Volume Of World Trade Research Articles

RFID를 활용한 컨테이너터미널의 QoS 보장을 위한 비즈니스 모델 연구

최근 세계의 항만은 중국 효과 및 세계 물동량의 지속적인 증가에 따라 항만 체증은 갈수록 심화되고 있다. 선사는 선박의 대형화를 통한 물류비 절감을 위하여 기항지 항만의 축소에 따라 지역 내 항만간의 경쟁은 치열해지고 있다. 항만 체증에 따라 선사는 선박대기시간비율과 재항시간 등의 항만 서비스품질 (QoS : Quality of Service)을 기항지로 선택하는 평가기준으로 활용한다. 본 논문에서는 최근 신성장 산업의 기반 기술로 급부상하고 있는 RFID (Radio Frequence IDentification) 기술을 항만 운영시스템에 활용함으로써 트윈리프트 갠트리크레인 (Twin-lift Gantry Crane)의 하역 생산성의 개선 방안을 제안한다. 본 논문의 목적은 RFID기반의 RTLS(Real Time Location System)을 활용하여 항만 QoS가 보장되는 유비쿼터스 항만(U-Port)의 새로운 비즈니스 모델을 제안하는데 있다. In recent years, the pileup of world ports is deepening as time goes by due to China effect and continuous increase of world trade volume. The shipping companies try to reduce their shipping cost by using mega vessels in the ports. Shipping companies consider most of the ships turnaround time as a critical factor when selecting a calling port for reducing cost. This paper will suggest how we can guarantee terminal QoS like ship waiting time ratio and ship residing time applying RFID(Radio Frequence IDentification) technology, raising up rapidly as a fundamental solution of new growing industry to port information system. Also, lead time of whole port logistics can be decreased for reduction of loading & discharging time and result from productivity improvement of Twin-lift G/C(Gantry Crane} as applying RFID technology to terminal operation. The purpose of this paper suggests that the new business model of U-Port which port QoS can be guaranteed using RFID based RTLS technology.

SOUTHEAST ASIAN ECONOMIES Towards Recovery and Deeper Integration

The year 2004 was very good for Southeast Asian economies. The region was well underway towards economic recovery, underpinned by robust growth in the global economy. In 2004, the global economy achieved a growth rate of 5.1 per cent ? the highest in three decades ? while world trade volume (goods and services) expanded 9.9 per cent.1 Stronger global growth was driven by economic rebounds in the United States, Japan and the European Union as well as rapid economic expansion in China. Southeast Asia registered a strong GDP growth rate of 6.3 per cent in 2004 while the whole of East Asia grew by 7.8 per cent.2 Robust growth in regional economies had been underpinned by strong export performance and continued strengthening of domestic demand. Singapore, Malaysia and Vietnam were the star performers in 2004. Singapore's economy grew strongly by 8.4 per cent compared to the previous year's lacklustre growth of 1.4 per cent when the city-state was affected by the SARS epidemic. Like Singapore, 2004 was a good year for Malaysia's economy. Although the Malaysian economy showed some signs of easing in the fourth quarter of 2004, strong growth in the first three quarters (averaging 7.6 per cent) delivered a robust GDP growth of 7.1 per cent for the full year. Both countries' economic performance was driven by strong domestic and external demand. Vietnam's economy grew by a robust 7.5 per cent in 2004 supported by buoyant exports and strong consumer demand. Other Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand and Laos were also expected to report solid GDP growth rates. Table 1 shows real GDP growth rates for the ten member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) from 2000 to 2004. Figure 1 shows the real

Regional Blocs and Foreign Direct Investment

AbstractThe paper examines the impact of the emergence of regional blocs on the patterns of interbloc and intrabloc trade when firms have the option to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI). For exogenously given external tariffs, when firms have the option to engage in FDI, all interbloc trade may cease—complete trade diversion that is replaced by interbloc FDI investment creation. In such an event the volume of world trade declines but this is more than offset by the increase in world output due to direct investment. The paper also investigates the optimal tariff that a trading bloc levies on imports from nonmember countries. The tariffs are restricted by the option to engage in two‐way direct investment; hence, the regional blocs are hampered from mutually harming one another through an escalation in the tariff war. Finally, the formation of two regional blocs enhances the welfare of all countries.

