World Travel And Tourism Council Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Tourism and Its Impact on Economic Development of a Country Like India

1. Overview of Tourism Industry Growth in India: Tourism in India has seen phenomenal growth in recent years, appearing as a significant contributor to the national economy. In 2022, India ranked at the 35th position in the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) Travel & Tourism 2023 Economic Impact Report, contributing 8.6% to the national GDP and generating eighty-two million jobs. This trajectory is expected to continue, with WTTC forecasting India to climb to the 24th position by 2032, highlighting the industry's ongoing economic vitality. 2. Introduction to AI and its Capabilities: Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses a range of technologies, including machine learning, natural language processing, and computer vision, enabling machines to learn from data and perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence. These capabilities can be harnessed for diverse applications, including data analysis, pattern recognition, and robotic automation, opening doors for innovative solutions across various sectors. 3. Brief on Principles of Sustainable Tourism: Sustainable tourism focuses on minimizing the negative environmental, social, and cultural impacts of tourism activities. It advocates for responsible resource management, community engagement, and cultural preservation, aiming to ensure the long-term viability of tourism destinations and the well-being of local communities.

Оценка эффектов пандемии COVID-19 для туризма на основе агрегированного показателя

The purpose of the work is to propose and test a method for assessing the effects of the pandemic on Russian tourism in comparison with a number of other countries based on an aggregate indicator of the contribution of this industry to the economy. The role and place of the tourism industry in the global economy, the industry characteristics of tourism and the special significance of measures to support it in modern Russian economic policy are characterized. A cross-country comparative analysis of the aggregated indicator of the contribution of tourism to the economy was carried out, which was calculated on the basis of three partial indicators: the contribution of the tourism industry to the country's GDP; share of tourism in the total number of jobs; share of spending by incoming tourists in total exports. Data used from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). The pandemic contraction and subsequent recovery of the industry are described by indices of the aggregate indicator, where its value in 2019 is taken as the base. It was revealed that among the G20 countries, Russia ranks second to last in terms of the aggregate indicator of the contribution of tourism to the economy. At the same time, it demonstrates a relatively small “compression” of the industry in 2020 and a low rate of industry recovery in 2021. The weak response of Russian tourism to the pandemic can be explained, firstly, by the relatively small significance of its initial contribution to the economy and, secondly, by government employment support measures taken in 2020. At the same time, the low rate of restoration of the contribution of Russian tourism to the economy in 2021 indicates the need to increase the effectiveness of industry regulation measures and, for this purpose, study the best global practices for restoring tourism in countries such as Mexico, Italy, Turkey, etc.

Travels and Sustainable Tourism in Italy. Selected Dilemmas

The scientific article regards travels and sustainable tourism in Italy in terms of employment, spending, and GDP. The principal purpose of the article is the analysis of travels and sustainable tourism in Italy in terms of employment, spending, and GDP. The paper carried out the documentation analysis, but also very important was the application of the statistical, dynamics, and comparative analysis. The time scope of the study is 2019-2021. Italy's economic recovery will be greatly aided by the travels and sustainable tourism, according to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). In 2020, the sector was just 0.3% below its pre-pandemic levels. The sector's contribution to GDP in 2019 exceeded €194 billion, according to the World Trade and Technology Council's (WTTC) latest Economic Impact Report (EIR). However, employment in the industry may return to levels seen before the epidemic. Further, the Travel & Tourism industry in Italy is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.5 percent over the next ten years, which is five times the growth rate of 0.5 percent of the country's entire economy. In the meanwhile, it's expected to surpass €226 billion by 2032.

