Work In Rural Areas Research Articles

Подходы по повышению эффективности мер социальной поддержки, оказываемых молодым специалистам и выпускникам организаций медицинского образования. Аналитический обзор для формирования политики

What is the problem? • Imperfection of the regulatory legal framework for the provision of various measures of social support to young specialists, graduates of medical education and science organizations of the Republic of Kazakhstan and, accordingly, a low level of travel and employment of young specialists at the place of their personal distribution. • Lack of transparency and insufficient efficiency of the distribution mechanism and provided measures of social support for young specialists, university graduates at the republican and regional levels. • Low motivation and satisfaction of medical workers, including young professionals, arriving to work in rural areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Policy options Variant of politics 1. Perfection of normative legal base, qualificatory effective measures on social support of young specialists, graduating students of medical Institutions of higher learning. Variant of politics 2. Цифровизация and automation of distribution of young specialists, graduating students of organizations of education and science mechanism, and also the measures of social support rendered to them for an openness and transparency of process on the platform of www.enbek.kz. Variant of politics 3. Development and implementation of a separate section on employment and social support measures in the Concept for the Development of Rural Medicine, taking into account the existing domestic and international experience. Vision for implementing policy options. Estimating possibility of introduction of the offered variants of politics taking into account present barriers and possibilities, we come to the conclusion, that all three variants of politics complement each other. However, taking into account distinctions of variants in the orientation of actions, used resources and methods, more substantial achievement of aim of increase of efficiency of the measures of social support, rendered to the graduating students of organizations of medical education and science, these variants of politics can give during their сочетанной realization.

Формирование и деятельность трудовых дружин в Российской империи в годы Первой мировой войны

The history of the creation and activity of student labor brigades on the territory of the Russian Empire is considered. They were supposed to replace men in peasant farms who had been mobilized into the ranks of the army. By the early 20th century, the agrarian Russian Empire was characterized by an excess of workers in the countryside, since a significant part of the country’s population lived in the countryside. The ruling circles of both Russia and the European powers were confident in the “inexhaustibility” of the human resources of the Russian state. However, al-ready in the summer and autumn of 1914, a shortage of workers in rural areas began to be felt. With the subsequent mobilizations, the situation only worsened. In response to the problem, the tsarist government asked the local authorities to help the families of the mobilized lower ranks in harvesting and sowing fields. We use materials from periodicals and primary materials deposited in the archives of the cities of the Central Black Earth region about student labor brigades of the Voronezh, Kursk and Oryol Governorates. We also use information on other regions of the Rus-sian Empire. It is assumed that labor brigades arose on a private initiative as one of the forms of mobilization of labor resources in conditions caused by a shortage of workers. Later, the initiative of educational institutions of the Minsk province received state support.

Production, Recruitment, and Retention of Health Workers in Rural Areas in the Philippines

Objective. This study aimed to examine capacities and initiatives of the local government units (LGUs) in the Philippines in producing, recruiting and retaining human resources for health (HRH). Methods. This 2-phase, descriptive, cross-sectional study employed multiple methods such as key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) (for Phase 1) and surveys (for Phase 2) in rural municipalities across the country. Phase 1: We employed qualitative methods to develop a quantitative questionnaire in 22 purposefully selected municipalities. An exhaustive enumeration of responses from the guide questions of the FGDs and KIIs were then translated into a questionnaire. Phase 2: We administered the survey questionnaire from phase 1 to another 67 municipalities to obtain a greater representation of the intended study population as well as quantify results from the qualitative methods. We analyzed data with descriptive statistics. Results. Initiatives in HRH production were mainly on provision of scholarships. Active recruitment was not done due to lack of available pool of applicants, lack of vacant positions, financial constraints leading to utilization of deployment programs and temporary nature of employment. Recruitment was influenced by budgetary constraints, political biases, dependency on deployment programs and other hired temporary HRH, and set health worker-to-population ratios. Initiatives to retain HRH were largely financial in nature based on pertinent policies. The capacities of LGUs to produce, recruit, and retain needed HRH were strongly dependent on the internal revenue allotment (IRA), along with their local income. Conclusion. Rural municipalities in the Philippines have initiatives to produce, recruit, and retain HRH. However, these are not enough to meet the needed number of competent and highly motivated HRH that are expected to respond to the unique needs of the rural municipalities. Strategies to increase the capacity of LGUs, address the shortage of HRH, and increase motivation of HRH are recommended.

