World History Research Articles

Ukrainian Studies and Historical Memory: Genesis of Terminology and Relation of Methodology

The research deals with the problems of the genesis of the terminology of historical memory and the methodological affinity between Ukrainian studies and historical memory. Even though memory studies and Ukrainian studies have been institutionalised, the ongoing progress of Ukrainian society requires periodic revision or reconciliation of certain fundamental issues in these fields of study. The first question is to consider the term “historical memory” and to attempt to understand what is generally understood by this term. After all, its frequent use in the media or in scientific research articles without a clear definition leads to a blurring of the term itself and the constant need to clarify what exactly is being discussed. This situation can be seen not only in national sources but also in Western ones. In general, it can be stated that there is more of a general sense of what historical memory is than a clear understanding of the term. Also, most of the analysed definitions show that everyone agrees that historical memory is a socially constructed phenomenon. Definitions given in various media, dictionaries, scientific research, and even Wikipedia were considered. The main criticisms of the legitimacy of the term “historical memory” were also analysed. They boil down to two remarks: the tautology of the term and an internal contradiction. The author analyses the peculiarity of historical memory, which includes both individual and collective levels, as opposed to collective memory. The author proposes his own definition of the term historical memory. Special attention is paid to the methodological affinity between Ukrainian studies and historical memory. It is noted that, on the one hand, Ukrainian studies rethink the contents of the historical memory of Ukrainians through the prism of the national view of world history, and on the other hand, that memory studies are an immanent means of Ukrainian studies. In Ukrainian studies and memory studies, postmodern methodologies are also becoming influential research methods, allowing us to move from the "history of an event" to the "history of people".

Marshall, Tim: Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Tell You Everything You Need to Know About Global Politics

Tim Marshall's Prisoners of Geography, published in 2015, is an in-depth examination of the influence that geographic features exert on the geopolitical strategies, international law, historical trajectories, and socioeconomic events of nations. Marshall is an experienced foreign correspondent, drawing on his extensive experience and knowledge of world history and geopolitics.

Implementation of post-classical rationality in the modern discourse of legal protection of social morality

Modern Ukrainian society is at such a segment of world history that is called postmodern and post-industrial society, and therefore corresponds to a post-neoclassical type of rationality, which is characterized by non-linear development, self-organization and self-development, the transition to new models of relations, including state-legal ones sphere, especially when it comes to the development of democratic principles in local self-government and the structure of executive power, etc. For general jurisprudence, such approaches are considered promising, because they take into account random, probabilistic relationships along with cause-and-effect relationships. It is believed that the post-non-classical type of rationality “works” within the limits of the new (modern) development of science with a new way of knowing and the methodology of scientific research. At the same time, it is not only about science, but, in a broader sense, about the global transformation of the knowledge production system and the change in the ways of relating to society in the context of overcoming the “contemplative” nature of knowledge and giving it a praxeological focus with further inclusion in the conceptual field of post-classicism. Based on the peculiarities of post- non-classical rationality in social cognition, we will make an assumption about its threefold goal, which, in view of the above, consists in combining rational and logical possibilities in the studied phenomena and events with the intellectual and personal qualities of the researcher, including a wide range of “value orientations, existential experience, psychological characteristics, etc., that is, his understanding of social reality. Thus, it is substantiated that the weakness of state positions on the protection of public morality lies in the fact that, from the very beginning, a model of moral relations adequate to the requirements of the time was not formed, which would take into account the dynamics of social changes and find embodiment in legislation, state institutions, civil society, and was b a tool of social regulation, a criterion for assessing the vital activity of a person and society.

History in Lithuanian Women’s Creative Documentaries: Critical and Personal Approach

Over the last two decades, documentary has become an important tool of communication for Lithuanian women filmmakers since their number and visibility on national and international screens has grown significantly. Better gender balance in documentary-filmmaking noticeably increased the exposure to greater stylistic and thematic diversity, as well as paved the way for the new cinematic approaches to national and world history, politics, warfare, collective identity, and other issues traditionally assigned to men. This article examines creative documentaries directed by Giedrė Žickytė, Jūratė Samulionytė and Vilma Samulionytė, Martina Jablonskytė and Ramunė Rakauskaitė. First, it investigates how these films combine subjective, analytical, and critical approaches to examine and mediate complex phenomena in Lithuanian history. Second, it discusses how these women documentarists engage with the past and in what ways their approaches and languages differ from conventional historical documentaries.