RESPONDING TO CHALLENGES IN TOURISM IN THE ERA OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ZAMBIA

Tourism is a vital driver of the global economy, Zambia inclusive. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the direct contribution of travel and tourism to world GDP in 2012 was US$ 2.1 trillion. However, the tourism sector is highly vulnerable to climate change. This is because tourism depends on environmental resources while climate defines the length and quality of tourism seasons. At the same time, tourism contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), the cause of global warming. Many types of tourism in Zambia are weather dependent and by extension, climate dependent. It is, therefore, very likely that climate change may affect tourism sector in Zambia. Climate change can reduce, increase and prolong heat waves or change the patterns of annual rainfall received in Zambia. Using literature review, this paper presents direct impacts and indirect impacts of climate change to the tourism sector and also proposes response strategies to climate change mitigation and adaptation in the Zambian context. Responses such as mainstreaming ESD, teacher education, research engagement, community-based approach, sustainability education among others are proposed.

POLICY OF TOURISM BUSINESS IN GEORGIA IN THE POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD

In Georgia, even today, in the post-pandemic period, the tourism business is quite relevant. The increase in tourist flows in the country has given rise to the prospect that the share of the tourism sector in the economy will increase, which is fully in line with the 2025 vision of the Georgian Tourism Strategy. The point to note here is that more attention should be paid to the quality and variety of visitors rather than the quantity of visitors. In the 2025 "Tourism Strategy of Georgia" plan, which was developed in previous years and 2015 is taken as the base period, it is planned that the income from tourism should increase (from the existing 1.9 billion US dollars) to 6.6 billion US dollars. The share of the tourism sector in the GDP should be 7.9%. Increasing the average amount spent by visitors from the current $300 to $600. as well as increasing the average length of stay to 7 nights and doubling the number of visitors from the high-paying markets of Western Europe, Asia and North America. Priority tourism activities in the country are: increasing state and private investments in the field of tourism; improvement of the business environment in order to promote the increase of the number of visits, foreign and local investments; attracting visitors from high-paying markets by means of effective marketing and information campaigns, as well as stimulating domestic tourism; Increasing competitiveness by offering world-class tourism services; Creating unique and authentic offers in tourism using natural and cultural heritage resources. In the development of the country's tourism sector, the development of domestic tourism has gained great importance in the recent period. A number of measures were implemented during the pandemic period and in the subsequent period to stimulate domestic tourism. The total number of domestic tourism visits in 2021 amounted to 16.9 million, which is +35.8% more than in the same period of the previous year, such a sharp increase is also due to the fact that in previous years, the tourism seasons during the pandemic period were unsuccessful. According to the data of the National Bank, in 2021, Georgia received approximately 1.2 billion USD from international travel, which is 130% higher than the 2020 figure, and 62% lower than the 2019 figure. Tourism is a priority direction for Georgia. In the pre-pandemic period, the number of international visitors and, accordingly, the income from international travel increased every year. Restoring the tourism sector is an important precondition for overcoming the crisis. In the post-pandemic period, the development of tourism in Georgia, as well as around the world, has an undeniably great perspective, as evidenced by the data of the World Tourism Council. The travel and tourism industry is one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), in 2021, the contribution of this industry to the total GDP amounted to 5.8 trillion USD (+21.7% growth compared to the previous year) and contributed to the creation of 289 million jobs. After taking into account its direct and side effects, the contribution of the mentioned sector to the development of the world economy is as follows: 6.1 % of the world GDP, one place for every 11 jobs. From all of the above, we can conclude that: 1 from those countries, from which it is possible to attract high-paying tourists to our country, air and other means of transport should be simplified. 2. In order to attract high-paying tourists, it is necessary to properly arrange destinations and relevant events. 3. Internal transport networks should be improved to ensure free movement of visitor flows in the country. 4. It is also necessary to improve the quality of visitor services, so that tourists will have the desire to travel to our country again and again.

