Classic Work Research Articles

Maqāṣid Al-Sunnah Dalam Kerangka Maqāṣid Al-Sharīʿah: Analisis Konseptual

Al-Ghazālī (d. 505 H) in his work Iḥyā ʿUlūm al-Dīn is among the earliest figures to mention the concept of Maqāṣid al-Sunnah using the term Maqāṣid al-Nubuwwah. He employs this term in elucidating the objectives behind the legislation of female circumcision, as suggested in the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (SAW). However, it raises questions as this term has not received significant attention from classical and contemporary scholars. This is attributed to the overshadowing of the term Maqāṣid al-Sunnah by discussions on Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, which has garnered widespread attention among both classical and contemporary scholars. The question arises: is Maqāṣid al-Sunnah a distinct and entirely new field separate from Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, or is it a subset within the discourse of Maqāṣid al-Sunnah? Hence, this study centers on integrating Maqāṣid al-Sunnah within the framework of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, asserting that the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) serves as the cornerstone in shaping Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah itself. Additionally, this study will examine the writings of classical and contemporary scholars in their use of the term Maqāṣid al-Sunnah and the contexts in which it is employed. The study employs a methodology involving the documentation of classical and contemporary works and academic articles. Furthermore, a content analysis of the gathered materials will be conducted to ensure comprehensive results. In conclusion, this study finds that Maqāṣid al-Sunnah is not a separate term or field distinct from Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah; rather, it constitutes a crucial component within Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. Moreover, the study determines that Maqāṣid al-Sunnah is focused solely on the objectives of a legal ruling derived from the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), referred to as al-Maṣāliḥ al-Muʿtabarah, and does not encompass al-Maṣāliḥ al-Mursalah within the discourse of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah.

IMPACT OF BRITISH LITERATURE ON GLOBAL LITERATURE

The influence of British literature on global literature is enormous. In so many ways, British literature has influenced world literature. The Anglo-Saxon period established the British literature tradition, which continues to influence world literature today. In this blog post, we will look at various aspects of British literature's influence on global literature. The study of literary works from the United Kingdom and other countries around the world is known as British and world literature. It includes classic and contemporary works, often translated into English, that reflect regional and historical cultural and social norms. Individuals who study British and world literature gain insights into the historical, social, and cultural contexts in which the works were written. This allows for a better understanding of human experiences and the appreciation of different points of view. British literature composition is the process of creating written works in the English language that originate in or are related to the United Kingdom. This includes works written by British authors throughout history in the genres of fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction. Different literary movements, such as Medieval, Renaissance, Romanticism, and Postmodernism, have shaped the evolution of British literature composition. The composition of British literature has had a significant impact on the literary world and continues to inspire many contemporary writers.

"Identity" in the discursive practice of contemporary socio-political movements

The rhetoric of contemporary socio-political movements often formulates its demands and arguments using the word ,,identity”, despite the lack of its clear definition. The article aims to analyze the additional meanings that ,,identity” acquires in the discursive practice of modern socio-political movements such as feminism, the LGBT movement, and environmental activism, as well as to examine the role of ,,identity” in these discourses. Research materials are classic works related to each socio-political movement. As the result the paper claimes that in feminism, the LGBT movement, and environmental activism, the word ,,identity” serves as a tool to attribute importance to aspects previously considered secondary - whether it be women, gender, or biological organisms. The search for the reasons behind such a rhetorical choice implies immersing into the theory of psychologisation of modern society (J. De Vos) and the theory of psychological power (M. Foucault).

The problems of the theory of the reference of signs in modern linguistics

The subject of the study is the history of the development and current state of the theory of reference, which reflects a variety of approaches and concepts. Some researchers believe that reference is a purely semantic phenomenon, while others emphasize the importance of context and pragmatics for understanding referentiality. The issue of the influence of cultural and social factors on reference in various languages is also being actively investigated. The history of the development of the theory of reference began with the works of Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell at the beginning of the 20th century. Frege introduced the concept of semantic reference, arguing that every word has its own referent in the world. Russell developed this idea by proposing a theory of descriptions, according to which words indicate objects by describing their characteristics. The works of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Donald Davidson played an important role in the further development of the theory of reference. Wittgenstein proposed the concept of language games, arguing that reference depends on the context and use of a word in a certain situation. Davidson developed the theory of truth, according to which reference is determined through the connection between language and the world. The pragmatic and cognitive aspects of research methodology are important for the successful conduct of scientific research. The referential nature of signs plays a key role in this process, ensuring effective presentation and communication of research results. The scientific novelty of the research lies in a comprehensive examination of the classical works of philosophers, semiotics and linguists, including Plato, Aristotle, Charles Pierce, Ferdinand de Saussure and Umberto Eco, on the theory of reference. One of the key concepts in the study of sign systems is referential. Referentiality allows to associate words with specific objects and understand their meaning. One of the most relevant areas of research in the field of reference is the study of ways in which linguistic units interact with the context and situation of communication. This allows for a deeper understanding of the processes of notation and interpretation in language, as well as the development of new theoretical models explaining these processes. Thus, scientific novelty in the study of the referentiality of signs continues to be relevant and important for the development of linguistics and related disciplines. The author's contribution in this area may lead to new discoveries and understanding of the mechanisms of linguistic communication.