HISTORY, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: A REVIEW ARTICLE

This literature review of a number of most cited Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) articles and a number other works delves into the interconnection between history and the discipline of International Relations (IR), with a focus on the Ottoman Empire. The connection between history and IR has been the subject of extensive academic investigation and discussion, as past events and processes have considerably impacted the theoretical and conceptual basis of IR. The study of IR has undergone significant transformations over time, with an increasing acknowledgement of the role of history in shaping the discipline's advancement. Consequently, many scholars have investigated how historical events have impacted IR theory and practice. This review article aims to explore the interaction between history and IR, using the Ottoman Empire as a case study. The Ottoman Empire is a valuable case for examining the relationship between history and IR since it was one of the most influential empires in world history, significantly shaping international politics during its time. Its legacy continues to impact contemporary debates on issues such as nationalism, sovereignty, and state-building. Overall, this review article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the intricate relationship between history and IR and points at the potential for further dialogue between the two fields.

Image Construction, Status Analysis, Goddess Reflection

In the history of ancient Egypt, women were an ordinary but indispensable group, occupying an important position in family construction, legal practice and national governance. At the same time, their activities are also reflected in literature, artworks genesis mythology. From the perspective of academic history, the existing achievements of ancient Egyptian women can be summarized as three research directions: image construction, status discrimination and Goddess reflection. In advocating gender study and interdisciplinary construction of academic trend, effectively take example by art, law, literature and other discipline research methods, reasonably draw religious theology, marriage and family theory paradigm, to build a discourse system of world history gender research with Chinese characteristics based on the historical facts of ancient Egypt which has a broad academic prospect.

The Revolt of the Crew of De Zeven Provincien and the Activities of the National Movement of 1930-1933

World history records that at the end of 1920, the global community was hit by a very dramatic economic depression, which resulted in protests by the people as a result of cuts in the wages of civil servants in all circles, both Dutch and Indigenous nationalities, by 17%, wage cuts were part of the efforts government to reduce the gap between government revenues and spending when the economic depression has caused government revenues in an emergency. The relationship between the rebellion of the Crew of De Zeven Provincien and the activities of the national movement during the reign of Governor-General Jhr. B.C. De Jonge. After the uprising immediately, the Dutch East Indies government, under the leadership of Governor-General Jhr. B.C. De Jonge carried out reactionary and violent politics against the activities of the national movement. Movement organizations were increasingly under pressure from the colonial government, and some radical and revolutionary movement figures were even arrested. The research method used is the historical method, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, and this research uses library research where the researcher examines several sources related to this research. Thus, it can be concluded that in the De Zeven Provincien Crew Mutiny in 1933, Governor General Jhr. B.C. De Jonge put more pressure on the national movement organization in Indonesia.

Book review: Mathieu, Jon: Mount Sacred. A short global history of holy mountains since 1500