Self-reported vs RUCA rural-urban classification among North Carolina pharmacists.

Background:The various ways in which rurality is defined can have large-scale implications on the provision of healthcare services.Objective:The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between self-perceived urban-rural distinction and the United States (US) Census tract-based Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) scheme that defines rurality among pharmacists.Methods:This was a secondary analysis of data collected through a web-based survey of licensed pharmacists in North Carolina. Respondents self-reported their workplace settings, zip codes, and the pharmacy services offered in their place of work. Zip codes were replaced with the corresponding RUCA codes. The relationship between self-reported classification and RUCA codes was analyzed and a chi square test was performed to measure statistical significance.Results:Of the original survey, 584 participants reported their workplace zip code and 579 reported their workplace setting (urban, rural). A significant difference was found between pharmacists who self-reported working in rural areas and the RUCA classifications – 94 (56.6%) of the 166 participants who reported working in “rural” areas were considered “urban” according to RUCA.Conclusions:A significant discordance between pharmacists’ self-reported classification and the RUCA codes was found, with more respondents self-reporting their workplace area as “rural” as compared to the RUCA classification. Decision-makers examining the pharmacy workforce and pharmacy services should be aware of this discordance and its implications for resource allocation. We recommend the use of standardized metrics, when possible.

ЗОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ РЕГИОНА

The article evaluates the features of the demographic development of the rural population of the region, depending on the territorial location. As a result of the study, it was found that the rural population of the Saratov region for 1990-2020 decreased by 108.4 thousand people, for 2010-2020 the decline was 82.3 thousand people, of which 35.9 thousand people (11%) in the Right Bank, and 46.4 (14%) thousand people in the Left Bank. The population in 24 of the 38 districts of the region decreased by 20% from the level of 2010, in 7 by 20-29%, in 4 by 32-34%, and in suburban areas increased by 4-21%. As for the zonal features of demographic development, the population of the Western and Central right-bank microzones decreased by 21 and 18%, respectively, and the South-Eastern left-bank by 21%. As a result of the implementation of socio–demographic development programs, the rate of natural population decline in the region decreased from 7.5–7.6 ppm in 2000-2005 to 2.4 in 2014, but it was not possible to maintain the achieved results and, starting from 2015, the population decline increased from 4.5 ppm to 6.8 in 2018. The same trend is observed in terms of the population density of the region, for the period 1990-2020. it has decreased from 6.8 to 5.7 people per 1 sq. km, with a total area of the region of 100.8 thousand sq. km. Most of the rural residents (75%) live in 90% of the territory with a population density of less than 4.8 people per 1 sq. km. If the current trend of the demographic situation continues, in the near future the population density of less than 5 people per 1 sq. km will reach the entire territory of the region, with the exception of suburban areas. The analysis of the territorial features of the demographic development of rural territories of the region proved that it is necessary to form a new social paradigm for the development of rural territories, taking into account the zonal living conditions and economic activity. Its implementation requires the development of programs for the development of promising rural settlements that can become a center of social services to the population; assistance in the development of cooperation and non-agricultural types of employment; organization of work in rural areas based on remote access; implementation of recreational activities. This is especially relevant for the Left-bank districts, where half of the rural population of the region lives, which should be able to perform additional functions to solve the problems of retention and social control in sparsely populated border territories.

Views of Community on Social Responsibility of Companies Working in Rural Areas

Journal of Anthropology and Archaeology is a peer-reviewed international journal, which publishes original papers promoting theoretical, methodological and empirical developments in the discipline of socio-cultural anthropology.

УСЛОВИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНФРАСТРУКТУРЫ ПОТЕНЦИАЛА ЗДОРОВЬЯ НА СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the introduction of rural health care facilities in the social infrastructure of rural areas as an important condition for comprehensive development. The article presents materials of theoretical and empirical studies of state measures to support the development of social infrastructure in rural areas in the field of building the health potential of the rural population based on data from the program «Sustainable development of rural areas for 2014-2017 and for the period until 2020», reports on the implementation of the federal target programs and the Ministry of Health of Russia. The study presents an analysis of the state and commissioning of healthcare facilities in the countryside from 2010 to 2019. The dynamics of the number of hospital institutions in the countryside is analyzed according to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, their total input for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 2020 (cartogram). The dynamics of the number of outpatient polyclinic institutions (units and thousands per shift), the introduction of outpatient polyclinic institutions, visits per shift, as well as a cartogram for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the number and commissioning of outpatient polyclinic institutions serving rural residents are presented. The statistics of the number and commissioning of paramedic stations serving rural residents from 2004 to 2020 are considered. The main institutions for the development of rural health care after 2020 are considered. Two important blocks of state support for rural health care are considered: equipping rural settlements with high-quality medical care and the formation of medical personnel for work in rural areas, their problems are highlighted. The practical significance of the results obtained lies in the possibi- lity of using the analysis data for the construction of strategic documents for the development of rural health care.

Methodological analysis of the personnel training pedagogical space in the agro-industrial complex

The agro-industrial complex is undergoing changes, experiencing personnel shortage. The article presents the experience of analyzing the pedagogical space state of agricultural personnel training using the general scientific concept "space". The concept "pedagogical space" is based on the concept "teacher". The whole society as a self-developing and self-learning system is "pedagogical space" in which in the modern world there is a process associated with the formation of spiritual and moral values, principles and professional qualities of the individual. The social space of the agro-industrial complex coincides with the pedagogical space of agricultural personnel training. In the article the practice of functioning of agro-industrial complex in Russia is discussed, which reveals the problems of workers: a personnel shortage, training programs backlog from requirements to the specialists competence, the reluctance of those, who received and are receiving agricultural education to work in rural areas. The authors draw attention to the fact that the agro-industrial complex problems are always associated with more general society problems. Their analysis, in turn, entails the need to refer to the society as a whole, which leads to the consideration of other society subsystems. Referring to the concept "space" allows to enhance the effect of analyzing the problem.

Why do doctors work in rural areas in high-income countries? A qualitative systematic review of recruitment and retention.

To identify and assess the drivers and barriers to recruiting and retaining doctors in rural communities of high-income countries. A systematic review and thematic analysis. Publications were sourced from medical and scientific databases online. Qualitative, mixed-methods and review studies from peer-reviewed journals published since 2000 that discussed recruitment or retention of doctors to rural areas in high-income countries. Identification and assessment of themes in the literature pertaining to recruitment and retention of rural doctors. Recurrent themes were assessed for relevance and applicability to current rural shortages. A thematic analysis was completed on 41 papers assessed as in scope of the review. Papers were scrutinised for relevance to established rural recruitment and retention strategies. Key themes were rural background, education and training, personal and professional circumstances, and integration with the community. While rural origin has long been promoted as the key factor for recruiting rural doctors, initiatives targeting only these individuals ignore a potentially larger cohort of future rural doctors. Rurally focused medical education and training need to encompass students and doctors from all backgrounds. The major barriers to rural recruitment are family-unit considerations for partners and children, concerns over isolation and a poor perception of rural practice. Attracting doctors to practise rurally is only half the challenge however, and strategies to retain rural doctors need a greater focus on personal and professional support networks and community integration. Additional strategies are needed to retain international and bonded doctors restricted to rural areas.