The UK Economy

Economic growth at the turn of the year has been relatively weak. In the last quarter of 2002 the economy expanded by 0.4 per cent and, based on our estimates of monthly GDP, we anticipate growth of 0.3 per cent in the first quarter of this year. An important factor behind this weakness has been the poor performance of UK exports. Until recently, low export volumes were easily explained by the weakness of world trade. World trade volumes shrank throughout 2001, and have since increased only gradually. But, we estimate that the volume of world trade in goods, weighted using UK export market shares, is now close to its level at the end of 2000. In contrast, the volume of UK goods exports is currently around 7½ per cent below its peak level at the beginning of 2001. The loss of export market share was not evident until the second half of 2002 and comes after a period of remarkable stability in both the real exchange rate and export market share (chart 1). While it is possible that these observations can be attributed to temporary factors, they may instead indicate that the high level of the exchange rate since 1998, and the pressure this has put on exporters' profit margins, has left British exporters less able to cope with a sustained period of lower global demand. Data for the first two months of the year do not suggest that growth in export volumes in the first quarter of 2003 will be sufficient to regain the export market share lost towards the end of last year.

Globalisierung und die Prognose des deutschen Außenhandels / Forecasting Germany’s Exports and Imports in the Era of Globalization

Zusammenfassung Handelsliberalisierung und Globalisierung haben dazu geführt, dass der Welthandel deutlich schneller wächst als das Weltbruttoinlandsprodukt. Diese steigende „Welthandelsintensität“ hat maßgeblich zum Anstieg des deutschen Außenhandels beigetragen, ihr Einfluss auf die deutschen Importe ist in den neunziger Jahren sogar gestiegen. Dies zeigen Eingleichungsmodelle für die deutschen Exporte bzw. Importe von Waren und Dienstleistungen auf der Basis von aggregierten Vierteljahresdaten im Zeitraum von 1975 bis 1999. Die Exporte bzw. Importe weisen in Bezug auf die jeweilige Aktivitätsvariable (ausländische Industrieproduktion bzw. deutsche Gesamtnachfrage) langfristige Elastizitäten von 1,3 bzw. 1,6 auf. Der Wechselkurseinfluss auf die Ausfuhr ist höher als der auf die Einfuhr: Die langfristige Elastizität in Bezug auf den realen Außenwert der D-Mark liegt bei - 1 bzw. 0,3. Wegen der schwachen Exogenität der erklärenden Variablen, der Eindeutigkeit der Kointegrationsbeziehungen, der zufrieden stellenden statistischen Eigenschaften und wegen des überschaubaren Informationsaufwands können diese Eingleichungsmodelle problemlos in der Konjunkturprognose eingesetzt werden.

The geography of US pollution intensive trade: evidence from 1958 to 1994

Over the last thirty years, the United States has experienced a reduction in the share of manufacturing workers, increased international trade in manufacturing, and rising environmental quality. One possible factor driving these three trends is increased imports of dirty goods from ‘pollution havens’. As the volume of world trade grows, the United States has the opportunity to consume goods that are not produced domestically. This paper uses US trade data from 1958 to 1994 to study trends in dirty and clean trade. Bilateral trade regressions results show that poorer, non-democratic nations are not US pollution havens. The pollution content of Africa’s exports to the US are much higher than other continents.

Regional Blocs and Foreign Direct Investment

This paper examines the impact of the emergence of regional blocs (customs unions) on the patterns of inter-bloc and intra-bloc trade when firms have the option to engage in direct investment (FDI). The consequences of bloc formation for exogenously given external tariffs is examined first. When two regional blocs co-exist and firms have the option to engage in FDI, all inter-bloc trade may cease--complete trade diversion that is replaced by inter-bloc FDI--investment creation. In such an event the volume of world trade declines, but this is more than offset by the increase in world output due to direct investment. Hence, total world output is the same as under free trade. Second, I investigate the optimal tariff that a trading bloc levies on imports from non-member countries. The equilibrium tariffs resulting from a non-cooperative game played by the trading blocs is restricted by the option to circumvent the tariff via two-way direct investment. Small set-up cost associated with FDI leads to low tariffs, and the outcome is almost free trade. Moderate set-up costs restrain the regional blocs from mutually harming one another through an escalation in the tariff war. Finally, the formation of two regional blocs enhances the welfare of all countries.