Mathieu, Jon: Mount Sacred. A short global history of holy mountains since 1500. 155 pp. 11 figs. The White Horse Press. Winwick 2023. ISBN 978-1-912186-716, 30 £. eISBN 978-1-912186-72-3, OA ebook.Mathieu, Jon: Mount Sacred. Eine kurze Globalgeschichte der heiligen Berge seit 1500. 192 pp. 11 figs. Böhlau. Wien 2023. ISBN: 978-3-205-21702-2, eISBN: 978-3-205-21703-9, 35 €.
 The topic of sacred mountains has been fascinating for mountain researchers that had access to varied peaks on different continents and opened up comparative perspectives. Edwin Bernbaum’s (1990) famous book on Sacred mountains of the world was published a generation ago at the same time when Karl Gratzl (1990) edited his book on Die heiligsten Berge der Welt. It was a time when the human sphere of mountain regions attracted more attention by anthropologists, archaeologists and geographers. Embedded in a less prophane approach their descriptive books hinted towards more rigorous studies on indigenous practices and rituals, emphasized the historical rootedness of mountain communities and led to changing appreciations over time on the path to highlighting mountain exceptionalism and its exalted representation of pristine environments.The recent publication of Jon Mathieu’s Mount Sacred is a welcome reflection about how mountains became sacred objects and sanctified entities covering a period of half a millennium. The author, himself an authority on European Alpine history, has been fascinated by global mountain studies earlier on in his seminal work on the ‘third dimension’ (Mathieu 2011). This as well as the present book were simultaneously published in German and English.It is fascinating to read how sacred mountains have been created and imagined, how belief systems and scientific approaches shaped the perception of mountain peaks. The opening two chapters are devoted to an enquiry that is inspired by seminal works on Eurasian studies with a focus on place and position of mountains in structuring human environments, environmental control and scientific approaches. Eight chapters are devoted to selected mountains, among which we find at the beginning Mount Kailash and at the end Uluru. The former has probably gained the highest attention among Western readers and has been further promoted since being popularised as the ‘holiest mountain’ (Tichy 1937) suggesting a hierarchy of sacredness. In contrast, Uluru, formerly known as Ayers Rock in Australia, has been rather neglected in the above-mentioned books, probably because the mountain towers only 350 metres above the surrounding plains. Uluru has gained in popular appreciation and became a symbol in the recently debated treaty for Indigenous Australians.The two cases from China and Korea – Tai Shan and Paektusan/Changbaishan – have been canonized in their respective political contexts. Beginning with ritual importance and a deep historical rootedness they have been instrumentalized for less religious purposes and fixed on the political maps of China and North Korea. Presenting cases from the Christian realm in the European Alps seemed to be more challenging as there were pilgrimage places in villages and valleys, rather than a tradition of attributed sacredness and mountain worship on Alpine peaks and passes. Jon Mathieu entertains the reader with a number of anecdotes and historical turns in placing crosses there and in a subsequent chapter on erecting crosses in Italy and neighbouring countries on places in order to celebrate Catholic Christians’ persistence at the beginning of the 20th century. Here a comparison with the wider Himalayan arc and its manifold iconography and materiality on passes, springs and rivers would have been interesting because of its pilgrimage practices, plentiful stocks and great variety of expression and ritual veneration. The chapter devoted to North America puts the Black Hills where Black Elk and Lakota Sioux used to pray to their ‘six grandfathers’ (Tunkasila Sakpe Paha) into the centre of attention; it is the same place where the conflict about Mount Rushmore with the rock sculptures of four American presidents emerged. Competition about sacred places occurs as well where adventure sports and rock climbing take place in spiritually laden or only respected places and peaks. This applies for North American national parks obviously more than for the East African volcanoes; the latter having become attractive tourism destinations with the Kilimanjaro and victims of myth creation. Marketing of mountains has often contributed to generating legends and stories about alleged sacredness and spiritual capacities of mountains. In this context many more prominent case studies and mountain regions would come to our mind that are not covered or mentioned in this book. Jon Mathieu made his selection in order to investigate the underlying processes of creating Mount Sacred.Jon Mathieu’s approach to unearth the roots of the sacredness of some mountains and telling us revealing stories about influential actors and changing factors over time has resulted in an entertaining and enlightening text that broadens the horizon of mountain veneration. His book is highly recommended to interested members, promotors and curious visitors of mountain communities.