Introduction of Fruit and Nut Crops in Medieval India

India grows a large variety of fruits and nuts (hard-shelled fruit or seed) which play an important role in the economy of the country. A large number of fruit and nut yielding species grown in India are introductions during the medieval period (1200-1800 A.D.) from foreign countries and centres of origin of cultivated plants. Some of these species introduced have been successful and later became important export crops such as cashewnut and groundnut. Much of the information on the early history of plant introduction is scattered in archaeological accounts, ethnographies, gazetteers and travelogues of several visitors and dignitaries to India, and in the classical works, memoirs and autobiographies of Moghul emperors published during the medieval period. The Present account deals with the introduction of fruit and nut crops in India during the medieval period. (1200-1800 A.D.). There is need for collaborative work between the plant systematist, horticulturist, linguist and biohistorian for compilation of an authenticated history of pomology and horticulture in India.

Psychoanalysis of the Psychoanalytic Frame Revisited: A New Look at José Bleger's Classic Work, edited by Carlos Moguillansky and Howard B. Levine, Routledge, Abingdon and New York, 2023, 166 pp.

Psychoanalysis of the Psychoanalytic Frame Revisited: A New Look at José Bleger's Classic Work, edited by Carlos Moguillansky and Howard B. Levine, Routledge, Abingdon and New York, 2023, 166 pp.

Unifying Historical-Research and Drama-Interpretation: A Methodological Exploration of Textile Historical Materials in Chinese Classical Dramatic Literature

This paper puts the relationship between textile phenomena and textile historical materials in Chinese classical dramatic literature under the perspective of literature, history and textiles, introduces the goal orientation of "unifying historical-research and drama-interpretation", explains the nature of textile phenomena in classical dramatic literature, and the process of obtaining textile historical materials, and discusses the mechanism of "multi-dimensional mutual reference" of textile historical materials. The methodology believes that based on the mechanism of textile historical materials in Chinese classical dramatic literature, the positive process is the historical interpretation of textile phenomena, while the reverse process is the literary evidence of textile historical facts. The corresponding logical system attempts to solve the problem of "why Chinese classical dramatic literature has become a historical database for Chinese ancient textile research", and is expected to summarize the common regulations of extracting and studying the historical materials of textiles in various types of classical literary works.

ANTHROPOMORPHISM IN THE TALE OF BAYAN BUDIMAN

This research analyzes the element of anthropomorphism in the classical Malay literary work entitled "The Tale of Bayan Budiman". Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human characteristics and behaviors to non-human entities, such as animals and natural phenomena. In this tale, the main character, a Bayan bird, is depicted as having the ability to speak, give advice, tell stories, and lead like a human. This research employs qualitative textual analysis methods to explore the representations of anthropomorphism in the narrative, dialogues, and descriptions of the text. The findings reveal that anthropomorphism is used to convey moral messages, stimulate the reader's imagination, and reflect the Malay worldview on the relationship between humans and nature. However, anthropomorphism can also obscure the essence and nature of different living beings, especially for child readers. This research contributes to the preservation of Malay literary heritage and provides a deeper understanding of the use of anthropomorphism in classical works

The Yogavāsiṣṭha and the Philosophy of the Absurd: A Hindu Response to the Heart’s Cry

