many other type of crops. This paper is focused on the wheat industry of two countries that are in the top 5 producers globally. Competitive strength in growing wheat of Russia and the USA are discussed in this article. Russia and the USA not only produce enough wheat every year for local consumption but also supply a substantial share of world wheat trade. The massive area, favourable environmental and soil conditions, improved high-yielding varieties makes the USA and Russia two of the leading countries in producing wheat worldwide. Socio-cultural perspective is one of the most important factor influencing marketing decisions and strategic goals of countries entering foreign markets. Consequently, social and cultural factors are compared and contrasted, which are of high importance to success in business of Russia and the USA.

Impact of increasing temperature anomalies and carbon dioxide emissions on wheat production

Climate change is one of the serious issues humankind is currently facing. It impacts almost all the processes in nature and threatens the existence of species and biodiversity; hence, the whole process of the food cycle. To mitigate the influence of climate change on vital processes in nature, we need to understand the pattern and magnitude of the relationship between climate change and impacted processes in nature. In this article, we explore the impact of climate change on wheat production in terms of short and long-run relationships between world wheat production, carbon dioxide emissions, and surface temperature anomalies. We present new information on the nexus between climate change and wheat production using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models and ARDL bounds test of cointegration. We observe a significant cointegration relationship among world wheat production, carbon dioxide emissions, and surface temperature anomalies series. Lagged short-run impacts of temperature anomalies and carbon dioxide emissions are found significant. The long-run impact of both series on world wheat production is significant with a high correction speed to any instability between wheat production and the proxies of climate change.

СОРТОВАЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЦИЯ ОЗИМОЙ МЯГКОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПО ГРУППАМ СПЕЛОСТИ В ЛЕСОСТЕПИ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

In wheat selection, the earring period is a fairly reliable criterion for determining the ripeness group of the variety. The aim of the research was to determine the maturity groups of winter soft wheat varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in the middle Volga forest-steppe. 18 varieties of winter soft wheat included in the State register of selection achievements for the middle Volga region of Russia were used for research in machine seeding.102 varieties originating from 11 countries were used in manual seeding. It is established that the intra-and intervariental change of the date of winter soft wheat earning is weak and moderate. The share of genotype (variety) influence in the variability of the duration of the growing season of winter soft wheat is 56.1 %, the year conditions-4.4 %, and the “genotype-year” interaction-36.5 %. Among the assortment of winter soft wheat of domestic selection, 54% of varieties showed themselves to be medium – ripe, 24% – medium-early, 10% - medium-late. The late-maturing, early-maturing, and ultra-early-maturing groups only included single varieties in certain years. Among the studied assortment of the world wheat collection late maturity had variety of Germany, the earliness and medium early– wheat of China, Japan, Bulgaria and the North Caucasus region of Russia, medium maturing varieties of the Siberian region of the country. Wheat of different groups of ripeness were represented by varieties of Ukraine. The ultra-early and late-maturing varieties of foreign selection selected in the study are valuable as a source material for the selection of soft wheat for the duration of the growing season in the middle Volga forest-steppe.

АНАЛІЗ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ЗЕРНОВИХ КУЛЬТУР НА АГРАРНОМУ СВІТОВОМУ РИНКУ

У статті розглянута актуальна проблема вивчення на прикладі зернових взаємозв'язку експорту продукції агропромислового комплексу України, ЄС і країн світу, а також визначення ефективності експорту з України зернових на європейський і світовий ринки в умовах створення зони вільної торгівлі з ЄС. Доведено, що Україна займає значне місце на світовому ринку зернових: частка в експорті пшениці в середньому становить 5,7%; в експорті ячменю – 14,8%; у світовому експорті кукурудзи – 9,1%; водночас частка України в експорті пшениці в ЄС становить 33,7%, в експорті ячменю – 48,9%, в експорті кукурудзи – 64,4%. Встановлено, що ефективність українського експорту зернових порівняно з ЄС у середньому для пшениці становить 35%, ячменю – 48%, кукурудзи – 65%, тобто для українського ринку зернових найбільш перспективним є ринок ЄС, але його активізація і перспективи зростання вимагають від України впровадження певних заходів і механізмів.