Жу-Юп Лидің «Әлем тарихындағы түркі халықтары» атты жаңа кітабы

The article is a review of the recently published book “The Turkic Peoples in World History” by Yoo-Yup Lee (Routledge, 2024, “Themes in World History” Series) which can be seen as an introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples and is addressed to both students and the general reader, as well as professionals, since the author’s approach to the topic is non-trivial, and the book contains many insights and interesting facts. Noting that Turkic peoples played an important role in the history of Eurasia as the creators of many empires (including the Mongol) and states, the author focuses on the history of separate Turkic peoples with a distinct identity and traces the transformation of these groups into the Turkic peoples of modern times. He emphasizes that in the pre-modern era, the Turkic peoples were not aware of their ethnolinguistic unity and did not call themselves Turks, having separate identities, and the process of expansion of the Turkic peoples (that is, their history) was accompanied by the Turkization of numerous non-Turkic-speaking groups and by processes of mixing and integration. Describing Turkic peoples based on their origins and identity, the author identifies four categories corresponding to the chapters of the book. These are the early Turkic peoples (Tiele, Türks and Uyghurs); peoples who appeared in the Eurasian steppe belt because of Turkic migrations (Qirghiz, Bulghars, Khazars, Qarakhanid Türks and Qipchaqs); the Oghuz Turkic peoples; the Turkic-Mongolian peoples (Chaghatay/Moghuls, Uzbeks, Qazaqs and Crimean Tatars). Specifically, the author calls the Qazaqs the direct descendants of the Jochid ulus, which was the result of amalgamation of Mongolian groups with non-Mongolian ones, and primarily with Turkic ones, in the Qipchaq steppe. The early Qazaqs and Shibanid Uzbeks had the same Chingizid-Mongol identity, but at the turn of the 16th century their paths diverged when the Qazaqs included the Moghul and Mangit nomads in their composition, and the Shibanid Uzbeks began to merge with the settled Iranian population of Central Asia. Genetically, modern Qazaqs (Kazakhs) are close to the Mongols. In general, the book shows the heterogeneous nature of the formation of most Turkic peoples of modernity and the Middle Ages

Мари Фавероның жаңа кітабындағы Орданың өзіндік тарихы мен ішкі әлемі

The article is devoted to a review of the new book by Dr. Marie Favereau, professor of history at the University of Paris - Nanterre, “The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World.” (Marie Favereau. The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World. Harvard University Press, 2021). The book makes an attempt to present the history of the Horde from the inside, from its own positions. Marie Favero managed to show her own history and the inner world of the Horde, its role and place in world history. For the Kazakh reader, it is important that the history of the Horde ulus, which was located on most of the modern territory of Kazakhstan, received bright, scientific and reliable coverage in the book. Today Kazakhstan positions itself as the heir of the Horde, and in this regard, the author of the book’s opinion is important that the history of the Horde is a common heritage and it cannot belong exclusively to the national narratives of any nation states. The objective history of the Horde depends on the position of historians, and our task is to jointly resist nationalism in science. The first and important element of such a fight is the promotion and popularization of scientific research, one of which is the book under review. In this regard, it is vitally necessary to translate the book not only into other European languages, but also into the languages of the numerous heirs of the Golden Horde, primarily the Kazakh language

Abnormal Comparison Analysis of Return and Trading Volume Activity Before and After The Announcement of The Covid 19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a significant turning point in global history, not only from a public health perspective but also in the context of its impact on economic stability, including capital markets. This research aims to analyze the reaction of the Indonesian capital market to the first case of Covid-19 by focusing on two indicators, namely Abnormal Return (AR) and Trading Volume Activity (TVA). Observations were carried out seven days before and seven days after the first announcement of Covid-19 in Indonesia. The research population includes Financial sector companies listed in February and March 2020 on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The purposive sampling method was used to select 30 financial companies that met certain criteria. A quantitative approach and comparative method were used in this research, tested using the Wilcoxon Signes Rank Test. The research results show significant differences in AR before and after the announcement of the Covid-19 pandemic. The increase in Abnormal Returns after the announcement indicates that investors tend to trust companies that already have a record of returns or profits before the event, rather than having to rely on predictions of future profits. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test results also revealed significant differences in Trading Volume Activity before and after the Covid announcement, indicating changes in trading activity in the capital market. This research provides insight into how the Indonesian capital market responds to health crisis events such as Covid-19, and can serve as a basis for further understanding of economic and financial dynamics in facing similar challenges.