WONDERFUL INDONESIA: CITRA POSITIF PARIWISATA INDONESIA MELALUI ASEAN TOURISM FORUM 2018 – 2019

Tourism is one of the important sectors that support the economy of a country. As an archipelagic country, Indonesia has various attractive tourist destinations for foreign tourists to visit. This is inseparable from Wonderful Indonesia, which is a program of the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism, in realizing a positive image of Indonesian tourism. In 2018, Indonesia's tourism growth showed a good increase. According to a report by The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Indonesia is ranked 9th in the world, number 3 in Asia, and number 1 in ASEAN, which is ranked at the top of other Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia follows ASEAN The Tourism Forum is a forum between countries in ASEAN which is participated by various tourism industries in it. Indonesia as the best tourism in ASEAN wants to build a positive image through ASEAN Tourism forum 2018-2019. The embodiment of this positive image will use Anholt's three image formation processes, namely strategy, substance, and symbolic action. Through this explanation, this paper will discuss how the image of Indonesian tourism is formed through the role of Wonderful Indonesia, as well as the process through the ASEAN Tourism Forum as a whole. The research method used is a qualitative method through literature reviews on official government documents, scientific articles, and news.

Smeštajni kapaciteti vojnih turističkih ustanova i njihova iskorišćenost u funkciji razvoja turizma u Srbiji

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly changed the habits and needs of the world's population, global economy and all countries' economies. Tourism as a service sector of the economy suffered the most significant consequences at the beginning of the pandemic. According to data from the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the tourism sector's contribution to the global economy could reach 8.6 trillion dollars this year, which is only 6.4% less than before the pandemic. Therefore, today's tourist management must be creative, determined and dedicated much more than before. The subject of this research is the accommodation capacities of military tourist institutions and their utilisation in tourism development in the Republic of Serbia. The work aims to examine the utilisation of accommodation capacities of all military tourist institutions, especially during the pandemic, to increase the tourism potential of the Republic of Serbia and, ultimately, the overall development of our country. The research results indicate that a significant number of unused military tourist accommodation capacities could participate in developing Serbia's tourism, but with prior investment in increasing their quality. Another conclusion is that experiences from the pandemic period should be used for further development.

COVID-19: Nosedive for Indian tourism

One of the kinds of humanitarian disasters, the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), has infected people and companies worldwide, causing a global economic crisis. The tourism sector is not being left behind in this aspect. The current paper aims to investigate the tourism industry that was badly affected by the outbreak of the Coronavirus. The lockdown has broken the back of the national tourism industry. This has created an employment crisis for 38 million industry-related individuals. Crores of people are directly or indirectly related to the tourism industry in India. Many airlines and travel companies had sent more than 35 percent of their workers on leave without pay well before the lockdown. According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the job rate in the tourism sector of five crore people may be lost. In 2020, about 25 percent of bookings related to tourism were canceled. The tourism industry is struggling a lot in such a situation. It will take about 10 to 12 months to recover from the harm that will result from the tourism industry according to the WTTC report. Since terror has seethed in the minds of people and they're going to stop going abroad. In every state of India, including Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Agra, and West Bengal, tourism has been affected.

An Analysis of the Challenges and Prospects of Tourism Sector of CHT: A Study on Khagrachari

Tourism is the most emerging industry in the world. Before the pandemic, it was very much growing. It has a great contribution to national GDP as well as global GDP. According to World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), in 2019 tourism sectors have contributed 10.4% of the global GDP which is equal to US$ 9.2 trillion to the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) whereas in 2020 tourism sectors have contributed 5.5% of the global GDP which is equal to US$ 4.7 trillion to the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In 2019 tourism sectors have created 334 million jobs which were 10.4% of total employment in 2019 but in 2020, 62 million jobs were lost, representing a drop of 18.5%, leaving just 272 million employed across the sector globally. It has been found out that during 2014-2019, 1 in every 4 net new jobs created across the world is in the travel and tourism field but in 2020 it is only 1 in every 11 net new jobs created. This research paper has been conducted on the problems and prospects of the tourism sector of khagrachari one of the hill districts of Chittagong hill tracts (CHT). Khagrachari is a very popular and attractive tourist destination for both domestic and foreign tourists. The challenges that the researchers had found out through this research paper are Transportation facilities, Electricity service, accommodation facilities, Security, the interest of local tourists, Condition of roads and highways, internet service, Tourist guides, information regarding tourist spots. Besides, prospects that were found through this research paper are tribal foods, bridges are under construction, employment opportunity, Income level, Standard of living, Crime reduction, beautification, economic development. Finally, here the researcher has provided some recommendations for overcoming these challenges. Keywords: Tourism, CHT, Challenges, Prospects. DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-18-05 Publication date: September 30 th 2021

