World Agriculture Research Articles

Sublethal and intergenerational effects of fipronil on Binodoxys communis larvae based on transcriptome sequencing

Fipronil is widely used in the agricultural world as an efficient phenylpyrazole insecticide to control pests. Binodoxys communis is a key parasitic natural enemy of major homopteran pests and can successfully control the population of pests such as cotton aphids. It has not yet been studied what effects would sublethal doses of fipronil have on Binodoxys communis larvae. Here, this study evaluated the effect of fipronil on Binodoxys communis larvae and analyze the transcriptome results. The results showed that LC10 (1.19 mg/L) and LC25 (1.73 mg/L) had significant negative effects on the survival rate and parasitism rate of F0 generation. Moreover, exposure to high concentrations (LC25) of fipronil still had obvious passive effect on the F1 generation of Binodoxys communis. These results indicated that sublethal doses of fipronil have malignant effects on the biological functions of parasitoids and their offspring. The results of transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of Binodoxys communis after LC10 treatment are mainly related to immunity and detoxification. LC25 treatment instead resulted in changes in the expression of genes related to nutrition, energy and metabolism reactions. Seven of the identified DEGs were selected for real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to evaluate the sublethal, intergenerational, and transcriptomic side effects of fipronil on larvae of parasitic natural pest enemies. Our findings provide data to accurately assess the risk of fipronil usage on Binodoxys communis larvae, and provide important theoretical support for the comprehensive prevention and control of natural enemies and pesticides.

Total mercury determination in bivalves Anadara tuberculosa sold in open markets from Quito, Ecuador

This study aimed to quantify the amount of total mercury in bivalves Anadara tuberculosa supplied from Esmeraldas Province and sold in markets in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador. The determined total mercury concentration was compared to the permissible limits established by the European Commission and World Health Organization-Food and Agriculture Organization and health risk subsequently assessed. Sampling was conducted in five open markets and involved collecting fifteen specimens from each market. Total mercury was measured through cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Results showed that samples did not exceed the total mercury threshold value (0.5 mg kg−1). However, samples of Anadara tuberculosa from the Ofelia market, which receives fresh products from Eloy Alfaro canton, contained the highest mean levels of mercury contamination, 0.055 mg kg−1. This result could be associated to the influence of illegal mining activity in this area. In addition, methylmercury potential non-carcinogenic risk for consumers exceeded the threshold limit (>1) established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. The daily consumption rate (Rclim) was determined to be 26.61–38.50 g for a child weight of 14.5 kg, and 128.44–185.84 g for an adult weight of 70 kg. Thus, consuming a higher amount of Anadara tuberculosa could negatively affect human health.

Bronze seal from the Duryony settlement and the elite Xiongnu complex of the Tsaram burial ground

The changes triggered by the emergence of the Xiongnu state, which occupied a dominant position in Central Asia at the end of the 1st millennium BC, radically influenced the fate of the nomadic and settled agricultural world. By this time, the process of transformation of traditional institutions of Xiongnu society had been basically completed and a rather complex management system with an extensive hierarchical structure had been formed. The seals were one of the symbols of the new system. Being a confirmation of social status seals were in circulation by the Xiongnu society up to its complete degradation. More than forty years ago, a bronze seal of the Xiongnu was found during the archaeological excavations of the Duryony settlement in Trans-Baikal region. This find still remains unique. In the publications focused on it, the main attention was paid to the style and composition of the carved image, as well as issues related to the appearance of seals among the Xiongnu and the role assigned to them in public life. In this study, the seal from the Duryony settlement is considered in the context of the results of large-scale archaeological studies of the complexes of the Xiongnu elite, carried out in Mongolia and Trans-Baikal area in the early 2000s. The observations made allow us to argue that the seal could belong to one of the representatives of the clan nobility buried in the Tsaramskaya valley, who ruled remote territories on the northern borders of the Xiongnu state, or someone from their entourage.