Hajj during the Dutch East Indies Pandemic in the 19th–20th Centuries

This paper discusses about the phenomenon of Hajj during the pandemic in the XIXth to mid-XXth centuries in the Dutch East Indies with a focus on the governance of health services carried out by the Dutch East Indies government. This research uses historical research methods to explore various relevant primary and secondary sources, such as historical archives, government documents, travel records, and historical literature. The main finding of this research is that the pandemic that occurred during that time, such as the cholera outbreak, had a significant impact on the Hajj journey and the welfare of the pilgrims. The Dutch East Indies government undertook various efforts to manage health services during the Hajj journey, including the provision of medical facilities and quarantine. The results of this study provide a deeper understanding of how the Dutch East Indies government dealt with the pandemic during that time and how it affected the Hajj experience and health care governance efforts in the context of Dutch East Indies history. The findings can provide valuable insights for understanding the history and context of the pandemic in global and regional history.

Collectivism and new identities after the Black Death Pandemic: Merchant diasporas and incorporative local communities in West Africa

Merchant diasporas have significantly influenced local and interregional processes in world history, but archaeology is only starting to understand the diversity of political, economic, social and religious contexts within which they developed. Recent research has suggested that the second plague pandemic (Black Death) likely affected West Africa. However, little is known regarding the diversity of local and regional impacts and responses. We argue that documented population losses likely caused by plague resulted in disruptions to commercial networks and stimulated merchant diasporas from neighboring Mali into Burkina Faso and further south. Drawing on an expanded corpus of data and new stratigraphic and Bayesian analyses of AMS dates from the site of Kirikongo (western Burkina Faso), this paper identifies two waves of likely plague-related depopulation in the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries AD and explores the resulting social, economic, religious and environmental transformations. Notably, local communities worked cooperatively with recently arrived Mande merchant diasporas from the Empire of Mali to reconstruct regional economies.

DIGITAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS AS A MEANS OF TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AT THE UNIVERSITY

Statement of the problem. Teaching foreign languages at school and university is a complex and multifaceted process. Undoubtedly, the organization of the educational process is impossible without the use of textbooks, workbooks and books for reading. Dictionaries and encyclopedias become an additional means of learning a foreign language. The focus of this study is the problem of using special encyclopedias in the process of studying a foreign language at the university, particularly, English encyclopedias while learning English at the university. The relevance of the study is due to the high interest in foreign languages and the need to know them on a sufficient level to achieve some goals. Results. Modern encyclopedias in foreign languages, presented both in printed and online formats, allow users to obtain the necessary information on the topic under study, as well as to get acquainted with new terms of the subject area being studied. The analysis of "World History Encyclopedia" is presented in the article. The data of this encyclopedia can be used by students of historical specialties studying history as the main discipline, and a foreign language as an additional subject. Conclusion. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the introduction of encyclopedia materials into the educational process makes it interesting and interactive, provokes students’ interest and contributes to a better memorization of information. Such encyclopedias are learner’s ones that is manifested in exercises to check the assimilation of the studied material. Moreover, the learner’s orientation can be seen on the example of sound files included into the encyclopedic articles that allows to listen to the data in the language being studied. The information in such encyclopedias is usually given in a user-friendly language. The introduction of graphic illustrations contributes to a more effective perception of the material.

Mexico, 1980: the construction of bacterial molecular genetics

At the beginning of the new millennium, in 2001 to be precise, a work began that at the time turned out to be a titanic task. The project of sequencing the genome of the bacterium Rhizobium etli -a nitrogen-fixing bacterium symbiotic with the bean plant- was the first to be carried out in Mexico and the results were not published until a few years later. But how did molecular biology and genetic engineering arrive in Mexico? Among the many ways and paths that can lead to an answer, we chose the laboratory work of Dr. Fernando Bastarrachea Avilés and his trajectory to answer this question but mainly how the practice of bacterial molecular genetics was constructed in Mexico during the last years of the Cold War (1970-1980). As a first step we used the global history of science, where the units of historical analysis are the circulation of knowledge and collaborative networks. As a second step, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with former students of that laboratory in the ‘80s. Consequently, our aim is to account for the process of building socio-technical networks, focused on the field of microbiology.