The Governance and Tourism: A Case of Developing Countries

Tourism is a rapidly growing industry globally and it is contributing a significant part in the GDP of the economies. In the literature, a variety of determinants of tourism are discussed theoretically and empirically but the effect of national governance on tourism is rarely discussed. This study investigates the effect of governance on tourism development in a panel of 65 developing economies for the time period of 2000-2015. Tourism development is measured by an index of three components, i.e. spending by international tourists, spending by local tourists and tourism’s share in total employment in the economy. For governance an index is constructed based on indicators of government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, and voice and accountability. Data has been taken from World Development Indicators (WDI), Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) estimation indicates that governance positively influence tourism development and its components, i.e. foreign visitors spending, domestic tourist spending and contribution of tourism in employment. The indicators of governance, i.e. government effectiveness, political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law and voice and accountability also positively affect tourism development. Terrorism, environmental degradation and corruption have shown adverse effect on tourism development as well as components of tourism development. The economic growth and trade openness have encouraging effect on tourism development and its comments. It is concluded that through good governance tourism may be developed but terrorism and corruption are needed to be eliminated.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ТУРИСТИЧНИХ ПОСЛУГ ЯК СКЛАДНИК ПЛАНУВАННЯ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ ТА РОЗВИТКУ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ ТУРИЗМУ

In the XX century, tourism has become one of those economic sectors that are developing at an accelerated pace. According to the World Trade Organization, in 2022 the revenue from international tourist travel will be 1.9 billion, which is 4 times higher than in 2015. Statistical indicators of the impact of tourism on the economy of foreign countries demonstrate the importance of developing the tourism industry in the global economy and Ukraine particularly. However, it should be noted that despite the coronavirus pandemic, the global tourism industry by the end of 2020 may be short of $210,000,000,000 in revenues. This is the data of a study published by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). The development of innovative ways to overcome the crisis created by the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry is seen by us as a more detailed study of the organization of tourism services in the planning system of tourism enterprises. The above-mentioned aspect demonstrates the relevance of the topic and indicates the need for a detailed study of this issue. The study of theoretical and methodical aspects concerning the process of organization of tourist services in the planning of tourist enterprises has been carried out in the article. In particular it is noted that tourism occupies a special place in the system of branches of national economy and sphere of services. The concept of “tourist service” is analyzed and its key components are outlined. It is established that the formation of tourist services is significantly influenced by different components of the tourism industry. The definition of the notion of “tourism industry component” is given and the categorical factors that is forming tourist services are highlighted. The interdependence of economic relations and the sequence of technological operations on the basis of which the process of planning of tourist enterprise activity has to be realized have been determined. It has been specified that all subsystems of a tourist enterprise should correspond in their quantitative and qualitative composition to the needs of a certain territory in providing the necessary assortment and volume of tourist services. It is noticed that in the process of organization and realization of tourist services considerable attention should be paid to the quality criterion.