Exchange rate volatility and aggregate export growth in Bangladesh

The long and short-run determinants of Bangladeshi export growth are examined. These are modelled as depending on world trade volume, Bangladeshi and world export prices, and exchange rate volatility. Several techniques are used to estimate and test hypotheses about the cointegration space of these variables. We find that there are two plausible restricted cointegrating vectors: one appears to be an export demand while the other is suggestive of an export supply. These are then imposed on an error correction model. Estimates suggest that in the long run, Bangladeshi export growth is driven by the volume of world trade, and is negatively, and inelastically related to the volatility of Bangladeshi exchange rates. Once these long-run effects are accounted for, it is found that none of the variables significantly explains any short-run changes in export growth.

Finding the Key to German-Style Management

American business practices and views on Japanese management tend to dominate the management literature worldwide. This domination is at odds with the relatively meager attention given to the management practices of other successful countries in the world. This paper focuses on Germany, Europe's economic giant. In 1990, West Germany produced 40 percent of the European Community's manufactured output (Warner and Campbell, 1993). Its export power is unparalleled; Germany's volume of world trade nearly equals that of the much larger United States. Its exports are, and have been since the 1960s, twice as high, per capita, as Japan's (e.g., Heiduk and Yamamura, 1990; The Economist, 1993). This paper aims to identify the key to German-style management, by which we mean the unique, culturally embedded management practices within Germany. In order to provide a realistic picture of a national management style, one has to consider behavioral as well as institutional aspects of the business system (see Whitley, 1992, 1994). In this paper, both types of aspects are combined in an integrative fashion. Compared with management in other European countries, German-style management has received a lot of academic attention. Surprisingly, however, the number of empirical studies on this topic is rather limited. In order to identify the key to German-style management, we analyzed a representative set of empirical research studies that focused on management styles and systems in different countries, including Germany. To enrich our analysis, we also considered essays and noncomparative literature on German management. These essays provide information on the background conditions of the German business system which cannot be neglected in order to achieve an understanding of German-style management.1 After characterizing the empirical literature, this paper offers an overview of the unique features of German-style management. Attention is then focused on

Wages and Employment in Britain between the Wars: Quarterly Evidence from the Shipbuilding Industry

The traditional view that the Great Depression of 1930–1932 arose from a collapse in aggregate demand has been challenged recently by economists who argue that the fundamental causes lay on the supply side of the market. This paper examines these issues in the context of the shipbuilding industry. A model of the determination of price, output, and employment is developed and estimated using quarterly data for the industry. The results support the view that a negative demand shock in the form of a sharp fall in the volume of world trade led to the sharp decline in output. In the case of shipbuilding, the impact on employment was exacerbated by nominal wage developments.

How much does British industry pay for patents and patent information?

This report describes the results of a piece of research to evaluate the cost to U.K. industry and other organisations of the use of the patent system, and patent information. The report analyses this expenditure under a number of headings, primarily the official fees that must be paid to obtain patents; the fees paid to patent agents; the cost of patent information; the cost of patent information staff; the cost of patent litigation; and the cost of education in the field. The report concludes that expenditure by U.K. industry on patents and patent information is £1275 m plus or minus £470 m per annum, making it a significant industry in its own right. This figure also emphasises the relatively low cost of this form of insurance for British industry remembering the volume of world trade in patented goods.