El derecho humano al agua en España en el contexto europeo (2010-2020). Implicaciones para las políticas y los modelos de gestión del ciclo urbano

El derecho humano al abastecimiento y al saneamiento (DHAS) constituye hoy en España y en Europa la bandera de un movimiento que se articula en torno al concepto del agua como bien común y que se orienta al objetivo de construir un modelo de gestión pública participativa y transparente. La materialización efectiva del DHAS se relaciona discursivamente con la titularidad pública o privada de los operadores de los servicios urbanos de agua, lo que ha contribuido a la reactivación de los debates sobre la necesidad de conservar o recuperar el carácter público de estos servicios, y sobre la necesidad de generar marcos jurídicos que garanticen políticas de democracia local efectiva. A esta dimensión sociopolítica, se añade otra característica: el movimiento del DHAS en España sintoniza en discurso y articulación organizativa con las perspectivas socio-eco-integradoras de la gestión del agua como recurso natural, de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Ésta es una cualidad importante y en cierta manera distintiva de la experiencia española, que contrasta con los desencuentros y conflictos que frecuentemente caracterizan a las perspectivas social y ambiental en los movimientos de defensa del agua, y en general de los recursos naturales. Complementariamente a lo anterior, este artículo presenta un nuevo enfoque de la tipología de pobrezas hídricas. La reciente recepción del DHAS en los países europeos se ha focalizado especialmente en la asequibilidad (prohibición de cortes, garantía del mínimo vital, tarifas sociales) y en las implicaciones para la gobernanza (transparencia, rendición de cuentas) y el modelo de gestión (publico versus privado). No obstante, a lo largo de la investigación que se presenta, se ha constatado que la accesibilidad sigue siendo un problema significativo en ciertas regiones europeas, relacionado especialmente con la existencia de asentamientos marginales, chabolismo, personas sin hogar o trabajadores temporeros inmigrantes en áreas rurales. Finalmente, este artículo aborda la cuestión de la regulación legal del derecho humano al agua en España, analizando las claves de este proceso y presentando las últimas propuestas del movimiento del DHAS en el que sus autores conceptualmente se sitúan. Desde un punto de vista teórico (ecología política urbana) y metodológico (investigación-acción participativa transdisciplinar), el artículo se ha desarrollado en el doble marco en el que los autores se desenvuelven. Por una parte, el grupo de trabajo de ciclo urbano del agua de la Fundación Nueva Cultura de Agua (https://fnca.eu/oppa/ciclo-urbano-del-agua); y, por otra, la Red de Excelencia de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación sobre pobreza hídrica (WAPONET, CSO2017-90702-REDT, https://waponet.org/approach/).

Sistem Pakar Menggunakan Metode Certainty Factor untuk Mengidentifikasi Penyakit pada Hewan Peliharaan

Large domesticated types of ruminants such as goats, buffalo and cows are animals that are commonly kept and used as food sources and as assistants to human work in rural areas. Knowledge about pets, especially animal health, is something owners really need to keep their pets healthy. The owner's lack of knowledge about diseases and early handling of diseases in pets and the difficulty of seeing a veterinarian in urgent situations prevent pets from getting proper first aid. This study aims to identify the types of diseases suffered by pets based on the symptoms experienced by pets precisely. The method used is themethod Certainty Factor to accommodate the uncertainty of an expert's thinking on 12 diseases and 47 disease symptoms in pets. The results of this study can identify diseases in pets and produce certainty values ​​for the types of diseases in the form of diseases suffered by pets. So that this research can be a reference in identifying diseases in pets and providing knowledge to owners about first aid and disease management in pets.

Current status of family medicine in Kenya; family physicians' perception of their role.

BackgroundFamily medicine (FM) was introduced in Kenya in 2005. Up to date (August 2019), 42 family physicians have graduated from Kenyan Universities.AimThe aim of the study was to establish the current state of FM in Kenya and identify areas for more research and actions to support and improve FM in Kenya.SettingInterviews were conducted at the different work sites of the participants, four of them in hospitals, one at a University and one in a hotel where a FM conference was held.MethodsAn online questionnaire (response rate = 56%) and six semi-structured interviews were conducted amongst family physicians who completed their studies in Kenya. However, the focus was on the interviews.ResultsFamily physicians have different ideas of how FM should look like ideally, but all agree that family physicians should be team leaders of a primary healthcare team, taking care of a defined population. Lack of policies, low numbers of family physicians and the misunderstanding of FM by all stakeholders are the major challenges. Sixty-four percent of the participants work in rural areas, and 77% perceive their current work as FM.ConclusionFamily medicine must be defined and properly promoted. Various areas have been identified that require further research: assessing required number of family physicians, reasons and solutions for the low number of family physicians, funding possibilities, and research the most suitable definition of a Kenyan family physician.

