Distribution Of Working Time Research Articles

Penjadwalan Waktu Istirahat Optimal Untuk Mengurangi Risiko Musculoskeletal Disorders Berdasarkan OCRA Index

Repetitive tasks carried out by workers of packaging department of mineral water company led to some complaints of pain and fatigue on a particular body part of the workers, especially on their upper body part. This study aims to determine risk level of musculoskeletal disorders with OCRA index and provides optimal break schedule to reduce the risk level. Based on calculations using the OCRA index method, it is found that risk of injury to the workers were medium with high level of risk. Despite small workload of the operators, this may be caused by poor distribution of rest periods and lengthy working time for highly repetitive tasks. Improvement proposed in this study is type of work-compliant break time allocation. Optimal scheduling of which main objective is optimal break time is eventually obtained by applying enumeration algorithm with integer linear programming model. Based on OCRA index after improvement, it is clear that the proposal decreases the risk level of the workers.

Stepping outside the circle: the ecological promise of shorter working hours

ABSTRACTThe post-work thinkers of the twenty-first century represent a valuable if often neglected critical resource. These authors imagined a social alternative in which work would no longer be a main source of income, social rights and belonging. In their putative post-work future, modern advancements in production technologies, combined with a more equal social distribution of working time, would allow everybody to enjoy more free time and lead more autonomous, less work-centred lives. This article examines the significance of post-work thought to ecological debates, suggesting that shorter working hours could form a key component of a less commodity intensive mode of social development. The article also suggests that shorter working hours could be crucial for allowing people to develop more sustainable practices and, in the process, discover new and more sublime pleasures, of the kind that can only be experienced with a wealth of free time.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHIUNDERREPORTING OF TIME

This research examined the influenced of time pressure, audit risk, materiality, locus of control, and turnover intention to underreporting of time. Respondent in this research were the auditors who worked at Public Accounting Firm in DKI Jakarta. The respondences of this research were 120 auditors from 25 Public Accounting Firm. The sampling method in this research was purposive sampling method, while the data analysis method used multiple regression analysis. These result that time pressure, audit risk, and materiality had influence to underreporting of time. Locus of control and turnover intention had no influence to underreporting of time. Therefore, distribution of working time, condusive working environment, close supervision in field work, familial attachment auditor and auditor’s prosperity need to be done in order to avoid audit reporting practice prior to the specified reporting period or underreporting of time. DOI: 10.15408/ess.v4i3.2433

Cross-University Mobility of University Teaching Staff in Russia

We investigate into cross-university academic mobility, which implies working for more than one university over a teaching career. Judging by available research results, mobility affects positively the academic system as a whole, although its correlation with personal teacher characteristics differs from country to country. According to the Changing Academic Profession survey conducted using the same methodology in 19 countries of the world in 2007–2009 and in Russia in 2012, we analyze the correlation of cross-university academic mobility with publication activity, working time distribution and professional communication of the academic staff. We demonstrate that the level of cross-university staff mobility was extremely low in the early 2010s, which was considered normal by the academic community though. Under such conditions, almost no significant correlations were found between mobility and professional activity characteristics of instructors (productivity, time distribution and collaboration with colleagues), the latter being more or less the same for both mobile and non-mobile staff members.

Analysis of Discrete-time queues with correlated arrivals, negative customers and server interruption

This paper analysis a discrete time infinite capacity queueing system with correlated arrival and negative customers served by two state Markovian server. Positive customers are generated according to the first order Markovian arrival process with geometrically distributed lengths of On periods and Off periods. Further, the geometrically distributed arrival of negative customer removes the positive customers is any, and has no effect when the system is empty. The server state is a two state Markov chain which alternate between Good and Bad states with geometrically distributed service times. Closed-form expressions for mean queue length, unfinished work and sojourn time distributions are obtained. Numerical illustrations are also presented.