The New Protectionism and the Nature of World Trade (The Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)

Despite multilateral efforts since World War II to lower barriers to trade among countries, there is ample evidence that protectionism is still a powerful force serving to inhibit the exchange of goods and services. It is the case that tariff levels have been drastically reduced-for industrial countries from an average of 40 percent in 1947 to less than 5 percent today.! However, in recent decades a variety of non-tariff barriers to trade has mushroomed in popularity and the tendency to favour regional trading areas implies discrimination among countries in trading relationships, counter to the basic multilateral approach and most-favoured-nation treatment sponsored by the various GAIT negotiating sessions. The increased pressures for protectionism have in recent years been fueled by the world recession, on occasion utilising the rhetoric of the "new trade theory", with its emphasis on the existence of imperfectly competitive markets. It is a common observation that the volume of world trade has expanded rapidly in the past half century-even relative to world output? This could be taken as primajacie evidence that protectionism is fighting a losing battle. Such a conclusion would not be supportable if there are forces in the world tending naturally to lead to more open trade, in which case protectionism may only be slowing this trend. This is indeed the case, and I wish to argue that the nature of world trade is systematically changing: The fraction of trade represented by fmal consumer goods is becoming smaller, replaced by increased trading activity in goods-in-process, raw materials, and capital goods.

The status of UK manufacturing

The world climate for business—especially in electronics, automotive products and machinery—has never been better. Growth in the major economies, excepting the USA and the UK, is expected to be robust, averaging some 3%. Behind this general growth trend there are even better prospects for the manufacturing sector—in 1989 world trade volume increased overall by 8% and this year it is forecast to rise by some 6%. Looking even deeper into one of the ‘locomotive’ sectors of world business—electronics and computers—this sector looks set to grow at around 7-10%, admittedly slower than over the last 20 years where growth averaged 15% annually, but still a very healthy growth rate. Are we, as a major manufacturing nation, in a position to exploit this business growth? Has our manufacturing base become too small and too narrow and do we have enough multinational companies in the key business sectors to gain increased market share? This article discusses the status of the UK economy and in particular that of the manufacturing sector, and attempts to put some international perspective on this status. It also discusses briefly how the development of computer technology may affect working practices in the next few years and thus help the nation become more competitive.

International Project Workshops: Merging Education with Enterprise

The increasing volume of world trade and the nature of business being transacted on a global basis mandates the need for pedagogical approaches which adequately equip marketing students to cope effectively with an increasingly complex marketing environment. This study suggests that the International Marketing Projects Workshop overcomes some of the limitations associated with alternative pedagogical approaches and, in addition, provides a more effective learning experience.

The Consequences of a Floating Exchange Rate for the U.S. Wheat Market

With the introduction of flexible exchange rates in 1971, fluctuations in the value of the dollar have been pronounced. Both the magnitude and frequency of the fluctuations have been much higher than policy makers anticipated. Between 1980 and 1984, the real U.S. exchange rate rose over 40% against its major trading partners' currencies. This rise was accompanied by unprecedented increases in real U.S. interest rates against those in other major trading countries, and sharp declines in U.S. agricultural prices and export volume. U.S. wheat exports fell from 49 million metric tons (mmt) to 38 mmt, even though world trade volume increased over this period. At the same time, production and exports rose in major competing countries. The export shares of Canada, Australia, Argentina, and the European Community (EC) each rose by an average of two to three percentage points between 1981 and 1984, while the U.S. share fell from 48% to 36%. In 1984, Canadian exports constituted about 20% of world wheat trade; Australia, 13%; Argentina, 7%, and the EC, 21% including intra-EC trade. There have been several recent analyses which consider why U.S. wheat exports and prices have declined (e.g., Rausser, Frankel 1984). These tend to focus on how exchange rates and other macroeconomic variables influence agricultural prices and trade. In general, these studies are limited to only the U.S. agricultural sector. They do not incorporate the trade responses of competing countries to changes in the exchange rate and macroeconomic environment. The analyses also tend to assume that the world market is essentially competitive. However, several authors have suggested that the world wheat market is characterized by noncompetitive trade behavior, e.g., McCalla; Alaouze, Watson, and Sturgess; Paarlberg and Abbott; Wilson. These authors have noted that world wheat trade is highly concentrated, with the U.S. and Canada alone accounting for about 50% to 70% of world exports since the 1960s. Traders with market power can directly affect market shares and prices by regulating their export volume. If large wheat exporters can affect price as these authors suggest, then the effects of exchange rate changes might well differ 'from those which would occur in a competitive market.

