World Exports Research Articles

DETERMINING SUITABLE AREAS FOR MORE EFFICIENT HAZELNUT PRODUCTION

Abstract. Turkey is the largest hazelnut producer and exporter in the world with approximately 75% worldwide production and 70-75% of world exports, yet according to FAO; annual yield gain rate is significantly lower than Italy and USA. While Turkey produces 0.94 ton/hectare hazelnut, average yield rates for USA, Italy and Spain are 2.6 ton/hectare, 1.68 ton/hectare and 1 ton/hectare, respectively. Hazelnut production in Turkey is primarily concentrated along Black Sea coast centered Giresun and Trabzon provinces. The purpose of this study is to propose a methodology to further improve the efficiency in hazelnut production by determining the most significant geographical criteria and using them for spatial queries and analysis in ArcGIS environment to detect most fertile hazelnut plantation areas. For the study, the Surmene district of Trabzon is selected for pilot region. A thematic map of hazelnut plantation areas created from the classification of WorldView-2 image of the district was used as the base map. Furthermore, a database is created with layers and cost maps using multicriteria decision methods. Detected most suitable areas for hazelnut production area are compared with the present situation. Proposed methodology and the database can be used by officials for better management of hazelnut production in Turkey, therefore in the world.

DETERMINING SUITABLE AREAS FOR MORE EFFICIENT HAZELNUT PRODUCTION

Turkey is the largest hazelnut producer and exporter in the world with approximately 75% worldwide production and 70-75% of world exports, yet according to FAO; annual yield gain rate is significantly lower than Italy and USA. While Turkey produces 0.94 ton/hectare hazelnut, average yield rates for USA, Italy and Spain are 2.6 ton/hectare, 1.68 ton/hectare and 1 ton/hectare, respectively. Hazelnut production in Turkey is primarily concentrated along Black Sea coast centered Giresun and Trabzon provinces. The purpose of this study is to propose a methodology to further improve the efficiency in hazelnut production by determining the most significant geographical criteria and using them for spatial queries and analysis in ArcGIS environment to detect most fertile hazelnut plantation areas. For the study, the Surmene district of Trabzon is selected for pilot region. A thematic map of hazelnut plantation areas created from the classification of WorldView-2 image of the district was used as the base map. Furthermore, a database is created with layers and cost maps using multicriteria decision methods. Detected most suitable areas for hazelnut production area are compared with the present situation. Proposed methodology and the database can be used by officials for better management of hazelnut production in Turkey, therefore in the world.

The Position of Sub-Saharan Countries in the World Economy

Abstract Most of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa belong to the most underdeveloped and poorest countries in the world economy. This region consists of forty-nine countries but at world GDP, world export, world import and inflow of foreign direct investment share only by small percent. There are some positive facts in the recent history of sub- Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has grown faster than the world economy in the past ten years. The predictions are also positive. There is an expectation of another growth till the 2020. If the sub-Saharan countries want to keep the growth in the future they have to invest to infrastructure, in educational system, in research and science to make their economies more competitive.

Worker-Level Consequences of Import Shocks

We analyse the effects of imports on employment and earnings by distinguishing between import competition in final products and firms’ use of imports in production (offshoring). We use Finnish worker-firm data merged with product-level trade data. We focus on Chinese imports and instrument them by changes in China’s share of world exports. Both types of importing increase the job loss risk for all workers and, in particular, for workers in production occupations. An increase in import competition has larger negative effects than an increase in offshoring. Production workers suffer the largest earnings losses, while for high-skilled workers the wage-effect is positive.

Determinants of Value Added in Exports and Their Implications

This study decomposes the value added in gross exports into its components, including domestic value added and foreign value added. In contrast to previous studies, we exclude transaction costs such as net taxes on products for this study, which accounted for about 3 percent of total gross world exports from 1995 to 2011 on average. The share of Korean domestic value added in exports to exports in gross value turned out to decrease from 69.9 percent in 1995 to 55.4 percent in 2011, comparable to the shrinkage in the world average from 83.5 percent to 78.3 percent during the same period. This result reveals that Korean exports of parts and raw material have been utilized in a relatively small degree, while foreign components imported to Korea have been utilized for Korean exports in a relatively large degree.This study also investigates the determinants of value added in exports by estimating the expanded multi-sector gravity model, with panel data covering 13 countries and 18 sectors for 17 years from 1995 to 2011. Empirical evidence shows that trade costs such as tax and transportation costs reduce value added in exports, implying that trade facilitation measures and tax policy lowering trade costs are vital for the promotion of value added in exports. We also find that material and service offshoring have a significant positive effect on value added in exports, supporting the notion that efficient offshoring of material and services inputs raises productivity and competitiveness in manufacturing as well as services industries.