New generation of medical students: what they are looking for?

Abstract Background Changes in technologies and standards of life leads to the fact that each generation is very different from the previous one. Modification of generations affects the quality and the development of medicine. Current medical students are our future doctors. And changes in health care will be made by them soon. So, their views will influence the development of health care system in the future. Therefore, it is important for us to understand how today's graduates see their future work and what is important for them. Methods The opinions of 720 final year medical students were investigated using an anonymous questionnaire in Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 program by the following methods (p < 0.05): descriptive statistics, decision trees analysis, χ2-test. Results Medicine have to change rapidly in accordance with the demands of new generations. Only in such case, current graduates of medical schools would like to work in practice medicine in the future. In this work, factors that are important for the work of modern students were investigated. Such posers were examined: the opportunities to work in rural areas and the basis for such decisions, the choice of future doctors' specialty, the young doctors' self-confidence and how much time they need experienced doctors' support as mentors. To avoid further staff shortages, we have to take into account the needs and priorities of today's graduates. Conclusions Practically all of the graduates are not ready to work alone immediately after medical school graduation - 97.0% of them report that they need a mentor. In addition, the majority of them prefer to work with mentor for a year or more (80.5%). Practically half of the students are ready to work in rural areas (49.5%); the most important factors that influence their decision are salary, free housing and clinic's equipment (important for 53.4%, 35.9% and 26.5% of the graduates, respectively). Key messages The majority of the graduates are not ready to work alone immediately after medical school graduation and need a mentor for a year or more. Increased salary, free housing and good clinic’s equipment may attract the medical graduates to work in rural areas.

ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ФОРМИРОВАНИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ФОРМАХ ХОЗЯЙСТВОВАНИЯ АПК

The essence of the developing human capital in rural areas is to provide each enterprise in the industry with qualified personnel and efficient and rational use of human labor. The purpose of this study is to highlight the features of the formation of human capital in various forms of organization of agricultural business. The methodological basis of the research is the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the formation and development of human capital, including its formation in rural areas. The information base of the study was the data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Department of Agroindustrial Complex of the Kurgan Region. In the course of the study, the methods of scientific generalization and grouping were used, as well as methods of statistical analysis, comparison, which make it possible to carry out the necessary statistical data processing, their interpretation and drawing conclusions arising from the study. The author revealed that formation and use of human resources in the agricultural enterprises of the Trans-Urals is extremely uneven. Large disparities are reflected not only in the quantitative, but also in the qualitative state of the available human capital, as well as in the level of its use. Thus, a large share of those employed in agricultural production is occupied by people of pre-retirement age. Working-age workers in rural areas, as well as young people, are mainly not satisfied with working conditions, low wages and underdeveloped rural infrastructure. The solution to the problem of the outflow of the rural population of the Trans-Urals lies only in changing the named parameters, but also in stimulating various forms of management by providing subsidies, concessional lending, state support, and implementing a program for the financial recovery of agricultural producers, which will contribute to increasing the efficiency of agricultural production.

Perception of medical student regarding factors influencing the decision to serve in rural health services of Uttarakhand

Many countries in the developing world are plagued with challenges of inadequate and inequitable distribution of the health workforce. The Paucity of qualified health workers in rural areas is a critical challenge for India’s Health Sector. In view of the continuing challenges of Physician shortage in India, an understanding of our medical students’ attitude and perception towards rural medical practices is essential for appropriate planning of human resources. To assess the attitude and perception of medical students towards rural medical practices and identified the associated factors in order to fill these information gaps. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 282 MBBS students of the Government Medical College in Uttarakhand state, India. First, Third and Fifth semesters MBBS students were the study participants. Participants were enrolled by convenient sampling method. Ethical approval was sought and obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Data was entered and analyzed with SPSS Software Version 22. Among 282 MBBS Students, 68% females showed willingness to work in rural area compared to 57.6% of males. All the reasons for willingness as well as non-willingness to work in rural areas of Uttarakhand had statistically significant difference. Medical student’s attitude and perception to work in rural health services need much improvement towards positive side by intervention and implementation by joint collaborative efforts of Medical Education Department, Health department and State Government.