WORK SHIFT, SLEEP DISORDERS AND LOSS OF WORK IN WOMEN'S NURSES

Nurse woman with married status that should work with the shift mechanism, will receive an additional burden in the form of physical and mental fatigue due to the disruption caused by the need for sleep. Women also have a tendency prone to fatigue. When working in a state of fatigue, workers will tend to make mistakes and the risk of accidents. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between shift work and sleep disorder, shift work and fatigue. And than to determine the correlation between sleep disorders and fatigue.
 This study uses an analytical observational study with cross sectional design. Location of the study in class III inpatient wards Hospital Dr. Soedarso Pontianak. The subjects of the study of female nurses with married status, taken by purposive sampling. Test used is the Pearson correlation and One Way Anova.
 The results showed that (1) there is a relationship between shift work and sleep disorder female nurses; (2) there is a difference between the levels of sleep disturbance morning shift, day shift / evening and night shift; (3) there is a relationship between shift work and fatigue in nurses working women; (4) there is a difference between the level of job burnout morning shift, day shift / evening and night shift; (5) there is a very strong relationship between sleep disorder and fatigue female nurses.
 It is recommended to the hospital management to rethink the distribution of working time (duration of work) on each shift to be more proportionate to the terms and continue to improve the power of K3 in the hospital environment

A constraint programming-based approach to the crew scheduling problem of the Taipei mass rapid transit system

This paper addresses the crew scheduling problem for a mass rapid transit (MRT) system. The problem is to find a minimum number of duties to cover all tasks while satisfying all the hard and soft scheduling rules. Such rules are complicated in real-world operations and difficult to follow through optimization methods alone. In this paper, we propose a constraint programming (CP)-based approach to solve the problem. The approach involves a CP model for duty generation, a set covering problem model for duty optimization, and alternative ways to identify the final solution in different situations. We applied the proposed CP-based approach to solve a case problem for the Taipei MRT. Case application results using real-world data showed that our approach is capable of reducing the number of daily duties from 58 to 55 and achieving a 5.2 % savings in labor costs. We also incorporated the soft rule considerations into the CP model in order to generate alternative optimum solutions that would improve the workload balance. The coefficient of variation of the work time distribution improves significantly, falling from 21 % to approximately 5 %. Given the CP model’s comprehensive coverage of various scheduling rules, our proposed approach and models would also be applicable to other MRT systems.

Follow-up study: on the working time budget of a university teacher. 45 years self-observation

Results from self-observation of the working time distribution of a university teacher for a period of 45 years (starting from the very beginning of his carrier till two years after retirement) are reported classified in (i) teaching; (ii) scientific; (iii) administrative, organizational, technical; (iv) social/other activities. For the whole period, the teaching take 19 %, scientific work--22 % and various kinds of administrative, organizational and technical activities--52 % of the overall working time. The latter varies within the limits of 6.1---14.5 h per calendar day (mean values for an year) and in average is 10 h per calendar day for the entire 45-years-period. The changes of the working time distribution and the working day duration during the years are shown. The time consumed in fulfillment of obligations as head of research institution and of university units is revealed. The data are accompanied with information for the growth of the scientific production of the observed person. It is appeared that the latter as well as the growth of the citations of his papers can be depicted by the well known exponential law describing the accelerated development of the science.

Development of three-dimensional shoulder kinematic and electromyographic exposure variation analysis methodology in violin musicians

A total of 11 male and 19 female violinists performed 30-second random-ordered slow and fast musical repertoire while right shoulder three-dimensional kinematic, and upper trapezius and serratus anterior surface electromyography (EMG) data were summarised using exposure variation analysis (EVA), a bivariate distribution of work time spent at categories of signal amplitude, and duration spent at a fixed category of amplitude. Sixty-two per cent of intraclass correlation coefficients [1,1] for all kinematic and EMG variables exceeded 0.75, and 40% of standard error of the measurement results were below 5%, confirming EVA reliability. When fast repertoire was played, increases in odds ratios in short duration cells were seen in 23 of 24 possible instances, and decreases in longer duration cells were seen in 17 instances in all EVA arrays using multinomial logistic regression with random effects, confirming a shift towards shorter duration. A reliable technique to assess right shoulder kinematic and EMG exposure in violinists was identified.