耐字考

The etymological interpretation on the character Nae(耐) in the authoritative dictionary Xuewenjiezi(說文解字) is not clear and accurate because it is based contemporary concept of penal laws. Not only Xushen(許愼)’s interpretation in Xuewenjiezi but also others including Duanyucai(段玉裁)’s can be said almost anachronistic. The largest reason of this is that traditional commentaries did not know the existence of oracle bone and bronzeware scripts. This paper is to try an history-anthropological interpretation on the Character Nae(耐) by emulating the example as shown in the pioneering etymology dictionary by Shirakawa Shizuka(白川靜). The conclusion of this essay is that firstly Nae(耐) is an reflection of the ritual ceremony for rain by the magician who shaved his head and second the meaning of shaving his head is a kind of sympathetic magic praying for fertility which is commonly seen through the ancient agricultural world as proved by the classic of anthropology The Golden Bough.

Performance of Planting Tools (Seed Planter) on Rice Land, Palu City, Central Sulawesi

The application of innovation and technology in agricultural machinery in the world is one of the factors in increasing production and productivity of agricultural products. One of them is the application of agricultural machinery, namely the process of planting on agricultural land. The use of agricultural machinery at the farm level, especially planting, is still rarely carried out, as long as the availability of agricultural labor is decreasing. Most agricultural workers have entered non-productive age, while the interest of the younger generation to enter the world of agriculture is getting lower, especially conventional agriculture. Agricultural mechanization can solve this problem. The purpose of this research is to produce the performance of the seed planter in lowland rice fields. The research method uses an agrotechnical study that measures the theoretical capacity (Kt), actual working capacity (Ka), the efficiency of the seed planter's performance, and wheel slip on the seed planter. Based on the test results the average field capacity performance is 1.301 ha/hour, the test results are the actual average field capacity 0.650 ha/hour, the test results are the average efficiency of the tool performance is 50.0%, and the average slip test results wheel that is 13.75%. Factors that affect the performance test of planting tools, among others: operator skills, soil conditions, wheel slip, shape and size of planting tools, as well as the topography of a land.
 Keywords: Actual Work Capacity (Ka), Theoretical Work Capacity (Kt), Efficiency, Wheel Slip, Seed Planter

How Salinity Affect Emergence of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Cultivars?

Salinity has been a major problem for world agriculture in recent years, limiting plant production. This study was carried out to determine the effect of salt stress on seedling emergence parameters of Dadaş and Helen garden cress cultivars. Three doses (S0: 0 mM NaCl (control), S1: 30 mM NaCl and S2: 60 mM NaCl) of salinity level were applied as irrigation and their effects on seedling emergence (emergence percentage, emergence speed, mean emergence time, mean daily emergence, peak value and emergence value) were investigated. In the study, there were generally significant decreases in the emergence parameters of both cultivars with increasing salt level. It was observed that the emergence parameters of Dadaş cultivar were not affected much under 30 mM salt, but there were significant decreases in emergence parameters at 60 mM salt level. It was determined that Helen cultivar was more sensitive to salt stress and its emergence parameters decreased significantly even at the lowest salt level (S1:30 mM). The findings of the study showed that the emergence percentage, mean daily emergence, peak value and emergence values of Dadaş variety were higher than Helen variety in all salinity levels. In addition, Dadaş garden cress was the variety with mean emergence time. In conclusion, there were significant differences between cultivars and cultivars under salt stress, and Dadaş cultivar more resistance to salinity stress during emergence than the Helen cultivar. In order to obtain a clear idea about the salt resistance of these cultivars, it is necessary to determine the response to salt stress during plant development.

Comparative Biology of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Different Hosts under Laboratory Conditions in Pakistan

One of the most economically significant insect pests in world agriculture is the armyworm, Spodoptera litura Fabricius (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). In 2019, S. litura was reared in a lab environment to study its biological parameters on different hosts. The sixth larval instar was recorded in this study. The period of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th larval instar on cotton was 3.55±0.10, 3.59±0.09, 3.99±0.10, 4.56±0.09, 6.65±0.15, and 5.59±0.17 days, respectively. Maximum adult emergence was recorded on cabbage followed by cotton and maize. The larval length and weight were found higher on cabbage followed by cotton and maize. The pupal development was less concerning days on maize than other tested hosts. The highest mean fecundity was 2954.16 eggs per female on cabbage leaves while minimum with 987.19 eggs per female on maize leaves. The sex ratio of female to male was recorded as 1:0.7, 1:0.6, and 1:0.5, on cabbage, cotton and maize, respectively. Female was long lived than male as recorded on all tested hosts. Among all tested hosts, cabbage was recorded as the most preferable and suitable host for pest. The current study findings will provide suitable information about hosts of S. litura but suggest further studies.