In this article, I call attention to the Yogavāsiṣṭha’s depiction of Rāma’s existential crisis and Vasiṣṭha’s various methods for resolving it. However, I illuminate this crisis and Rāma’s lengthy monologue by turning to an altogether different frame of reference: Albert Camus’s philosophy of the absurd as developed in his absurd-oriented works, from The Myth of Sisyphus to The Rebel. Arguing that Rāma’s existential crisis is strongly reminiscent of Camus’s awakening to life’s absurdity, and that his monologue may be considered among the most successful meditations on this predicament, I examine not only Rāma’s quandary but also what the Yogavāsiṣṭha deems the ultimate response to it. In this way, I throw into sharp relief two contrasting responses to the absurd condition in human life that effectively challenge one another. Considering some of the Indian classical works, such as the Yogavāsiṣṭha, in this light suggests that they too acknowledge the absurd as their starting point and, at least to a certain extent, develop doctrines that aid their practitioners in facing it. Nevertheless, the Yogavāsiṣṭha also enables us to develop our thinking about absurdity and expand the discussion of constructive responses to the reality of the absurd.

Research on the Integration of Guzheng Performance and Music Aesthetic Principles

The purpose of this study is to explore the integration of guzheng performance and music aesthetics, and to reveal the unique status and value of guzheng art in modern music aesthetics. Through the method of literature analysis and theoretical discussion, this study first sorted out the historical development of guzheng performing art, and analyzed its aesthetic characteristics and evolution process in different historical periods. Then, the research deeply discusses the basic principles of music aesthetics, including formal beauty, emotional expression, cultural connotation and so on, combined with the specific practice of guzheng performance, analyzes its embodiment and application in music aesthetics. In the process of research, through the aesthetic analysis of the classical works of guzheng, it reveals the unique expression of guzheng music in the aspects of sound beauty, structural beauty and emotional beauty, and discusses how these aesthetic characteristics can be conveyed and sublimated through the performance art. The results show that the performance of guzheng is the display of musical skills, and the concrete practice and embodiment of the principles of musical aesthetics. Through its unique timbre, playing techniques and cultural connotation, guzheng music shows rich aesthetic value and can occupy an important position in the modern music aesthetic system. The research also points out that the aesthetic value of the performance art of guzheng lies in the inheritance of its traditional culture, and in its innovative application in modern music creation and performance. Through the integration of guzheng performance and music aesthetic principles, this study provides a new perspective and method for the theoretical research of guzheng art, and also provides theoretical support for the development and innovation of guzheng performing art.

Spanish Black Legend: its Origin, its Intention, and its Current Presence in Hispanic-Americans Cognitive System

Propaganda has been historically used for the benefit of certain social groups faced up to another. This propaganda is not always ethical at all. It is based on misconceptions, lies, and fallacies. We have analyzed (by using an experimental Psychology task) the presence and cognitive weight of certain mental footnotes and their influence on the Reasoning of Hispanic-Americans (Ecuadorian). These mental footnotes have been extracted from the classical work “A brief account of the destruction of the Indies” of Bartolomé de las Casas in 1552. The most relevant and significant finding of this study is the clear evidence that nowadays we can still find these historical falsehoods in the current cognitive system of Ecuadorian people which are product of a well-planned and maliciously orchestrated propaganda. We conclude that all the contents of the Spanish black legend are the consequences of the aspirations of some social sectors to boycott the Spanish culture.

Unsur Instrinsik Yang Terkandung dalam Cerita Swarga Rohana Parwa

The current state of Indonesian society is troubled by moral decline. This not only affects teenagers but also older people who can set an example of good behavior. A quality nation is a nation that is able to maintain its personality, provide moral education, exemplify the teachings of noble values to be preserved and developed in harmony with the progress of the times. One way is to explore and display the treasures stored in Old Javanese literary works. Based on the background above, the main problems can be raised, namely as follows: (1) What is the synopsis of the story Swarga Rohana Parwa? (2) What is the analysis of the intrinsic elements in the story Swarga Rohana Parwa? (3) What educational values are contained in the story Swarga Rohana Parwa. Swarga Rohana Parwa is one of the classic literary works in the Old Javanese language. This prose focuses on the process of human life after leaving the world based on the results of their actions.

Schematic narrative templates in national remembering

James V. Wertsch coined the concept of schematic narrative template in his Voices of Collective Remembering, which has become a classic work in memory studies. The central argument of this article is that the analytical power of the concept of schematic narrative template can be increased, and its methodological implications clarified, by making a distinction between plot structures, narrative schemata, and the practices of narrative production, dissemination, and consumption. The article demonstrates that these entities and their associated mechanisms and processes are different in kind and should therefore be studied by using different types of methods. Furthermore, the article elaborates on the cognitive aspects of Wertsch’s notion of schematic narrative template by distinguishing between the pattern completion and pattern matching functions of narrative schemata as well as between the cognitive processes of assimilation and accommodation of narrative schemata.