СВІТОВА ІНДУСТРІЯ ТУРИЗМУ В УМОВАХ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ І ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

As a result of our research, we found that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused radical changes in the global tourism market, the consequences of which on its further development are currently impossible to predict. The pandemic has caused an unprecedented decline in the tourism market in most countries. In response to these challenges, travel companies have been forced to substantially revise their marketing plans and programs. The changes to a greater or lesser extent affected all areas of tourism business, including the marketing of tourist destinations. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the number of international tourist arrivals in all countries. The complexity of the situation in which the tourism industry finds itself requires an adaptation period for tourists and for tourism industry in general. Despite the global scale, tourism has remained regional and national in content. This industry supports national traditions, stimulates the development of folk crafts, revival of recipes for interesting and tasty dishes, requires nature conservation and creating favorable social conditions for its operation, so in many countries international tourism is developing as a system that provides all necessary opportunities to get acquainted with culture, customs, history, religious and spiritual values of the state and its people. The coronavirus pandemic has affected all countries and the capital without exception. One of the sectors most affected is the tourism sector. the situation with the epidemic is developing so unpredictably that tourist facilities do not have time to reformat the work to sanitary requirements, which often change. In addition, not everyone is ready to respond to changes in quarantine zones, and for businesses this creates additional difficulties in organizing work. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) forecasts that up to 75 million jobs are at risk in the sector. This estimation is even more worrying when we reflect on the fact that tourism is a leading job creator for those vulnerable segments of population: in fact, a far higher share of low-skilled immigrants, women and students are employed in tourism compared to the total non-financial business economy. The contribution of tourism to world GDP by countries that are most popular among tourists is analyzed. The percentage change in international tourist arrivals by region in 2020 and the dynamics of destinations that were most popular among tourists around the world in 2018-2020 are considered. It was found that due to the pandemic tourist flows. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the number of international tourist arrivals in all countries. At the same time, this pandemic opens up to the industry a rare opportunity for analysis and reorganization what could be done and what could be changed. Governments have the opportunity to recognize the unique ability of tourism not only to provide jobs but also to promote equality and social integration. Because tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is expected to play a significant role in restoring socio-economic stability after the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes caused by the pandemic situation are forcing the governments of almost all countries without exception especially those in which tourism is leading or sufficient significant direction of national development, in a new way approach to the formation of development strategies and programs tourism industry.

The Effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and Recovery Strategies for the Travel and Tourism Sector in Bangladesh

Purpose: This study's purpose is twofold: first, to examine the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on Bangladesh's travel and tourism sector and second, to suggest some recovery strategies to reduce the negative effects of this pandemic so that the travel and tourism sector of Bangladesh can bounce back.
 Methods: This study is qualitative in nature, applying secondary data analysis technique to collect data from various sources, which includes academic journals, news articles, and websites of different professional bodies like the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), Travel Owners Association of Bangladesh (TOAB), etc.
 Results: The findings indicate that Bangladesh's travel and tourism sector has been impacted considerably by the pandemic due to travel restrictions, movement control order, apprehension of Covid-19 contamination, etc. Some recovery strategies are also suggested to minimize the pandemic's detrimental consequences.
 Implications: This research provides guidelines for tourism marketers, which will help them to revise their strategies so that they will be able to remove anxiety from travelers’ minds and influence their visit intention.
 Originality: Covid-19 pandemic and its effects on the travel and tourism sector have been an emergent research area since travel and tourism is one of the severely affected sectors during the pandemic. However, so far insufficient studies related to this area in the context of Bangladesh are available. Hence, this research is an attempt to bridge this gap in the literature.