Factors explaining the shortage and poor retention of qualified health workers in rural and remote areas of the Kayes, region of Mali: a qualitative study.

Shortage of health workers is a worldwide problem but is particularly critical in sub-Saharan Africa. In Mali, the number of health workers is insufficient and their retention is low, particularly in rural and remote areas. Rural postings are unattractive to health workers. Very few studies have examined the factors contributing to the shortage and poor retention of health workers in Mali. The objective of this study is to identify and understand these factors with regards to skilled health workers in two rural health districts (Yélimané and Bafoulabé) in the region of Kayes, Mali. This qualitative study is based on the conceptual framework of Lehman, Dieleman and Martineau. Data were collected through 46 in-depth interviews with health workers and decision-makers. A thematic content analysis was conducted with the support of QDA Miner software. The study identified factors contributing to the insufficient allocation and poor retention of rural health workers in these districts. They are individual-level factors (gender, family situation, age), unattractive living and working conditions, community recognition and participation, quality of leadership, an unfavourable recruitment/assignment process and insufficient financial incentives. It shows that female staff have specific constraints that prevent them from deploying to or staying in rural areas for long periods. In addition, the number of staff recruited at the national level is unpredictable and insufficient, while their recruitment and assignment process is perceived to be inequitable and not very transparent, disadvantaging rural health structures. Some strategies were identified to improve the availability and retention of health workers in these areas. They take into account certain social norms, notably gender roles, and include the improvement of living and working conditions, as well as the strengthening of health workforce management. This study's findings highlight the multifaceted nature of factors contributing to the availability and retention of health workers in rural and remote areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the challenges associated with them. This study identifies some strategies that can be combined to facilitate the retention and availability of health workers in these areas. Some strategies involve actors outside the health sector, requiring joint efforts for their implementation. This research provides decision-makers with evidence to support informed decision making with regards to the retention of health workers in rural areas.

Determinants of regional inequality in female work participation in Lower Gangetic Plain Region of India

The present study is aimed at analysing the pattern of female work participation by disaggregating the information at regional level and further by inter-district variation. Moreover, this study tries to explore the factors which affect inter-regional variation in the percentage of female workers in rural areas and analyses the reasons of such. An attempt to reveal the differentiation in male and female work participation rate in different physiographic regions of West Bengal based on the secondary data collected from Census of India, 2011. Different statistical measures are employed to assess the level of inequality in work participation in different social strata of the society. Spatial pattern of work participation has been identified with the help of GIS techniques. The study reveled that the all-India pattern shows a great accentuation in regional differences in female work participation rate depending upon agro-ecological conditions prevailing within a physiographic region. The result has shown that female participation is generally lower (16.69%) compared to their male (41.63%) counterparts in 2011. The study found that socially deprived segments such as the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribe women display much higher level of participation compared to their more fortunate sisters belonging to the non-scheduled category. The study found that disparity is far less in geographically difficult areas and where agriculture is not well developed due to physiographic constraints such as in Hill and Terai region or in West Rarh Plateau Fringe.

Study of Awareness of Ergonomic Principles in Small Scale Industrial Workers

Background : Industrial workers due to their long working hours which exposes them to various musculoskeletal and cardiopulmonary disorders. Long working hours and lack of proper health related guidelines to be followed during work they often overuse themselves which hampers their body mechanics and quality of life. studies have proved that ergonomic advice for low back pain and neck pain have improved satisfactorily the work capacity of the individuals. As far as authors knowledge, there is paucity in the literature targeting the awareness of ergonomic advice for industrial workers in rural areas, hence this study is been undertaken. Objectives : To identify ergonomic awareness of musculoskeletal disorders in small scale industrial workers and To identify ergonomic awareness towards respiratory disorders during work in small scale industrial workers. Results : 42% of people are aware about the necessary workplace health and safety training when starting job and there is a regular communication between employees and management about safety issue, 50% people are clear about their rights and responsibilities in relation to workplace health and safety and 47% people fell free to voice their concerns or make suggestions about workplace health and safety Conclusion : After carrying out a study of awareness of ergonomic principles in small scale industrial workers, we found out that industrial workers in small scale industries in india lack awareness about the occupational hazards and various safety regulations that are enacted in the betterment of employees.