Simulating the impact of climate change on rice yield using DSSAT model

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most important food grain after wheat in World. A decline in productivity of rice in recent years has been ascribed to decrease in soil organic carbon and reserve of nutrients, non-uniform distribution of rainfall, and increase in temperature and carbon dioxide because of climate change. To assess the impact of climate change on rice yield, crop simulation DSSAT model CERES – rice was calibrated and well evaluated for short and medium duration varieties through field experimental data at Prayagraj, India. Using past 8 years (2012 – 2019) weather data, the CERES-Rice model predicted higher yield variability of the medium duration variety (130 days) “NDR – 359” as compared to the short duration (90 days) variety “NDR – 97” under irrigated condition of Prayagraj, India. However NDR – 359 simulated the higher mean yield. With increase in atmospheric CO2 level by 150 ppm, the grain yield of NDR – 359 and NDR – 97 was increased by 7.16% and 5.86% respectively under irrigated condition. Increase in average air temperature by 3ºC resulted a decline in yield of short duration variety but an increase in yield of the medium duration variety. The medium duration variety showed better adaptability to climate change than the short duration varieties under optimum input management condition.

Whole-genome sequencing of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici mutant isolates identifies avirulence gene candidates

BackgroundThe stripe rust pathogen, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), threats world wheat production. Resistance to Pst is often overcome by pathogen virulence changes, but the mechanisms of variation are not clearly understood. To determine the role of mutation in Pst virulence changes, in previous studies 30 mutant isolates were developed from a least virulent isolate using ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and phenotyped for virulence changes. The progenitor isolate was sequenced, assembled and annotated for establishing a high-quality reference genome. In the present study, the 30 mutant isolates were sequenced and compared to the wide-type isolate to determine the genomic variation and identify candidates for avirulence (Avr) genes.ResultsThe sequence reads of the 30 mutant isolates were mapped to the wild-type reference genome to identify genomic changes. After selecting EMS preferred mutations, 264,630 and 118,913 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and 89,078 and 72,513 Indels (Insertion/deletion) were detected among the 30 mutant isolates compared to the primary scaffolds and haplotigs of the wild-type isolate, respectively. Deleterious variants including SNPs and Indels occurred in 1866 genes. Genome wide association analysis identified 754 genes associated with avirulence phenotypes. A total of 62 genes were found significantly associated to 16 avirulence genes after selection through six criteria for putative effectors and degree of association, including 48 genes encoding secreted proteins (SPs) and 14 non-SP genes but with high levels of association (P ≤ 0.001) to avirulence phenotypes. Eight of the SP genes were identified as avirulence-associated effectors with high-confidence as they met five or six criteria used to determine effectors.ConclusionsGenome sequence comparison of the mutant isolates with the progenitor isolate unraveled a large number of mutation sites along the genome and identified high-confidence effector genes as candidates for avirulence genes in Pst. Since the avirulence gene candidates were identified from associated SNPs and Indels caused by artificial mutagenesis, these avirulence gene candidates are valuable resources for elucidating the mechanisms of the pathogen pathogenicity, and will be studied to determine their functions in the interactions between the wheat host and the Pst pathogen.

Chemically induced male sterility in common wheat mediated by Aegilops cytoplasm

Several approaches have been proposed, in the past, for the development of hybrid wheat varieties. Nevertheless, common wheat hybrids today account for less than 1% of the world's wheat production. The reason for the limited success of hybrid wheat varieties is the fact that to date, a simple and efficient system for the production of hybrid seed has not been developed. A two-line system using photoperiod-sensitive cytoplasmic male sterility (PCMS) caused by Aegilops crassa Boiss. cytoplasm seems to be very promising way to produce hybrid wheat seed on large scale. Non-desirable side effects of PCMS system are the unreliable sterility of the male sterile lines under different latitudes. Therefore, we tried to connect male sterility system based on Ae. crassa cytoplasm with chemical induction of male sterility. The presented results reveal that the majority of male sterility genes are conserved in the Ae. crassa cytoplasm and that their effects can be promoted by chemical signals, such as synthetic auxins (e.g., 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Our research work represents the development of a novel male sterility system which is controlled by chemical signals (e.g., synthetic auxins and their pro-herbicide analogues) and mediated by Ae. crassa cytoplasm.