РЕСТОРАННИЙ БІЗНЕС В УМОВАХ ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19: ШЛЯХИ ВИХОДУ З КРИЗИ

According to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), the sphere of tourism and travelling were losing one million jobs every day during the peak of the crisis. Small and medium-sized businesses, which account for 80% of the hospitality sector, have become particularly vulnerable. The crisis associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has been the biggest challenge facing the restaurant business in its history and has led to mass bankruptcies, closures and systemic problems of operating businesses due to the loss of market access, cash gaps, and liabilities such as rent and utility bills. This caused mass layoffs, which led to unemployment. The number of guests in restaurants has decreased, as well as their purchasing power, which is reflected in the average check and revenue of establishments. Under these circumstances, restaurant companies around the world have hopes for recovery and are looking for and finding ways out. Analysis of restaurants activity during the pandemic allowed to identify trends, namely: introduction and improvement of delivery, take away services, digitalization in all areas of business, diversification of services, including online stores selling food and beverages at home, creative marketing activities, traditional and creative security measures. The introduction of delivery requires the establishment of logistics processes and necessitates the adjustment of the menu. A combination of restaurant business and retail is promising: shops-restaurants, shops-cafes. Not all formats of restaurants can implement delivery, in particular it is challenging for bars, pubs, cafes. Of particular importance is the food design of delivered dishes. The introduction of the Drive-through service is promising. It is obvious that the Drive-through (drive-thru) service, which allows the customer to buy products without leaving the car, will be in demand in the near future and will be adopted by both restaurants and other areas of activity, such as pharmacies, retail trade. The most important component of crisis response is hygiene and health care, as people's greatest social value is their lives. Institutions taking this into account are more trusted among consumers and can count on loyalty. New realities require new business models.

SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION OF MOBILE APPS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN UZBEKISTAN

Recently, Uzbekistan has taken comprehensive measures to develop tourism as one of the strategic sectors that contribute to the rapid development of regions, increase incomes and living standards of the population, as well as increase investment attractiveness. Modern information technologies make a signifcant contribution to the development of pilgrimage tourism. Advertising of online travel services in pilgrimage tourism currently does not allow you to automate the work of a travel Agency without creating an effective website. This article is devoted to the analysis of Internet technologies aimed at improving the tourism industry. The practical signifcance of the article lies in the use of modern information and communication technologies that support activities in the feld of the pilgrimage tourism in the region. Ancient architectural and historical monuments of our country are of great interest to the world community. In recent years, thanks to the ongoing work to develop tourism, the number of foreign tourists has been growing. Also, the tourism industry will develop new areas such as ecotourism, gastronomic tourism, agro-tourism, sports tourism, traditional cultural and educational events, festivals, and competitions. The efforts made in this direction in our country, which attracts tourists with its unique culture and traditions, picturesque nature and picturesque corners, along with ancient monuments, shrines, historical and cultural monuments, play a signifcant role in the further development of the tourism industry and infrastructure. This is evidence of the fact that the world travel and tourism council (WTTC) in the study «Economic results of the travel and tourism industry» noted that our country is one of the fve fastest-growing countries in the tourism industry

Tourism Development and Economic Growth Nexus in Malawi - A Time-Series Data Analysis, 1985 - 2015

Malawi has very few but highly attractive tourist centres and with the concerted efforts of government, tourism is becoming an essential part of the country’s economy. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) in 2017 envisaged a growth of 4.9 percent per annum for period of ten years for the Malawian tourism industry. In view of this, the study focusses on empirical investigation of the contribution of the fairly developing tourism sector to economic growth in Malawi. The popular time series data for the period spanning from 1985 to 2015 was analysed with econometric STATA package. The findings reveal a no causality and negative long-run relationship between tourism development and economic growth. Meaning that neither the tourism-led economic growth hypothesis (TLEG) nor the Economic driven tourism growth hypothesis (EDTG) is confirmed for Malawi. This study does not provide sound policy recommendations on increasing investment in infrastructure and tourist centres for the sake of boosting tourism activities in the country due to insufficient data leading to econometric omission such as economic freedom index and tourism related investment which were potential variables.