THE CHANGE IN WORLD PRICE AND EXPORT TAX OF CRUDE PALM OIL AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY AND WELFARE IN INDONESIA: USING A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM (CGE) MODEL

The research aimed to analyze the impact of change in world price and export tax of crude palm oil on the export and domestic production performance of some selected economic sectors, as well as households’ welfare in Indonesia. The analyses were carried out by a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) static model with data taken from Indonesian Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) 2008. The results showed that the increase in world price accompanied by the increase in export tax of crude palm oil and rupiah depreciation have positive impact on the export and domestic production performance of palm oil manufacture sectors and other related economic sectors. Prevailing progressive tax on crued palm oil export does not have negative impact resulted in decreasing palm oil export because export unit price received by producers remains higher than the price at baseline. Due to the increasing of export performance and domestic production, production sectors have economic ability to meet the demands of paying higher value-added upon primary production factors owned by households so that households’ factor income increase and eventually, it leads households’ welfare increase as well.

Trade Performance of Export Processing Zones

AbstractExport processing zones (EPZs) have become widespread with the liberalisation of international trade and investment. They are key players in the deepening of the global value chain (GVC). However, little is known about their contribution to world trade due to a lack of information on their location and status. This paper sets out to improve knowledge in this area by analysing the trade performance of EPZ countries at macro‐level with a focus on EPZ externalities and distortive costs. We have built an original database of EPZs in which we define them as processing zones benefiting from import tariff incentives. We show that EPZs increase trade only by easing the negative impact of protection. As importers of components and raw materials, they raise the rest of the world's exports. This confirms the contribution of EPZs to the GVC. This result is robust to a change in the model specification, errors and bias due to data collection issues and sample composition.

Size, Structure and Devaluation

Exchange rate devaluations have been used by economies around the world in an attempt to enhance their external price competitiveness. This paper evaluates the efficacy of this strategy in small-island developing states. We classify countries around the world into two broad categories, large or small according to population, land area and economic size, proxied by GDP. We compare large countries with small countries according to the following dimensions: the country’s share of world export markets, the diversity of exports of goods and services, the elasticity of import demand for consumer and producer goods, and the sensitivity of prices and wages to exchange rate changes. Using these results, we assess the efficacy of devaluation as a competitive strategy in small states as well as in larger countries. For small open economies, our findings are that exchange rate devaluations, at best, result in a redistribution of income within the country or, at worst, result in a deterioration in external competitiveness, the balance of payments, and economic contraction.

Exporter and Importer Dynamics Database for Germany

Researchers from the Word Bank recently released version 2.0 of the Exporter Dynamics Database (EDD).1 This database includes exporter characteristics and measures of exporter growth based on firm-level customs information from 70 countries, primarily for the period between 2005 and 2012. The measures are available at the country-year, country-year-product, and country-year-destination level. One shortcoming of the earlier version 1.0 of the Exporter Dynamics Database was the absence of information on several of themost important countries in world exports, including Germany, the third largest exporter (and importer) of goods. This note contributes to the project by providing the evidence for exports of Germany for the years 2009 to 2012 that is now part of the World Bank’s EDD. Furthermore, it provides for the first time strictly comparable statistics for imports, thereby introducing the Importer Dynamics Database for Germany. The note provides details regarding the EDD and IDD for Germany, and it documents selected results for goods trade as awhole, and for trade with three of the most important partner countries (France, USA, and China).