Analysis of Wheat Bread-Making Gene (wbm) Evolution and Occurrence in Triticale Collection Reveal Origin via Interspecific Introgression into Chromosome 7AL

Bread-making quality is a crucial trait for wheat and triticale breeding. Several genes significantly influence these characteristics, including glutenin genes and the wheat bread-making (wbm) gene. World wheat collection screening showed that only a few percent of cultivars carry the valuable wbm variant, providing a useful source for wheat breeding. In contrast, no such analysis has been performed for triticale (wheat (AABB genome) × rye (RR) amphidiploid) collections. Despite the importance of the wbm gene, information about its origin and genomic organization is lacking. Here, using modern genomic resources available for wheat and its relatives, as well as PCR screening, we aimed to examine the evolution of the wbm gene and its appearance in the triticale genotype collection. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the wheat Chinese Spring genome does not have the wbm gene but instead possesses the orthologous gene, called wbm-like located on chromosome 7A. The analysis of upstream and downstream regions revealed the insertion of LINE1 (Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements) retrotransposons and Mutator DNA transposon in close vicinity to wbm-like. Comparative analysis of the wbm-like region in wheat genotypes and closely related species showed low similarity between the wbm locus and other sequences, suggesting that wbm originated via introgression from unknown species. PCR markers were developed to distinguish wbm and wbm-like sequences, and triticale collection was screened resulting in the detection of three genotypes carrying wbm-specific introgression, providing a useful source for triticale breeding programs.

Development of Pasta Products with Nonconventional Ingredients and Their Effect on Selected Quality Characteristics: A Brief Overview.

Pasta is a widely consumed food in all over the world. Coarse semolina obtained from durum wheat and water are the main ingredients of conventional pasta products. The amount of gluten and quality level of durum wheat, are two important factors for the superiority of finished pasta. Market price of durum wheat is higher than the common wheat and it contributes no more than 5% of the world wheat production. Thus, to come across the challenge of emerging pasta consumption, new field of research that is dealing with the incorporation of nonconventional ingredients to the conventional formula of pasta has initiated. The compositions of raw materials which are used for pasta preparation directly affect the physical, chemical, and textural properties of the product. Therefore, incorporation of nonconventional ingredients can lead to a contradictory effect of pasta quality. This review will focus on the various types of nonconventional ingredients that are being incorporated in pasta products and their effect on the quality attributes of different pasta products.

Revealed Comparative Advantage of Turkish and Hungarian Wheat Sectors

Hungary and Turkey have a considerable share in world wheat markets. In 2018, Hungary’s export value of wheat and wheat flour reached to 411 million euros and it formed 32 per cent of overall cereal & milling industry export value of the country. Export value of Turkey for the same commodities was 875 million euros in the same period and it formed 77 per cent of total cereal & milling industry export value (International Trade Centre, 2019). Considering their potential and recent upward trends in trade, this study aims to determine the competitiveness of the wheat sectors in Hungary and Turkey. The study examines the competitiveness level of both countries by using Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage index and Michaely index. The examination range covers the 10-year period between 2009 and 2018. Majority of data in this work was obtained and derived from International Trade Centre database. According to analysis results, Hungary has a higher degree of specialization vis-a-vis Turkey.

МІСЦЕ ТА РОЛЬ УКРАЇНИ НА СВІТОВОМУ РИНКУ ПШЕНИЦІ

Introduction. Wheat production is a leading industry in both the agricultural sector and the public sector as a whole. This is due to his crucial role in ensuring the food security of the country. Considering the leading role of wheat grain in the list of Ukrainian export commodities, there is a need to find a compromise between ensuring the country's food security and increasing the presence of these Ukrainian products on the global market. The purpose of the article is assessment of the place and determination of the role of Ukrainian producers in the world wheat grain market, identification of factors that impede the expansion of the presence of relevant domestic products in the global market. Results. The analysis of world production, final stocks and consumption of wheat grain has allowed to determine the increase of production volumes with excess of consumption rates, which led to price stabilization. An analysis of the volume and structure of world wheat grain exports has made it possible to determine that Ukraine is in the top ten. The largest importers of Ukrainian wheat in Europe are Italy and Spain; Indonesia, Bangladesh and Thailand in Asia. Asia in the overall structure in the 2014-2018 average had about 49 %. Africa ranks second after Asia, with a volume of 28 %, with half imported by Egypt. The prospects for the markets of Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia for export of Ukrainian grain have been substantiated, taking into account trends in population growth, complications of natural conditions for cultivation and low transportation costs. The cost forecast of 1 wheat metric ton for the future is made. The grain market segment occupied by Ukraine according to the quality of its products is considered. The price and quality of imported and exported wheat grain in Ukraine are analyzed. The necessity of increasing the volume of mineral fertilizers application to increase the yield to prove the problem of these disproportions has been proved. Conclusions. Quality of products will become a key factor of competitiveness in the world market of wheat production in the near future. North African countries – Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia – are a promising direction for expanding global markets for Ukrainian wheat. The biggest problem for domestic producers of wheat grain is its poor quality in many parameters. To improve the quality, it is necessary to significantly increase the amount of application of minimal fertilizers. Keywords: wheat grain, world market, production, consumption, final stocks, forecast, slowdown, export, price, quality, fertilizers.