Where, When and What? A Time Study of Surgeons' Work in Urology

IntroductionStaff time is a relevant resource in the delivery of health care interventions. Its measurement is a prerequisite for unit costing but usually complex. The aim of this study was to analyse the distribution of surgeons' work time among types and places of activities. A second aim was to use these data to calculate costs per unit of output.MethodsA self-reporting work sampling study was carried out at a department of Urology. All of twelve surgeons involved in clinical care participated in a two-week analysis of their work time.ResultsA total of 2,485 data-points were collected, representing about 1,242 hours of work time. Surgeons spent the greater part of their work time in direct patient care, but substantial shares were required for documentation and organisation. Assistants were mainly required at the wards and consultants at the operating theatre and the outpatient unit. Staff costs of surgeons were 32 € and 29 € per patient day at the wards, respectively, 1.30 € per minute at the operating theatre and 32 € per visit at the outpatient unit.ConclusionResults provided a basis for costing of health care interventions at the study site. However, future research should focus on the establishment of standardised terminology in order to increase transferability of results.

Comparative study of the Risutec Automatic Plant Container (APC) and Bracke planting devices

The productivity of mechanized planting could be increased by minimizing the time spent manually reloading seedling cassettes. This study compared the work-time distribution, productivity and quality of the prototype Risutec APC fitted with an automatic feeding system and the commonly-used and manually-loaded Bracke P11.a. An approach of comparative time study was employed that compared performance of two operators using both machines in four sites where slash and stumps had been removed. Operating costs were estimated and compared for these two machines and an idealized machine with automatic feeding system (referred as AUT). AUT was assumed to be similar to the Bracke planting machine with the only difference being in automatic feeding. Productivity of the Risutec APC (196 seedlings per productive work hour [pl PWh]) was lower than that of Bracke (244 pl PWh), making the unit cost 35.7% higher. A large portion (17.6%) of the productive work time of Risutec APC was interrupted by malfunctions, so it cannot be considered robust and reliable yet. Quality of the planting work was reasonable for both machines. The results suggest that an idealized AUT could increase planting capacity (hectares per year [ha yr]) by 15.4% and lower the unit cost (Euro per seedling [€ pl]) by 4.7% compared to today’s machines. The importance of an automated feeding system increases with planting efficiency because relatively more time is spent reloading seedlings. Proper automatic feeding system could offer a cost-effective solution and could enhance productivity, but the Risutec APC has yet to meet the technical and economic standards required to be competitive.0–10–1–1–1

Optimal working time distribution and routing for autonomous tractors based on heuristic algorithms

We consider the operation planning problem for autonomous tractors serving spatially distributed objects (farms). The working time distribution and routing are optimized in the sense of non-working time minimization. Task controller performs control within the framework of the information system on a farm. Two heuristic algorithms based on the continuoustime knapsack problem are described. A constraint on route duration is taken into account. Operation of the algorithms is illustrated by numerical examples.

Poverty and intra-household distribution of work time in Turkey: Analysis and some policy implications

Inequalities in work time might provide important insights on how poverty is experienced by people. Despite the growing body of literature on poverty and intra-household allocation of resources in Turkey, the linkages between poverty and inequalities in time use have not been studied empirically using nationwide data. We look at how distribution of paid and unpaid work burden differs between households of different income levels using the first and the single national time use survey in Turkey. Our results reveal one hidden dimension of poverty; a time deficit alongside the more obvious income deficit. We also find that the effects of time poverty are felt more severely by women, given the already uneven distribution of unpaid work within the Turkish household. We conclude that social policies targeting not only income but also time poverty, like provision of public care services for children and elderly, may have a double effect by relieving unpaid time burden of women and increasing female labor market participation, and therefore, increasing household income further.