Cultural Processes in the Rural Areas of Transnistria, 1941-1944

The issue of cultural policy of the Romanian occupation administration in the Transnistrian countryside in 1941-1944.
 It is established that one of the important steps of the Romanian administration towards ideological support of its presence and functioning of the authorities in the territory of Southwestern Ukraine was a policy aimed at supporting the Orthodox Church, education and culture as a whole in the occupied territories.
 To achieve this goal, the Romanian Orthodox Mission in Transnistria was established. The main task of this religious group was the organization and management of church-religious life in the territory of the Bug-Dniester rivers. The Romanian Orthodox mission has launched activities to spread the Christian doctrine among the population, its catechesis and conversion of people to God, as well as the restoration, restoration and commissioning of church buildings in Transnistria.
 One of the primary tasks for the new government was to restore the functioning of primary and secondary education. Transnistria governorate implemented a Romanian school system where primary education was compulsory and reading, reading and writing skills were compulsory for all children and teens. In the process of organization the invasive process, the occupying power introduced a synthesis of the adjusted Soviet training programs and programs, which were officially studied in the Romanian kingdom. Much attention was paid to the organization of various groups of amateur art and aesthetic education of children.
 It has been established that in the cities of Romanian administration, from the first days of the occupation, started to set activities of recreation establishments, and only then began to worry about opening similar foundtions in county centers, and occasionally tried to organize something like the average rural resident. One of the centers organizations of recreation for the local population became the Romanian cultural circles which were opened both in county centers and in villages of «Transnistria».
 Despite considerable progress in setting cultural and educational work in rural areas of these lands. However, all these measures were used by the Transnistria administration in the first place for the systematic and forced Romanianization for the local, overwhelmingly rural population.

Postnatal home visits by health extension workers in rural areas of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study design

BackgroundIn low-income countries like Ethiopia, where families have poor access to or do not utilize the services of formal health care systems, community health workers provide postnatal care services through home visits. However, the extent and effectiveness of home-based postnatal visits by community health workers such as the Ethiopian health extension workers (HEWs) are not well explored. This community -based study aimed to determine the coverage, contents of postnatal home visits and associated factors by health extension workers in Northern Ethiopia.MethodsWe conducted a community based cross-sectional study in the rural Districts in Northern Ethiopia from August to September 2018. A total of 705 mothers who gave a live birth in the year preceding the survey were selected using multistage random sampling. A structured questionnaire was applied to collect data by interviewing the mothers. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical software. Association of postnatal home visits with possible explanatory variables was investigated using logistic regression.ResultsOne hundred and two (14.5%) mothers and newborns received PNC home visit within three days after birth from HEW and 170(24.1%) reported postnatal home visits within 42 days. Among the mothers who received postnatal home visits, 6.5% measured their blood pressure, 11.2% measured their temperature, 20% counseled about family planning, 16.5% counseled on newborn danger signs, 11.2% counseled on the skin to skincare of the newborn and 14.1% of their newborns were measured their weight at home. Mothers who received at least one home visit during pregnancy (AOR, 7.49; CI 3.55–15.80), participated in pregnant women forum (AOR, 3.16; CI 1.67–5.99), notified their birth (AOR, 6.16; CI 3.50–10.84) and those members of community health insurance (AOR, 1.87; CI 1.13–3.10) were factors associated with postnatal home visit by a health extension worker.ConclusionThe coverage of postnatal home visits by health extension workers remains low in rural districts of Northern Ethiopia. The existing health systems should consider interventions that improve pregnancy and birth notification strategies and more efforts should be made at improving community-based participation and linkages with community health workers.