Genetic variations, heritability, heat tolerance indices and correlations studies for traits of bread wheat genotypes under high temperature

PurposeThe purpose of this paper was to study the genetic variability, heritability, heat tolerance indices and phenotypic and genotypic correlation studies for traits of 250 elite International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) bread wheat genotypes under high temperature in Wad Medani, Center in Sudan.Design/methodology/approachBread wheat is an important food on a global level and is used in the form of different products. High temperature associated with climate change is considered to be a detrimental stress in the future on world wheat production. A total of 10,250 bread wheat genotypes selected from different advanced yield trials introduction from ICARDA and three checks including were grown in two sowing dates (SODs) (1st and 2nd) 1st SOD heat stress and 2nd SOD non-stress at the Gezira Research Farm, of the Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad Medani, Sudan.FindingsAn alpha lattice design with two replications was used to assess the presence of phenotypic and genotypic variations of different traits, indices for heat stress and heat tolerance for 20 top genotypes and phenotypic and genotypic correlations. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters. A wide range, 944-4,016 kg/ha in the first SOD and 1,192-5,120 kg/ha in the second SOD, was found in grain yield. The average yield on the first SOD is less than that of the secondnd SOD by 717.7 kg/ha, as the maximum and minimum temperatures were reduced by 3ºC each in the second SOD when compared to the first SOD of the critical stage of crop growth shown.Research limitations/implicationsSimilar wide ranges were found in all morpho-physiological traits studied. High heritability in a broad sense was estimated for days to heading and maturity. Moderate heritability estimates found for grain yield ranged from 44 to 63.6 per cent, biomass ranged from 37.8 to 49.1 per cent and canopy temperature (CT) after heading ranged from 44.2 to 48 per cent for the first and secondnd SODs. The top 20 genotypes are better than the better check in the two sowing dates and seven genotypes (248, 139, 143, 27, 67, 192 and 152) were produced high grain yield under both 1st SOD and 2nd SOD.Practical implicationsThe same genotypes in addition to Imam (check) showed smaller tolerance (TOL) values, indicating that these genotypes had a smaller yield reduction under heat-stressed conditions and that they showed a higher heat stress susceptibility index (SSI). A smaller TOL and a higher SSI are favored. Both phenotypic and genotypic correlations of grain yield were positively and significantly correlated with biomass, harvest index, number of spikes/m2, number of seeds/spike and days to heading and maturity in both SODs and negatively and significantly correlated with canopy temperature before and after heading in both SODs.Originality/valueGenetic variations, heritability, heat tolerance indices and correlation studies for traits of bread wheat genotypes under high temperature

Character evaluation and selection of tropical wheat lines in the long period of the dry season and high temperature

The problem in the development of wheat crops today is climate change that reduces wheat production in almost all regions of the world. It has an impact on rising temperatures and limited water supplies that can cause drought stress. These problems became the main issue of world wheat crop development. Therefore, the assembly of adapted varieties of wheat that adapted to climate change is crucial. This study aims to evaluate characters and select wheat lines based on the yield and yield component characters and to obtain tolerant wheat lines under those natural stress in tropical environments. The study used 56 wheat lines and 6 released varieties for controls, 3 replications with Randomized Block Design. Character evaluation shows significant differences in a large number of observational characters except for the number of seeds/spike and moisture content. Characters that can be used for selection and evaluation of promising lines are all characteristics of the yield and yield components except the Number of Seed Per spike (NSS) and Water Content (WC) characters. Promising lines were G5, G8 and G11 became potential selection lines with potential yields of 3, 3.39 and 3.03.