THE COMPETITIVE SITUATION OF THE EGYPTIAN FRESH PEACH EXPORTS IN THE FOREIGN MARKETS

The research problem is concentrated in that despite the comparative advantage for production of the fresh peach crop, Egypt occupies position No. 19 among the biggest exporters of the crop in the world with a relative importance amounted to about 0.34% of the total world exports of fresh peaches in 2014. This is in addition to a decline in the relative importance of the amount of exports from peach to represent about 1.6% of the total fresh fruit exports in 2013. The research aims to study the current situation of production and Exports of the Egyptian fresh peach crop and the study of competitiveness indicators inside the most important export markets. These results of the research showed that the total area of the peach amounted to about 81 000 feddans as an average for the period (2001-2014), while the productive area of about 74 000 feddans , also show that there is significant decrease in fruitful peach area as much as about a thousand feddans annually during the study period. As it turns out that productivity increased from about 2.92 tons per feddan in 2001 to about 4.75 tons in 2014, as the average amount of production as much as about 334 000 tonnes as an average for the period of the study. Results showed the increasing value of the production of peaches from about 320 million pounds in 2001 to about 596 million pounds in 2014, growing at a rate of about 86%.The results also showed the increasing amount of Egyptian exports of fresh peach crop from about 115.5 tons in 2001 to around 11264 tonnes in 2014, with an average of about 5,600 tons during the period (2001-2014). It is also showed that there is a statistically significant annual increase amounted to about 1099 tons. As shown by the results of the geographical distribution of the most important export markets for the Egyptian Peach crop, Iraq comes at the forefront of the importing countries, representing about 42.3% of the total volume of Egyptian exports as an average for the period (2008 to 2014), followed by the United Kingdom, Italy and Saudi Arabia with relative importance reached about 17.7%, 8.9%, 8.1% during that period, respectively. It turns out that the best export periods of peaches in terms of quantity are the months of April and May as the amount of exports reached about 8870 tons representing about 95% of the average Egyptian exports during the period (2011 -2013), which amounted to about 9333 tons. As indicated the results of the study of export performance are indications that Egypt has a comparative advantage phenomenon in the export of fresh peach, where more than comparative advantage coefficient phenomenon for the right one in most of the years of study where estimated at 1.08 on average for the period (2010-2014), as transactions estimated instability of both quantity production and export quantity and export price, 7.6, 32.7, 22.7, respectively, which indicates that despite the instability of the amount of production of peaches in the recent period, but there is a demand on exports of them in the world market,

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE EXPORT PERFORMANCE OF DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA

With the rise of factory farming, milk is now almost an unnatural operation. The modern dairy farm can have hundreds, even thousands of cows. Today’s average dairy cow produces six to seven times as much milk as she did a century ago. Currently, the United States is the largest producer of milk in the world, followed by India and China. India being one of the largest milk producer around the world, has to import a part of Milk products and its exports are negligible in the World Export Share.
 This paper tries to examine the issues regarding ‘Export Performance of Dairy Industry of India’: Trends, Challenges and suggestions for improving the trade situation. The existing Literature has been reviewed accordingly comprising Trade Exports, Imports and the factors which are affecting the Milk Production in country. The Objectives of the study is to find out the reasons for the low per unit production, Imports and negligible exports. In Nutshell, it can be said that there are many unexplored areas in which researchers can explore the findings which can be helpful in achieving trade balance of the Indian Economy.

Nigeria in World Ginger Trade: An analysis of performance from 2008 – 2012

This study assessed the performance of Nigeria in the world ginger trade using available secondary data from the United Nations commodity trade statistics. The trade performance of Nigeria was based on world ginger export characteristics, value of trade and quantity traded from 2008 to 2012 assessed on yearly and cumulative bases. The result indicates that during the five year period, Nigeria recorded an annual growth of 39%. But in the year 2011-2012, Nigeria lost in terms of price during this period by 24% despite the fact that the unit price for Nigeria ginger was higher ($2,463/ton) than the world average ($727). In terms of share in world exports, Nigeria contributed only 3.6% and listed on 6th position for ginger export. The world is paying prime price for Germany's ($3,758), UK's ($3,450) and Nigerian ($2,463) Ginger. Nigeria ginger during the period under review contributed a total of $115.564m on the basis of value to the world ginger value of $2401.756m representing a share of 4.81%. Cumulatively, a total of 51,483 tons of ginger was contributed by Nigeria to the world ginger market which is 1.35% of the world total (3,800,098 tons) during the period under review. This study revealed that Nigeria has over the years been an active participant in the world ginger trade and has contributed significantly to its growth. On the overall, the performance of Nigeria in the world ginger trade during the period under review cannot be described as blazing because the country has the largest area under ginger cultivation in the world and her ginger is one of the world’s best and highly valued in terms of unit price. It is therefore recommended that the ginger transformation program be sustained so as to boost local production and activate the ginger value chain for greater production, processing and marketing efficiency.Keywords: Ginger, export, trade, value, quantity, period, market

Direct foreign investments as the most important dimension of the globalization process