Reveal the severe spatial and temporal patterns of abandoned cropland in China over the past 30 years

The abandonment phenomenon is familiar in China. It threatens food security and seriously affects the sustainable development of society, the economy, and the natural environment. However, monitoring and mapping abandoned cropland on a large scale remains a challenge because of its complex land-use change process. According to the World Food and Agriculture Organization, cropland not used for agricultural production for more than 5 years is defined as abandoned cropland. This study uses the Landsat high-precision long-time series product to detect cropland nationwide from 1990 to 2019 by using the sliding window method on Google Earth Engine to profile the spatial distribution, intensity, trend, frequency, and recultivation of abandoned cropland. Between 1992 and 2015, the results illustrate that the total area of abandoned cropland in China was 559,170.26 km2, 18.59 % of the cropland area. Excluding the recultivated cropland area, China's abandoned cropland area amounted to 392,156.24 km2, 13.03 % of the total cropland. Cropland abandonment is mainly distributed in the second terrain gradient in midwestern and southwestern regions such as Inner Mongolia and Gansu. It rarely happens in western and eastern coastal areas. A high abandonment rate area usually has high elevation and slope. The light index is negatively correlated with the abandonment rate in suburban areas. This study is the first to map the spatiotemporal distribution of abandoned cropland in China with high precision at 30 m resolution. It provides an important basis for policies regarding the recultivation of abandoned cropland.

A characteristic of the species composition of pathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium in corn biocenoses of the Voronezh region.

Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture. It ranks f irst in terms of gross grain harvests and second in terms of acreage, ceding only to the main grain crop of the globe, wheat. The problem of increasing the production of grain and green mass of corn remains one of the urgent tasks of agricultural production. High potential yields very often remain untapped due to diseases, direct losses from which are estimated at 20–50 %. The purpose of this work was to study the species composition of micromycetes on corn collected in different phases of vegetation in May-July 2020 in the Voronezh region, to identify phytopathogenic genus Fusarium fungi, to study pathogenic and phytotoxic strains of the fungi to replenish the collection of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of a Phytopathology. Preservation of infectious material of fungi from the genus Fusarium is of no small importance for phytopathological, immunological, breeding, genetic and toxicological studies. As a result of the mycological studies carried out, a lot of fungi isolates from the genera Fusarium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Periconia, Pythium, Trichothecium, etc., isolated from the affected roots, stems and ears of corn in the Voronezh region in 2020 were identif ied. Fungi isolates from seven taxonomic groups: Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (F. moniliforme, F. verticillioides), Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., Fusarium culmorum (Wm.G. Sm.) Sacc., Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium heterosporum Nees & T. Nees (F. lolii ), Fusarium roseum Link (F. sambucinum), Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. were tested for pathogenicity and phytotoxicity on seedlings of plant-testers. It has been shown that pathogenic and phytotoxic activity in fungi varies signif icantly between Fusarium species and within the same species. The greatest danger to corn is represented by the species F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. fujikuroi, F. oxysporum, F. heterosporum, which have a high intensity of phytotoxic activity associated with the fact that they contribute to the synthesis and accumulation of dangerous toxins in plant tissues. As a result of the conducted studies, 55 strains of fungi from the genus Fusarium belonging to seven species were selected. The isolates, stable in morphological and cultural characteristics and studied for pathogenicity and toxicity, were placed for long-term storage in the Russian State Collection of Plant Pathogenic Microorganisms and Cultivars for Identif ication of Phytopathogenic Microbial Strains at the All-Russian Scientif ic Research Institute of a Phytopathology.

Potassium and Salicylic Acid Fertilization Effects on Productive and Qualitative Traits of Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba Under Drought Stress

Drought is one of the main factors of abiotic stress in the agricultural world. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of drought on Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) Plant and finally improve the productivity of the grain yield and the qualitative characteristics in case of high dryness by spraying salicylic acid and potassium. This experiment was performed as a plot divided into strips in a randomized complete block with three replicates over two years in Kerman, Iran. Experimental treatments include drought stress at three levels, salicylic acid (three levels) by foliar application, and potassium (two levels). Guar is resistant to high drought stress and has had a significantly improved yield. Applying 100 kg/ha of potassium in combination with a foliar spray with salicylic acid produced the highest potassium and cereal protein content. The results clearly demonstrated that potassium and salicylic acid application at all levels of drought stress and dry conditions had a positive effect on cereal yield and quality features.