Metahistoricism in Vera Bogdanova’s novel “The Season of Poisoned Fruits”

The purpose of the article is to trace the narrativization of historical events in Vera Bogdanova's novel The Season of Poisoned Fruit (2022), which focuses on the story of "forbidden" love between cousins. The relevance of the article stems from the fact that the novel has already become a significant phenomenon in contemporary Russian literature, but has not yet found its researchers. The novel's themes include the sickness of Russian society, militarization, extreme xenophobia, propaganda, domestic violence, and social rejection of otherness; through these problems, anti-military and liberal pathos emerges, so the novel should be considered part of a culture that is in opposition to the modern Russian regime. The range of problems in the novel revolves around different strategies for dealing with different personal and historical traumas; however, critics suggest that the generation of "thirtysomethings" does not share the historical trauma of childhood, as, for example, the older generation, which saw the collapse of the USSR as children. The article demonstrates how the novel's text perceives the traumatic events of Russian and world history (the events in Moscow in 1993, the terrorist attacks in Moscow and London, the forest fires of 2010, etc.) through the prism of the perception of several representatives of the millennial generation ("the generation of thirty-somethings"). The article shows how state propaganda and hierarchized narrative of the story replace the protagonists' personal memories of events, which, in turn, become taboo. The intervention of a discourse that narrates the story in the spirit of Russian propaganda is made possible by the constant presence and unrelenting intensity of television intrusions into the protagonists' personal lives. It is assumed that the novel has several strategies for organizing the interaction between general and personal history, including (1) aggression and the search for those responsible for historical tragedies; (2) ignoring, (3) mystical metahistorical linking of historical and personal events.

Multidimensional view of magical realism in Russian literature

The 20th century witnessed cultural and social changes of immense proportions. Magical realism appeared in literature at the beginning of the century, which is pivotal in world history. This art movement swiftly extended beyond a regional phenomenon and developed into a significant symbol of global artistic expression. The fusion of the banal facets of daily life with fictional elements engenders a world that is simultaneously recognizable and foreign, leading the reader on a voyage. This element is considered crucial to facilitate progress towards universality. Russian literature uses magical realism and integrates its distinct cultural codes and historical context to produce a unique interpretation within the field. The groundwork of Russian magical realism rests upon the intricate psychological studies of Fyodor Dostoyevsky, the fantastical realism of Mikhail Bulgakov, and the absurdist storytelling of Nikolai Gogol. Magical realism has a history spanning over a century and has influenced various fields, including literature, cinema, painting, and philosophy. The contributions of Russian literature enhance the universality and profundity of this genre. Moreover, this wide reach facilitates a variety of viewpoints and understandings of magical realism to surface. This study examines the manifestation of magical realism in Russian literature along with its differing viewpoints. It also aims to explain the place of Russian magical realism in universal culture, which has yet to be clearly established in a historical context. This will be achieved by examining the origins of 19th century magical realism and its subsequent associations with various genres.

Review Essay on Global and World Histories of Feminism and Gender Struggle

Review Essay on Global and World Histories of Feminism and Gender Struggle

TO THE 85TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ACADEMICIAN OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE ANATOLY MYKHAILOVYCH SAMOILENKO

The article reviews the outstanding scientific achievements of Anatoly Mykhailovych Samoilenko, an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, whose name will forever remain in the world history of mathematics.

Jewishness and World History in Clive Sinclair’s Death & Texas

At first glance, Death & Texas (2014), the title of the fourth short story collection by the British Jewish writer Clive Sinclair, appears somewhat misleading for several reasons. First, death may not seem a central theme in all the eight stories. Second, Texas is not the spatial setting in all stories, as some of them take place elsewhere in the USA or even in other countries. However, on closer inspection, both the theme of death and the American environment occur in most stories by means of their characters’ interests, as the protagonists are often Jewish writers or artists concerned with American and world history as well as the rendering of historical events in popular culture. This article thus aims to survey the theme of Jewishness and the reflection of world history in the collection.