Research on Emotional Analysis and Emotional Color Extraction Algorithm of Chinese Language and Literature Based on Emotional Computing

In China, the emotional response of diverse cultural bearers, including literature, movies, and other media, frequently mirrors the country's cultural improvement. Consequently, emotional analysis of the text and paintings may be used to examine the cultural evolution, determine its growth dynamics, and sort out its context. The project aims to investigate how well sophisticated affective computing performs in identifying and analyzing the emotional aspects of traditional Chinese literature and language. The study selects the Double Channel based Self-organized Residual Network-50 V2 (DC-SoResNet 50V2) algorithm based on a combination of deep learning algorithms and further improving the (DC-SoResNet 50V2) algorithm using Emperor penguin Colony optimizer (EPCO). Moreover, the color image and text features from traditional Chinese literature are extracted using hummingbird-based term frequency-inverse document frequency (HB-TF-IDF) and Stochastic Color Harmony Algorithm (SCHA). Comparisons are made between the proposed and standard approaches using the training and test sets, respectively. The training time of the proposed approach is stable at around 25.1 s, while the test time is steady at about 18.5 s. The emotion identification accuracy of the proposed method achieved average of 99.11 and 99.23% in testing and training sets for the entire datasets, respectively. Comprehensive analysis of classic literary works can be possible with the help of this research, which offers fresh viewpoints and theoretical references.

The Reflection of Examples of Material Culture in the Classical Works of the Eastern-Islamic Renaissance on Archaeological Materials

The Islamic Renaissance achieved extraordinary successes in the social, political, economic and spiritual life of the eastern world. During this period, new works on a number of sciences were created, and cultural and aesthetic thought entered a new stage of development. Scientific discoveries and works of such geniuses as Fergani, Firdavsi, Nizami, Biruni, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Mahmud Kashgari, Ahmad Yasevi led to revolutionary changes in the development of human thought. The Renaissance also led to the transformation of various states of the East into centres of science and culture, including Azerbaijan, the cities of the Blue River, Khwarazm. This article examines the traces of archaeological and material-cultural monuments reflecting the ancient past of the peoples in the works of Renaissance classics and determines their place and importance in the development of scientific and cultural thought in the eastern world, in the establishment of relations of societies with different cultures. Descriptive and comparative methodology was used to achieve this goal. The original basis of the article is the works of the classics of the Eastern Islamic Renaissance.

Lost in translation

Abstract In 1959, Toufic Fahd – a professor of Arabic language, literature, and civilization – made a fortuitous discovery. During a visit to the University of Istanbul, while perusing the University’s library, Fahd stumbled upon an Arabic translation of a Greek work, namely the famous dream interpretation book of Artemidorus, known as the Oneirocritica. The original Greek text is fascinating as it stands as the sole surviving classical work on dream interpretation. The discovery of its later Arabic translation, however, is captivating in its own right. The context of this translation alone is of particular interest to any Islamic historian, having been initially commissioned during the height of the ʿAbbāsid Translation Movement and undertaken by the renowned translator, Ḥunayn Ibn ʾIsḥāq. The intention of the present paper is to compare these texts, highlighting intentional changes made to the content of the Greek work, specifically in instances related to mythology, sexuality, and cultural practices. These changes are noteworthy as they have rendered the Arabic translation as more of a work of interpretation itself, modifying the 2nd century AD Greek text to reflect the realities of its new religious and geographic setting in 9th century Baghdad.

Why Chinese “Society” is So Called: How Social and Managerial Discourse Caused the Choice of the Word at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

