Distribution Of Working Time Research Articles

An empirical study of users as application developers

A study was conducted in ten organizations of 272 non-DP professionals (“users”) who develop their own administrative computer-based applications. The data are used to create taxonomies of such users and of the applications they develop. Findings concerning the distribution of work time, application development time, relative advantages and disadvantages of user developed applications, and other factors are summarized. Evaluations of user developed applications activity by both users and DP managers are reported, and users' perceptions of importance and satisfaction with 18 different factors related to this activity are analyzed.

Adapting Working Hours to Modern Needs

Over the past two decades standard hours of work have been progressively reduced in industrialised countries. At the same time, improved education and living standards have led to more widespread concern with the quality of life among those working in big cities, and more recently there have been new developments in the distribution of working hours over the week and year. This had led to discussion of the wider question of flexibility in the lifetime distribution of working time. This report is intended only as an outline of new trends in the pattern of working time that have emerged in industrialised market‐economy countries, for readers with a general interest in present‐day labour problems.

The location of variable work stations and the performance of production flow lines

The effect of imbalance in the variability of station work-time distributions is considered. The effect of buffer capacity, service-time variability and the order of constant and variable work stations on output efficiency and average idle time is examined.

Simulation studies of conveyor-paced assembly lines with buffer capacity

Abstract A simulation, model has been developed to describe an assembly line where items are removed from a conveyor belt for processing and returned for transportation to subsequent work stations. Output characteristics are presented for the case where operator's work-time distributions can be approximated to a normal curve, and the analysis is made so as to generalize the results over a useful range of tolerance, feed interval and mean service times. In particular, the effect of buffer capacity on line performance, and its relevance to tolerance time, is studied. The work is extended to cover carousel-type systems and the case where items are moved on discrete load-bearing fixtures, e.g. hooks. Some interesting anomalies arise with respect to the hook-type conveyor belt arrangement. Hook-type flowlines differ markedly in their behaviour according to whether buffer capacity is provided or not. The nature of these operating characteristics is discussed in terms of the influence of tolerance time, buffer c...

Prediction of the Suitability of the Weather Conditions for External Painting: A painting weather map

A statistical study was made of weather records from four sites, Prestwick, London (Heathrow), Manchester (Ring way) and Cardiff (Rhoose) for the period 1959–68, to determine the distribution of normal working time that was judged unsuitable for painting, according to B.S. Codes of Practice. The results show the expected seasonal bias with frequent unsatisfactory days in November to March. There were large variations between sites, Cardiff being markedly worst, and between individual years. It is suggested that studies of this kind could form the basis for fixing lost time premiums on the cost of winter painting contracts.

The distribution of faculty work time

The distribution of faculty work time

PACING EFFECTS ON MANNED ASSEMBLY LINES

SUMMARY A computer simulation of an assembly line enforcing pacing on manned sequential stations indicates that unpaced station operations are superior to paced. Using the variability and work-time distribution of operator performance on repetitive tasks, a number of studies were carried out which show that an assembly line cannot perform at maximum efficiency (in terms of operator idle time and units completed) unless queues are provided before each work station. Studies of various station speed configurations indicate that the generally preferred configuration is Fast-Medium-Slow (short-medium-long cycle time) and that there is little difference among various configurations when the inter-arrival time is larger than any of the operator mean cycle times.

筋肉労働による身体的負荷の評価と特性分析

1. We discussed methodologically the practical procedure to estimate and analyse qualitatively the physical load by heavy muscular labor. 2. From the view-point of medical practice in industrial health, we originated several new methods which were probably useful for analysis of the physical load by muscular labor. These methods were as follows: a) the graph showing work time distribution regarding the heaviness of muscular labor b) the original method to indicate the physiological characteristic of hot work environment c) the partitive estimate of heat balance at heavy work in hot environment d) Q-T index, an integrating value of heat storage. 3. Our labor investigations with several inportant jobs in iron works were carried out in suchs steps as follows: a) survey of working condition b) physiological study of physical effect by muscular labor c) diagnosis of "fatigue type" d) planning for improvement of working condition. 4. Two cases of our investigations on muscular labor were briefly stated. The one was a fatigue study on steel plate making job, and the another was a comparative observation on steel plate making and crane operating jobs with special reference to their qualitative difference.