Antimicrobial peptides expressed in the fat body of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in response to the microbial challenge

Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the key pest in maize crops and has a major impact on world agriculture. Several studies on the biological control of this species have been carried out, and these demonstrate resistance to biological control and pesticides. However, the humoral immune system of S. frugiperda is not yet completely known in relation to the innate immune response to biological control agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Gloverin, Sf-gallerimycin, and Attacin genes in the fat body of larvae at the 6th instar of development. Our work confirmed the expression of Sf-gallerimycin in response to the bacterial challenge, 24 h post-inoculation, and revealed the expression of Gloverin and Attacin for the first time for both bacterial challenge and entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana challenge. Gloverin and Attacin genes were upregulated under the conditions analyzed. In addition, we revealed the presence of two probable antimicrobial peptides in the hemolymph, induced 24 h post challenge with the microorganisms. The 4.7 kDa band b is probably a defensin-like peptide, and the 6.1 kDa band a is a peptide not yet reported in S. frugiperda.

Screening of the Romanian maize (Zea mays L.) germplasm for crtRB1 and lcyE alleles enhancing the provitamin A concentration in endosperm

Maize occupies a significant place in the world agriculture. Yellow kernel maize contains mainly non-provitamin A carotenoids: lutein and zeaxanthin. The accumulation of provitamin A carotenoids is regulated by favourable alleles of lcyE and crtRB1 genes and could be used for the enhancement of these carotenoids in the maize grain through breeding. In this study, molecular screening of the Romanian germplasm was performed, looking for favourable alleles of the crtRB1 and lcyE genes, and the level of carotenoids was determined in a few selected lines. A number of 2746 inbred lines from seven research stations were subjected to a PCR amplification of crtRB1 and lcyE genes in order to identify the favourable alleles. It was selected 27 lines carrying the favourable alleles and nine lines with unfavourable alleles (four groups in total), from which total carotenoids, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and retinol equivalents were determined by HPLC. Out of 2746 inbred lines analysed, 23.53% contained one or both genes with favourable alleles. The favourable allele of the crtRB1 gene was the most widespread (584 lines), followed by the lcyE gene (55 lines), while alleles favourable for both genes were detected in only 7 lines. Inbred lines with the favourable allele of the crtRB1 gene showed the highest levels of β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, while those with favourable allele of lcyE gene showed a high level of β-cryptoxanthin; the lines with favourable alleles for both genes had a level of β-carotene 60% higher than the lines with two unfavourable alleles.

REPOSITIONING THE NATIONS’ AGRICULTURAL POTENTIALS TOWARDS DIVERSIFYING THE ECONOMY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – THE ENGINEERING PERSPECTIVES AND NETHERLANDS EXAMPLES

Agricultural production was the main financial revenues, that is, the front-line gross domestic product GDP, for the country before the advent of black gold (fossil fuel). Unfortunately, since the beginning of petroleum exploration and production in Nigeria, the country has lost it numerous agricultural potentials, due to the immediate monetary benefits from exporting crude oil to the Europe and America. Since 2017, the Netherlands has repositioned herself as the second-largest exporter of agriculture in the world with a net value of $111 billion US. These include $10 billion of flowers and $7.4 billion of vegetables. The Netherlands is the world’s second-largest agricultural exporter, after the United States. In 2021, the net value of the agricultural export was more than $118 billion US. Nigeria must take a leave from Netherlands by setting a robust and sustainable policies, the Netherlands model, to salvage her agricultural developments that will catapult the country to be in the fore-front of the world agricultural products for both domestic and foreign export gains, which in-turn increases the nations’ gross domestic product, GDP. The interest of this paper is to provide some valuable insights to the Nigerian government and policy makers on the guides to achieving these objectives within a short span. Keywords: Potentials, reposition, and sustainable development

From research to practice: Adapting agriculture to climate today for tomorrow in Ethiopia