Introduction. The purpose of this article is to investigate the reasons for the choice of the term “shehui” to designate the concept of “society” in China at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The research novelty of the work is manifested in the complex analysis of social and managerial discourse of that time and in the identification of factors that influenced the terminological choice. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the necessity to understand the processes of formation of social sciences in China, which is important for the interpretation of modern socio-political processes in the country, including in the context of modern sociology of management. This is especially important for Russian sociology, since its area of interest includes the search for mutually beneficial strategies of interaction between Russian and Chinese societies. And this is impossible without studying China's approaches to managing the country's development processes, its internal and external social relations. Methodology and sources. The study applies a system-historical approach, as well as discursive, terminological, etymographic and factor analysis. The paper analyzes classical Chinese texts and works of Chinese enlighteners of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and also uses some materials collected by modern researchers, in particular, by N.M. Kalyuzhnaya. Results and discussion. The main results of the study were the identification and analysis of factors (including internal political, social, foreign policy and linguistic factors) that determined the social and managerial discourse of the period under study and the choice in favor of “shehui” among the main terms competing for the right to designate the concept of “society”. Author pointed out that the process of formation of social and managerial discourse was in line with the gradual decline in the influence of traditionalism and strengthening of the ideas of anti-monarchism, people's power and self-government. Conclusion. Author emphasized that the term “shehui” became one of the key terms in the social and managerial discourse of China at the turn of the century, reflecting global socio[1]political trends. The choice of this term is the result of a complex interaction of various factors in the formation of discursive practices, which themselves were further modified under the influence of the term and its derivatives.

Solidarization of Russian Society: a Historiographical Analysis

Introduction. At present the relevance of the problem of solidarity of Russian society is associated with the attempts of the countries of the Greater West to solve accumulated problems through building an image of the enemy, which makes it possible to consolidate national economies and effectively fight opposition forces within the country. In modern Russian philosophy, a number of approaches to developing the concept of solidarity of Russian society have developed. Despite this, many aspects of this problem still remain insufficiently studied. Thus, this study analyzes various approaches to defining the solidarity of society, which were formed in Russian philosophy; identifies the essential properties of solidarity, and substantiates the thesis about the need to form new tools and mechanisms of social order that will allow for the solidarity of society. The purpose of the presented research is a historiographic analysis of the concept of solidarity in relation to Russian reality. Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of this study is the principle of unity of the historical and logical, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis. There were used as sources the works of classics of Russian philosophical thought who developed the concept of solidarity (I.S. Aksakov, N.Ya. Danilevsky, etc.), as well as the works of modern Russian thinkers, such as Yu.V. Shkudunova, A.A. Efanov, allowing to identify the main aspects of the problem of solidarity of Russian society. Results and discussion. The authors of this article conducted a historiographical analysis of the concept of “solidarization”. During the analysis, the main essential properties of solidarity were identified, such as procedurality, value orientation, ideology, and complexity. The relevance of the traditions of Russian religious philosophy for the development of the problem of solidarity is also shown. The authors consider the solidarity of society as a set of political, economic and sociocultural processes aimed at uniting society around an integral system of values expressed by a single social ideology. Conclusion. The modern world is in a phase of political turbulence, which has a direct impact on all fundamental aspects of society. Their impact can be seen especially clearly in the example of Russian reality. In these conditions, the survival of Russia depends on the degree of unity of society as a guarantee of national security.

A CLINICAL STUDY ON THE SAMUDRASAUVARCHALADI VARTI IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NADIVRANA W.S.R. PILONIDAL SINUS

The term Nadi implies the tube-like structures, and the Nadivrana is treated as a sinus. Sinus is a Latin word which means tract. In Ayurveda, this track is called Gati. That entails a lot of pus invasion and a lot of borrow-ing. Nadivrana, or sinus, is classified as a non-healthy ulcer. The sinus is defined as a blind tract that runs from the surface into the tissue and is lined by either granulation tissue or epithelium. The presence of a foreign body (hair follicles, suturing materials, etc.), non-dependent drainage, and infection all contribute to its persistence. Suppose a person ignores an abscess or swelling in its fully suppurated stage, whether doubtful of its condition-ing or even if they neglect to open a fully suppurated abscess. In that case, the pus burrows into the affected part. An abscess or swelling is named Gati Vrana because of the heavy infiltration of pus, and Nadivrana be-cause of many recesses or cavities in its interior. There are five varieties of Nadivrana (sinus): Vata-ja,Pittaja,Kaphaja,Tridoshaja, and Shalyaja. Because of its non-healing quality, Nadivrana is classified as dustha vrana in classical works. The pilonidal sinus is a small tract extending from a skin opening in or near the cleft.[1] Because of its non-healing quality Nadivrana is classifiedas dustha vrana in classical works. The pi-lonidal sinus is a small tract that leads from a skin opening in or near the cleft at the top of the buttocks and con-tains hairs (Pilo-prefix meaning hair-Oxford dictionary). Pilonidal sinus was most common throughout the third decade. It affects men more than women, with a roughly 6:1 male-to-female ratio. There is no therapeutic thera-py for Nadivrana in modern science [2].

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