Work schedules, sleep, fatigue, and accidents in the US railroad industry

Objective: The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive description of fatigue in US railroad workers employed in safety-sensitive positions. Methods: Five survey studies were conducted between 2006 and 2011 on maintenance of way employees, signalmen, dispatchers, train & engine (T&E) employees, and T&E employees engaged in passenger service. These studies were reanalyzed and compared with regard to work schedules and sleep patterns. Fatigue exposure was determined by analysis of work schedules and sleep patterns with a fatigue model, the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST). Results: Twelve different schedules of work exist in the five groups of railroad employees. Work schedules largely determine sleep patterns, which, in turn, determine fatigue exposure. T&E crews and dispatchers have the highest fatigue exposure, but these two groups have considerably less fatigue exposure than T&E crews who were involved in accidents. Passenger service T&E employees have the least fatigue exposure, even though the distribution of work time is highly similar to that of T&E employees. This difference in fatigue exposure may be due to the greater predictability of work for the passenger service T&E. Human factor accident probability and the cost of human factor accidents increase with fatigue exposure. The risk (probability × cost) of a human factor accident increases exponentially with fatigue exposure. Conclusions: A methodology has been developed for studying the work schedules and sleep patterns of railroad workers. This methodology allows for the collection of data which makes it possible to identify differences in sleep patterns as a function of both work group and work schedule. Future work on fatigue in occupational groups should focus on similar methods to expand our knowledge of the role of work schedules on sleep, fatigue, and accident risk.

Career goals of trainee physicians in internal medicine.

To survey Internal Medicine trainees' future career choices and factors influencing their decision-making. Cross-sectional study. The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from November 2006 to January 2007. A standard questionnaire was administered to the residents and Interns working in the Department of Internal Medicine of The Aga Khan University Hospital. The questionnaire covered demographic details, specialty choice, work-time distribution and factors influencing career choice. Descriptive statistics were applied. A total of 49 doctors participated with 57% females; and 43% males, having 33% interns and 67% residents. A minority (22%) opted for internal medicine, while 78% selected sub-specialties with cardiology (20%) being the most sought- after sub-specialty. Majority (69%) wanted to spend more time in clinical activities compared to administration (18%) or research (13%). Majority (92%) wanted to work in an academic setting. Availability of a structured training program (61%), ability to practice broad area of medicine (41%) and prestige of the specialty (41%) highly influenced their career choices. Forty one (82%) wanted to proceed abroad for further training and 80% wanted to eventually practice in Pakistan. Most of the interviewed under-training physicians wanted to pursue sub-specialty. Clinical work was more attractive compared to research. A structured training program was detrimental in affecting their choices. Majority wanted further training abroad but eventual settlement in Pakistan. The study results can help us create the basis for reforming the current training programs.

Revisiting the gap between stylized and diary estimates of market work time

Previous studies find that workers of longer work weeks report more market hours in stylized measure than in time diary, while those of shorter work weeks report fewer hours. Using data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) 2003–2007, this paper attempts to explain this dilemma. I argue that market work time is composed of activity time, committed time, and constrained time. Thus, part of the difference found between the two estimates is due to the calculation of the diary estimate. I also argue that the wording of the stylized question is consequential. Some stylized questions (e.g., How many hours per week do you usually work?) might capture the mode, instead of the mean, of work time. Thus, when the distribution of work time is skewed, the mismatch between the two estimates is expected. A sequence-based identification for diary estimate and a non-parametric adjustment for stylized estimate are proposed and empirically examined. The result indicates that both methods significantly reduce the observed gap between the two estimates. I discuss the implications for future time use survey design in the concluding section.

An adaptive hierarchical master–worker (AHMW) framework for grids—Application to B&B algorithms

Well-suited to embarrassingly parallel applications, the master–worker (MW) paradigm has largely and successfully used in parallel distributed computing. Nevertheless, such a paradigm is very limited in scalability in large computational grids. A natural way to improve the scalability is to add a layer of masters between the master and the workers making a hierarchical MW (HMW). In most existing HMW frameworks and algorithms, only a single layer of masters is used, the hierarchy is statically built and the granularity of tasks is fixed. Such frameworks and algorithms are not adapted to grids which are volatile, heterogeneous and large scale environments. In this paper, we revisit the HMW paradigm to match such characteristics of grids. We propose a new dynamic adaptive multi-layer hierarchical MW ( AHMW) dealing with the scalability, volatility and heterogeneity issues. The construction and deployment of the hierarchy and the task management (deployment, decomposition of work, distribution of tasks, … ) are performed in a dynamic collaborative distributed way. The framework has been applied to the parallel Branch and Bound algorithm and experimented on the Flow-Shop scheduling problem. The implementation has been performed using the ProActive grid middleware and the large experiments have been conducted using about 2000 processors from the Grid’5000 French nation-wide grid infrastructure. The results demonstrate the high scalability of the proposed approach and its efficiency in terms of deployment cost, decomposition and distribution of work and exploration time. The results show that AHMW outperforms HMW and MW in scalability and efficiency in terms of deployment and exploration time.