Eighty percent of the world's agriculture is rainfed, making it highly vulnerable to climate fluctuations and stresses, such as those brought about by climate variability and change. Sub-Saharan Africa and Ethiopia in particular have experienced a significant increase in climate variability over the past decade, which has led to more frequent weather extremes such as floods and droughts. Because 85% of Ethiopia depends upon agriculture for its livelihoods, such rainfall shortages or excesses can impede food production, access to financial and natural assets, and the ability to recover in subsequent crop seasons. This means that climate variability in agriculture not only affects the availability of the food Ethiopians consume, but also the income of its smallholder farmers. Variability in rainfall and temperature can also have adverse effects on livestock and the pastoralists whose livelihoods depend upon it. Thus, all development planning and practice in the agriculture and related sectors need to take climate variability and long-term climate change into account. Climate services can contribute to the alleviation of a range of climate-sensitive development challenges, including agricultural production and food security. The Adapting Agriculture to Climate Today for Tomorrow (ACToday) approach of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI), Columbia University, USA, aims to develop climate service solutions through enhancement of the availability and effectiveness of climate information in national policy, planning, management, and other decision-making processes in countries that are particularly dependent on agriculture and vulnerable to the effects of climate variability and change. It targets improved food security, nutrition, environmental sustainability and economic outcomes in these countries by promoting the use of climate information and services to manage current climate risks, while laying the foundation for adaptation to future climatic conditions. In this Perspective, we share experiences from the implementation of the ACToday project and approach in Ethiopia, outlining its accomplishments and challenges. In doing so, we characterize best practices and pitfalls to avoid to ensure climate knowledge and information truly meet the needs of climate-informed decision making and climate-smart policy and planning. We also outline pragmatic guidance to ensure activities designed to evolve climate research into services are done so appropriately, responsibly, and sustainably to bridge the gap between those who produce climate information and those who ultimately use it.

Environmental Concerns Associated with the Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex and Analysis of Its Financing

The world's agriculture is transforming from a traditional to a high-tech industry that is able to create new markets for innovative and investment decisions and developments, striving to increase labor productivity and yields. Only advanced mechanized solutions can sometimes help to achieve significant results in this area, given the current problems, as well as the economic, environmental and social challenges facing the countryside. 
 The purpose of the study is to identify the environmental concerns associated with the development of the agro-industrial complex and the analysis of its financing in the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the creation of an environmentally oriented system for the utilization of agricultural waste.

Yield and Nitrogen Status of Maize (Zea mays L.) Fertilized with Solution of Urea—Ammonium Nitrate Enriched with P, Mg or S

UAN is a popular nitrogen fertilizer, broadly used in world agriculture. Research concerning the effects of this fertilizer is just as common. Contrarily, studies on the combined application of UAN with P, Mg or S are lacking. This fact has stimulated our study, undertaken in order to evaluate the effects of maize grown for grain and fertilized with UAN enriched with the macronutrients (P, Mg and S) on the crop’s yields and nitrogen metabolism. The following nitrogen fertilizers were applied: UAN 32%N, UAN + S—26% N + 3% S, UAN + P (Medium)—26% N and 11% P2O5, UAN + P (Starter)—21% N and 18% P2O5, UAN + Mg—20% N + 4% Mg. Based on the results of chemical analyses and yields of maize, the following indicators of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) were calculated: agricultural efficiency (AE), physiological efficiency (PE), internal N utilization efficiency (IE), reciprocal internal N utilization efficiency (RIE), grain share in N accumulation (HIN), recovery of N from mineral fertilizers (RN) and partial nitrogen balance (PNB). The highest grain yields were harvested after the application of UAN + S/UAN + Mg, and after the pre-sowing and top-dressing application of UAN or UAN + P (Medium). Values of all calculated nitrogen use efficiency indicators were more strongly dependent on the weather conditions, which determined volumes of maize yields in a given year, than on the applied fertilization.

Designing the Novel Imported Pork Producer Declaration Price Index Using Chinese Customs Import Declarations

Pork accounts for a high proportion of the Chinese population’s meat consumption, and imported pork is heavily traded, reducing supply of domestic pork in the face of continued demand. Global pork markets are becoming more competitive, riding the wind of the bilateral free trade agreement. The World Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) compiles prices for other major food categories but does not track changes in the imported pork prices in China. This study has filled this gap by designing the Imported Pork Producer Declaration Price Index (PPI_IPD). Using the well-known Producer Price Index (PPI) model, PPI_IPD is based on the data from Chinese customs import declarations, which has high reliability and reasonableness. For this reason, the index can help governments, enterprises, analysts, and others to conduct analysis for imported pork prices in China and avoid international trade risks. The findings show that proposed PPI_IPD is highly correlated with the Chinese domestic pork market and the pork price industry stock market. The index helps monitor changes in international pork prices and is an effective tool for analyzing and controlling trade risks.