Processing of Palm Kernel Oil

AbstractBy the end of the century palm kernel (PK) oil is forecast to rank fifth in volume of world trade in oils, only slightly behind coconut oil. PK oil received by Malaysian refiners is of good quality, typically below 2% in free fatty acids, and is easily refined. PK oil is fractionated to give a higher melting fraction (stearin) and a lower melting fraction (olein). The various processes used are described. PK oil, olein or stearin are also hydrogenated to give a range of products ranging in melting point from about 24 to 44°C. PK oil and olein are interesterified alone or in blends with a non‐lauric oil to give products with improved melting properties and utility. The utilisation of PK oil in the main application areas of confectionery fats, non‐dairy/imitation dairy products, biscuit creams, industrial margarines, nut roasting and spray oils are discussed.

A EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SMALL EXPORTING AND NON‐EXPORTING US FIRMS

Introduction Perhaps the most significant economic transformation within the last three decades has been the internationalization of business. From the modest levels of the 1950s, the volume of world trade has exploded to over $2 trillion, and the sales of foreign affiliates of US firms have reached $500 billion by 1983 (Terpstra 1983). Yet, even in the light of accelerated efforts to further stimulate US exporters (e.g., the Export Trading Company Act of 1982), a recent Dunn and Bradstreet survey showed that less than 1% of the US firms had engaged in exporting in 1982 (Trade Marks, 1983). Similarly, the International Trade Administration of the US Department of Commerce has lamented that only 5% of all US manufacturers will have engaged in export marketing in 1984.

Factor movements and commodity trade as complements

Several models are presented in which factor mobility leads to an increase in the volume of world trade. The models share the common characteristic that the basis for trade is something other than differences in relative factor endowments. These alternative bases for trade include returns to scale, imperfect competition, production and factor taxes, and differences in production technology. Taken together, the models suggest a more general idea: the widely held notion that trade in goods and factors are substitutes is in fact a rather special result which is a general characteristic only of factor proportions models.

Chapter III. The World Economy

1979 was a year in which public discussion of the world economy was dominated from the early spring onwards by concern about oil—first its supply and later its price. As yet, however, the actual impact of developments in this sector on the overall growth of world output and trade appears to have been small.Our forecast a year ago that the total volume of output in OECD countries would increase by 3½ per cent and the total volume of world trade by 5½ per cent was by no means pessimistic by the standards of the time (OECD a few months earlier had put the growth of member countries' output at 3 per cent and of their trade at 5 per cent). But our output forecast appears to have been correct and the trade forecast probably a little low. In the case of output a slight over-prediction for North America, where the oil situation clearly did have a seriously depressing effect on the fortunes of the important car industry, was balanced by under-prediction for Japan and Western Europe.

Socialist Countries in GATT

The present stage in East-West economic cooperation has reached the point at which four socialist countries have become members of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and were thus admitted to the world trade system on the basis of non-discrimination and the most-favored-nation clause. Of those, Poland, Romania and Hungary are also members of the Council for Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA, Comecon) while Yugoslavia-not a formal member-is extensively engaged in the socialist system of economic cooperation. Trade between socialist and free economy countries has a long history, and foreign trade experts are quite familiar with socialist foreign trade techniques.1 Free world exporters and importers in a number of countries represent today an impressive business milieu professionally engaged in East-West economic cooperation. It is also true however that East-West trade operations are, compared with world trade volume, relatively insignificant. Even today, the foreign trade policy of the socialist countries seems to be directed at preventing their full integration into the world economic system. The main reason seems to be that the function of foreign trade is primarily to obtain financing for transforming the national economies of these countries into industrial societies, according to programs fixed in their long term economic plans.2 While this remains true today, it is also true that joining GATT was connected with an important change of mind as regards the function of foreign trade in socialist economies. The Communique on the 25th session of the CMEA (6 July 1971) stated that: The session declared that any country that is not a Comecon member can fully or partially participate in the implementation of the measures envisaged by the comprehensive program. The CMEA member countries will continue to develop economic, scientific and technical ties with