COVID-19: IT'S IMPACT ON TRAVELAND TOURISM SECTOR IN INDIA

In India, travel and tourism industry is generous and vital. Among other industries, travel and tourism industry is one of the prominent and profitable industries in India. According to World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), among 185 countries, India ranked at third in case of travel and tourism industry by contributing a profitable amount to GDP in 2018. But in present days, the sector is harshly affected by the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19). Because due to this pandemic of COVID-19, people are refrain from travel to different countries. Due to COVID-19, it is expecting that about 38 million of people in India loss their jobs in tourism industry specially impact of this pandemic would be felt on both blue and white collar jobs and globally over 50 million jobs are at risk which indicates a 12 to 14 percent reduction in jobs. The objectives of this research study are firstly to understand the importance of tourism sector for economic development, secondly to study the impact of COVID-19 on travel and tourism sector, thirdly to find out the hurdles for development of travel and tourism sector in India and lastly to find out the suitable measures to rescue the tourism industry in current situation. The research paper is mostly descriptive in nature entirely based on secondary data. Data and information relating to the present study have been collected from some reliable data sources. In conclusion part, it is found out that this sector is mostly induced by the psychology of the people. Therefore, after this crisis, it is very challenging task to the companies of tourism sector have to regrain the trust of people. If we analyse the present situation then we can predict that the tourism sector will recover partially in 2021and it take a long time to go back to the previous situation completely and for this the Government should take some effective and reliable measures and the common people should response their initiatives properly.

Uluslararası Turizm Harcamalarının Sosyal, Kültürel ve Ekonomik Açıdan İncelenmesi

With the increasing number of people participating in the tourism movement in the world, tourists travel to various parts of the world and engage in cultural and social interaction. From this point, tourism has also an important role in reducing economic imbalances among countries and in the development of emerging regions. The aim of the study is to examine whether there is a relationship between international tourism expenditure and the economic, social and cultural figures of the World’s top tourism spenders and Turkey. Qualitative research method was used in the research. Secondary data analysis was carried out by using the statistics of official and global organizations such as Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism, The World Bank, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), World Economic Forum. The research was carried out using the data of the last eleven years (2009-2019) of the countries. According to the findings, there are differences between Turkey and top tourism spenders regarding some travel and tourism competitiveness pillars and social and economic indicators such as educational attainment, working times, unemployment rates, inflation.

Introduction: Special Issue on Domestic Tourism in Asia

Although there is some variation in the ratios between domestic and international tourism reported by organizations such as the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), it is generally agreed that domestic tourism represents around 80% of world tourist arrivals. In terms of tourist spending, it is estimated that domestic tourist spending contributes between 71% to 75% of total travel spending worldwide. The WTTC (2018) reported that in 2017 domestic tourism accounted for 73% of the global tourism spending of USD3.971 trillion, a clear testament to the importance of domestic tourism to the global economy. Since these numbers are based on historic data and domestic tourism is growing faster than international tourism, the actual number of domestic tourist flows and its economic impact could be much higher. There has been a large surge in domestic tourism in Asia in the last few decades, which has been attributed to a rise in the middle class, particularly in populous countries like China and India, the region being the fastest growing economy in the world, and a high cultural value of travel (Chan, 2006; Skanavis & Sakellari, 2011; UNWTO, 2012; Wu, Zhu & Xu, 2000). China is now the global leader in domestic tourism spending, surpassing the United states. Over the past decade, China’s domestic tourism spending has quadrupled to more than USD800 billion (WTTC, 2018).

PERAN KEBIJAKAN PUBLIK DALAM MENINGKATKAN DAYA SAING PARIWISATA DI KOTA AMBON PROVINSI MALUKU

This study aims to understand the importance of public policy roles in four indicators of tourism competitiveness according to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) including Human Tourism Indicator (HTI), Infrastructure Development Indicator (IDI), Social Development Indicator (SDI), and Price Competitiveness Indicator (PCI). An exploratory research method was used to understand the success of tourism public policy in improving the tourism competitiveness in Ambon City. The results found that there was a need of bottom-up policy to encourage the community and private sectors to be creative in producing the expected output. In addition, there was also a need of development policy to provide road access and improve sanitation facilities in touristy destinations so that the community could experience a trickledown effect. Furthermore, policies on creating a balance between the price of commodities consumed and available facilities for the tourists and protecting them from crimes. Therefore, it is expected that the policies issued by the Local Government of Ambon City could improve the tourism competitiveness and community welfare, which simultaneously could increase the Locally-Generated Revenue of Ambon City.