The process of globalization expresses the roll of modern production power in the integration of the world's economy, in the establishing of new division of labour, connecting and mutual dependence of the world. In modern social conditions, between the countries exists a high level of political, economic, technological, military, cultural, sports, legal and other mutual dependences. Economy globalization presents a spectre of different forms of connection between national economies. The intensity of globalization in field of economy is expressed by the quantity of foreign trade exchange of the goods, services, technology and capital. The most persuading indicators of economy globalization are the movement of foreign direct investments and participation of world's export in the world's GDP. Although, in the last twenty years by repealing the limitation of capital trends led to significant increase of direct foreign investments flow, the largest amount was directed toward developed countries. The aim of this paper is to show that the regions with developed technology are in the better position concerning the innovations and attracting direct foreign investments, which also demand a high sophisticated labour. However, for the countries which see the future in the increase of integration of world's economy, rapid information exchange and technology progress, globalization offers a new hope for human progress.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF SYSTEM MODERNIZATION OF THE ARCTIC NATURAL GAS EXPORT ON THE EUROPEAN MARKET

A research purpose is the analysis of the European natural gas market environment and the modernization opportunities of the delivery system from Russia in connection with the current geo-economic changes. The main methods are the factorial approaches and the content analysis, which allows allocate and structure this sector’s driving forces. Export of the Russian natural gas on the European market still remains the dominating activity, in terms of the total amounts of deliveries, though over the last ten years its specific weight has been considerably reduced. The situation has sharply become aggravated both in connection with the "Ukrainian" crisis, and that of the European Union policy, which is taking the active measures for the gas supply system diversification. As a result of the conducted research it is proved that the Russian gas transportation system in the Arctic regions requires the strategic upgrade which shall go in two main directions. The first direction is the forming of the new pipeline schemes replacing the unreliable transit routes. The second direction is a rather innovative development of exploration and transportation of the liquefied natural gas which amount exceeds thirty percent in world export and in Russian has not yet reached ten percent. Scientific novelty of the received results consists in system approval of the opportunities of adaptation of Russian export deliveries to the market demand changes. The proposals of increase of the liquefied natural gas exploration in the Arctic regions and formation of the basic centers (special zones) have also a practical importance.

Worker-Level Consequences of Import Shocks

We analyse the effects of imports on employment and earnings by distinguishing between import competition in final products and firms' use of imports in production (offshoring). We use Finnish worker-firm data merged with product-level trade data. We focus on Chinese imports and instrument them by changes in China's share of world exports to other EU countries. Both types of importing increase the job loss risk for all workers and, in particular, for workers in production occupations. An increase in import competition has larger negative effects than an increase in offshoring. Production workers suffer the largest earnings losses, while for high- skilled workers the wage-effect is positive.

Export Performance of Indian Walnut: Decomposition Analysis and Gravity Model Approach

Export performance of Indian walnut has been comprehensively analyzed in this study employing chronological data. The export of walnut from India has significantly increased over the years, but still constituted only 3 per cent of total world export. Between 1979 and 2012, the export of shelled walnut has significantly increased, at an annual growth rate of about 3 per cent, while walnut with shell has shown a declining trend over the years, implying widening of markets for value-added products of walnut. The export instability in quantity and value of both shelled and walnut with shell has declined over the years; however, the instability in unit price of shelled walnut has increased over the years. The decomposition analysis has revealed highest contribution of change in mean export quantity among the other components of change in the average export value of walnut. The unit value of Indian walnut export has been found lower compared to many other nations, indicating the possibility of a higher price by ensuring quality parameters as per global standards. The estimates of gravity model have revealed that per capita GDP, agricultural GDP, and consumption of importing partners, and also the Indian GDP are the significant factors determining Indian walnut export. The study has also unveiled unexploited potential of Indian walnut export to some trading partners. The study has emphasized on the improvement in quality of walnut, integration of production and value addition, export promotion and strengthening of bilateral ties with regular trade partners for enhancing export of Indian walnut.