Transformation Processes of the Business Environment in the Context of European Integration of Ukraine

Abstract. Introduction. Globalization creates the preconditions for strengthening the integration policy of Ukraine in the agro-industrial sphere (AIS) and establishing cooperation with foreign countries. Research of the global business environment and identification of major trends in transformation processes is particularly relevant given a number of issues. First, it is impossible not to pay attention to the impact of reengineering on international business processes. Secondly, the study of the US experience with the implementation of clusters in agriculture will allow us to identify additional ways for their implementation in the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine. At the same time, this experience will be useful for improving the general business climate in Ukraine. Purpose. The aim of the article is the analysis of the main transformation processes of the global business environment and identification of prospects for the implementation of US experience in the field of agriculture in Ukraine; study of transformational trends in the global business environment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic; research of the concept of reengineering as an innovative method of business process management; analysis of the US experience in using the cluster approach in agricultural development. Results. Ukraine seeks to become a worthy player in world markets for agricultural products. Balanced agricultural management is a prerequisite for saturating domestic demand for quality food and expanding Ukraine's niche in world agriculture. Conclusions. The best basis for these purposes is the proven use of US experience in the cluster approach to agricultural development. It is advisable to coordinate and control agricultural results within the clusters of strong, medium and weak agricultural production. The obtained macroeconomic conclusions would be useful for substantiation of state programs of agricultural development.

Valorisation by composting of sawdust for agronomic use in the commune of (Marcory), Abidjan, Ivory Coast

The environmental challenges in the context of climate change require the design of a sustainable organic agriculture. To achieve such a challenge, the use of organic fertilizers is highly recommended. Among these organic fertilizers, compost is of paramount importance as it is widely recommended and used in the agricultural world. However, the quality of compost depends on the organic matter used. The search for several sources of compost is necessary in order to offer several choices to producers, depending on the source of organic matter available. With this in mind, a study on the use of sawdust from carpentry by composting was conducted in the south of Côte d'Ivoire, in the commune of Marcory, with a view to its use for agronomic purposes. In a 2 x 1.5 x 1 m pit, 50 kg of fresh sawdust and 20 kg of chicken litter were composted over a period of 5 months. The mature compost obtained is in decomposed form (detritus), black in color, oily, free of pathogenic micro-organisms and with appreciable contents expressed in g/kg of assimilable mineral elements such as: N(28.8) K(19.2) Ca(04.5) P(03.1) and Mg(01.5). Its use as a substrate in soilless tomato cultivation has resulted in a yield of 0.75 kg per plant, compared to 0.20 kg per plant in full soil cultivation. This represents a yield of 45 t per hectare, compared to 11 t.

IoT Monitoring for Solar Powered Pump Applied in Hydroponic House

Photovoltaic systems are used and utilized as electricity needs in many developed countries, including Indonesia. Currently, photovoltaic systems are an alternative source of electricity that is cheap, affordable and easy to apply in public facilities to use in laboratories. Public and government awareness of the decline in fossil fuels and pollution caused by the use of conventional power plants increases the application of renewable energy as an alternative greening in Indonesia. Technology is growing rapidly from year to year, one of which can be seen in the world of agriculture. This development has resulted in reduced farming land, especially in urban areas. So, there are several innovations that have emerged to increase crop productivity. With these problems, hydroponic techniques can be combined with IoT (Internet of Things) technology. The use of IoT is increasingly being used both on devices and in products that require connections such as wireless sensors, smart meters, and home automation systems. The quality of an IoT product can be seen from several parameters, namely low power consumption, longer range, wireless connectivity and higher data processing capabilities. IoT can be interpreted as communication between one device and another using the internet. This study provides recommendations for the utilization of PV system applications in the use of hydroponic plants and will display the results of data measurements in the field and discuss data on measuring battery voltage, current, power, solar panel voltage, solar current panels and irradiance.