돌수로공의 작업시간 및 작업자세 분석에 관한 연구

In forest work, working conditions are very hard to improve. The proper distribution of work time and good posture is believed to bring about direct improvements such as accident prevention. On this, this study has analyzed forest workers’ posture and their working hours in order to improve their working conditions in stone channel work. Authors has chosen several core elements of stone channel work to focus on, which include stone masonry, excavation of bed, moving stone, directing work, choosing stone, and breaking stone. The ratio of real working time over total working time was shown as 84.6%. As for the time ratio of each elemental work over the real working time, the stone masonry was 60.4%, the directing work was 15.1%, moving stone was 12.1%, choosing stone was 7.1%, breaking stone was 3.3%, and excavation of bed was 2.0%. According to the analytical results provided by OWAS, the ratio of category Ⅲ (Work posture has a distinctly harmful effect on the musculoskeletal system) has shown that moving stone turned out 65.2%, choosing stone was 61.5%, stone masonry was 46.1%, breaking stone was 14.3%, excavation of bed was 12.5% and directing work was 6.8%. Furthermore, the ratio of category Ⅳ (Work posture with an extremely harmful effect on the musculoskeletal system) has shown that excavation of bed turned out 37.5%, breaking stone was 28.6%, stone masonry was 27.3%, choosing stone was 7.7%, moving stone was 6.1% and directing working was 4.5%. These results are expected to be utilized for the improvement with respect to both working methods in the stone channel work and the workers’ working posture.

Investigation and analysis of nurse' s worktime and walk miles in a hospital

Objective To measure nurses' work time distribution in direct nursing, indirect nursing, non-nursing activity and personal activity and effective work hour and walk miles. Methods Observers recorded nurses' work time cost on each activity and walk miles by one-to-one following-up at Department of Gastroenterology and General Surgery in a Grade-A hospital. Results Direct nursing time made up 35. 75 % , indirect time 53. 19 % , non-nursing activity 0. 49 % ; personal activity 10. 56 %. The effective working time among day work nurses was 6.80 and 6.28 in the two Department respectively, while 6. 10 and 5.36 among shift nurses. An average walk miles were about 4. 36 km/d/nurse, 4. 64 km among day work nurses and 3. 67 km among night work nurses. Conclusions Indirect nursing cost too much time while some very important direct nursing items cost too little time. Nurses' actual effective work-hour is higher than the standard one. Nurses' walk miles are positively correlated with workload. Hospital should dynamically deploy nursing human resource according to all kinds of criterion and nosocomial practice. In the meantime, long effective mechanism should be established to ensure that patients can obtain suitable nursing without waste of manpower. Key words: Nursing activities; Time distribution; Work-hour measurement; Nursing human resource

Replanning working time under annualised working hours

Using annualised hours (i.e., distributing working hours irregularly over a year) grants a company the flexibility needed to meet the seasonal nature of demand. Since annualised hours can lead to a worsening of the staff's working conditions, many laws and collective bargaining agreements contain constraints that affect the distribution of working time. In the past few years, efforts have been made to develop methods for optimally solving planning problems involving annualised working hours. However, to our knowledge, the problem of replanning work time with annualised working hours has not been addressed in the literature. Herein, we explore different ways of achieving said replanning, using mixed-integer linear programming models. Two main objectives are considered: the cost of the new plan and the stability of the scheduling of workers’ working time. Solving the models for various scenarios yields the quantitative information that is needed to replan an annualised hours system.