Globalization and the Political Benefits of the Informal Economy

Does global market integration help or hinder government efforts to improve the livelihoods of the world's poorest citizens? Standard trade theories suggest that government interventions become less imperative as developing countries liberalize. This is because labor in developing economies is abundant and cheap; export products that utilize this factor of production will employ large populations of low-skilled workers who will experience increases in the purchasing power of their wage income. Consumption increases, and the country as a whole is better off. For several decades now, developing economies have embraced this rationale for free trade and its welfare-enhancing effects on the majority. Empirical data and research provides some confirmation for a number of these predictions. Developing countries have joined the global economy and raised their shore of total world exports from 21% to 43% between 1992 and 2008 (Hanson 2012). Moreover, absolute poverty as measured by the percent of people earning below $1.25 per day (2005 PPP) has dropped substantially, from around 36% in 1990 to 14.5% in 2011. With liberalization and concomitant global market integration, economic growth rates in developing economies have been improving, and absolute poverty shows signs of declining (Dollar and Kraay 2004; Owen and Wu 2007). Yet, the United Nations Secretary-General Bank Ki-moon recently presented a report to all member states entitled A Life of Dignity for All , underscoring the many dimensions of poverty that still persist in the current era of globalization. The Report was consistent with the development community's efforts to encourage scholars to turn away from the standard measures of growth and poverty and critically assess progress in broader aspects of basic human development. Among the list of the General Secretary's appeals to governments of developing countries, ensuring “decent work for all” ranked among the top. To date, we have very little understanding …

Comparison of Agricultural Trade in Selected Groups of Countries - Comparison of Real Results

The world trade is a dynamically changing in the long term horizon, its total value as well as share in the global economy are continuously growing. Despite the growth in agricultural trade, the gaps among various groups of countries and regions are becoming deeper. More and more countries loose its self-sufficiency or its netto export status and become dependent on imports. On the other hand, there exists another limited group of countries controlling most of the world exports. The aim of the article is to identify differences in changing values of agricultural trade among selected groups of countries. An accent is given primarily on an identification of differences relating to the real value of trading streams. These differences are defined not only in relation to the absolute value, but also to values recalculated per capita, active farmer or agricultural respective arable land. The results indicate extreme differences between developed and developing countries, just in favour of developed countries, which control an important share of the world agricultural trade. There is worth noting that despite the fact that developed countries affect essentially the character of the world agricultural market, there exist huge differences among them. They can be illustrated on the EU-15 and EU-13 countries. The differences relate not only to the value of agricultural trade but they can be observed when analysing the trade dynamics and productivity in relation to the production factors labour and land.

Odour Intensity Assessment at Different Area of a Palm Oil Mill Using Olfactometry Method

Malaysia is one of the world’s largest palm oil exporters, amounting to 39 % of world palm oil production and 44 % of world exports [1]. Palm oil mill usually engaged with odour problem that came from the wastewater treatment pond that released odourous compounds such as ammonia, volatile organic acids, and sulfides. This study was done to investigate odour nuisance from palm oil mill operations and odour emission rate at United Oil Palm (UOP) Mill, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia. Odour assessment was done on-site at four points and odour sample was taken from four anaerobic treatment ponds. Flux hood method was used and the samples were analysed by using the olfactometry method with six panels. It was found that in the UOP mill, the highest odour emission is from the anaerobic pond 2 with the average specific odour emission rate of 10.88 OUE/sm2, follow by cooling pond, acid pond and anaerobic pond 1. Besides knowing the main source of the odour, this study was run to find the intensity and offensiveness of the palm oil mill odour. A simple questionnaire was asked to the six panels about the odour intensity and odour offensiveness, and the average for both was at 5 (very strong odour) and 3 (definitely offensive odour). Higher level of offensiveness and intensity will increase the odour complaints, but by knowing those levels, it will help in deciding the limit of odour concentration that can be released and the threshold of odour that can be accepted by humans.

Fostering direction of the Ornamental Fish Industry in Korea through a competitive analysis of International Ornamental Fish Industry

This research examined a task to foster into the export industry, through analyzing the competitiveness of the ornamental fish industry and identifying the position of Korea`s ornamental industry in the world. Ornamental fish in Korea holds the world`s leading aquaculture technology, but products are limited to a few species, lacking competitive products. In the case of aquarium supplies, the Korean technology level is receiving relatively positive marks in the global market, but ornamental fish products are lagging behind the global trend. In other words, Korea`s ornamental fish industry has the overall technical foundation, but lacks differentiation in the global market. Meanwhile, Korea`s market share of world trade market in fishery products is minimal. Growth was also analyzed not high compared to other countries. Various trade competitiveness index results rated very low in competitiveness, but it is hard to compare Korea with other countries which have already built a strong foundation in the ornamental fish industry. Therefore, for the mid to long term Korea should adapt a Choice and concentration strategy and focus on the production of ornamental fish and aquarium supplies, which will enable Korea to become differentiated in the global market and capture the world exports.