Work In Rural Areas Research Articles

Nurturing the Student, Sustaining the Mission: 20 Years of the International/Inner-City/Rural Preceptorship Program.

Specialized medical school educational tracks aim to increase the primary care workforce. The International/Inner-City/Rural Preceptorship (I2CRP) Program is unique in addressing multiple communities, a large cohort and applying the Self Determination Theory framework. This study examined program impact by analyzing the numbers of graduates matched into primary care and practicing in medically underserved communities. We compared the match list of I2CRP graduates between 2000 and 2017 (n=204) to non-I2CRP Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (VCU SOM) graduates (n=3,037). We analyzed the matches into primary care, National Health Service Corps (NHSC) priority specialties, and NHSC priority plus general surgery. We searched a federal database to determine which graduates are practicing in workforce shortage areas. Many more I2CRP graduates matched to primary care (71.1%), compared to non-I2CRP graduates (38.2%; P<.001). Within primary care, I2CRP graduates matched to family medicine more frequently than non-I2CRP graduates (36.3% vs 8.4%). Eighteen percent of posttraining I2CRP graduates work in rural areas and 41% work in medically underserved areas. I2CRP graduates are more likely to match to family medicine and primary care. I2CRP curriculum nurtures new medical students' interest in primary care, and self-determination theory provides a framework to organize the program curriculum. The program's impact endures as evidenced by participants' continued work in underserved areas after residency. Increasing support for such programs may help address the primary care physician shortage in medically underserved areas.

Basic principles of modernization of social and labour relations in the context of regulation of incomes of rural population

Purpose. The aim of the article is to carry out a study of the current state of social and labour relations on the basis of scientifically-grounded analysis of the most general indicators such as employment and unemployment, remuneration and living standards of rural population, and further modernization of social and labour relations in the context of regulating rural population incomes. Methodology of research. General scientific methods are used in the research, in particular: statistical, economic analysis – to determine the status and dynamics of such indicators as employment and unemployment, remuneration and living standards of the rural population; tabular – to organize the statistics. Findings. The problems of formation of the level of economic activity, employment and unemployment of the rural population of Ukraine and the Carpathian region are generalized, and the factors that significantly influence the formation of social and labour relations of the rural population are characterized. The following statements are established in the article, in particular: intensive processes of workforce dismissal by agricultural enterprises, narrowing the scope of work in rural areas cause a high level of informal employment of rural population, intensifying its migration behaviour, which, ultimately, leads to changes in the sphere of income generation. The analysis of modern and perspective directions of modernization of social and labour relations is carried out. Originality. A systematic approach is used to outline the problems and features of modernization of social and labour relations in the context of rural population income. Practical value. The obtained results will provide a scientific substantiation for the social and economic performance of the state measures taken to increase social standards, income and living standards of the rural population, and further develop social and labour relations. Key words: economically active population; employment; rural population; social and labour relations.

Rural and urban general practice: a comparison in 34 countries

Abstract Background Rural areas have problems in attracting and retaining primary care workforce. Comparable problems but with a different background occur in deprived urban areas. Here we focus on primary care practices that do work in rural areas and not on the shortage or lack of access for the rural population. We answer the question whether these practices have a different organisation, lack resources and have different service profiles, compared to practices in semi-rural and urban areas. Methods We used data from the QUALICOPC study, conducted among approximately 7,000 GPs in 34 (mainly European) countries, on the organisation of practices, their human resources and equipment and their service profiles. Data were analysed using multilevel regression analysis, with countries and GPs as levels. Results In general the practices in rural areas are more often single-handed and have less other primary care workers available. In most countries they have more equipment and their service profiles are broader, in particular as compared to inner-city urban practices. Conclusions The combination of increasing demand for care and undersupply of health care services can lead to a primary care shortage in rural areas. However, the practices that are currently located in rural area in most countries seem to be able to cope with the situation by providing a broader range of services, compared to service-rich urban areas. Against growing health needs of an ageing and often poorer population, there is a risk of lack of facilities and equipment and ageing staff. Until now this is not manifest in the primary care practices in most countries.

Social Capital and Residential Decision Making Among Rural and Nonrural College Graduates

Due to the low demand for highly educated workers in rural areas, high‐achieving rural students have been portrayed as having to pick between staying close to home and facing limited economic opportunities or leaving to pursue higher education and socioeconomic advancement. But what of those who want both—college degree and return to rural living? Comparing the experiences of rural graduates who returned to rural locales with those who out‐migrated and nonrural graduates across one predominantly rural state, this study explores how social capital matters in the residential decision‐making process. Proximity to work and family were the primary factors determining adult residence. Sense of place—but not attachment to a specific community—also mattered, especially for rural graduates. Family, school, and community social capital were more likely to play a role in career development for rural students, as career aspirations during adolescence followed by career‐driven college choices created pathways for rural return. Findings underscore the importance of analyzing rural return from a regional lens, as respondents reframed lifestyle elements researchers tend to portray as mutually exclusive—rural lifestyle, proximity to family, and professional career—as compatible by employing broad and flexible definitions of proximity and place.

Gas exchanges and production of West Indian cherry cultivated under saline water irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

West Indian cherry is of great socioeconomic importance to Brazil because of its potential to keep local workers in rural areas and generate income. It is mainly cultivated in the Northeast region, where high salt concentrations are common in water. This study was conducted to evaluate gas exchanges and production of West Indian cherry cultivar (cv.) ‘BRS 366 Jaburu’, as a function of irrigation with water of different salinity levels, and nitrogen fertilization, at the post-grafting stage. The experiment was carried out in pots adapted into drainage lysimeters, under greenhouse conditions in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates, using a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in which the treatments corresponded to two levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity (ECw: 0.8 and 4.5 dS m-1) and four nitrogen doses (ND: 70, 85, 100, and 115% of the recommended dose). The 100% dose corresponded to 200 g of nitrogen per plant per year. Irrigation water electrical conductivity of 4.5 dS m-1 led to alterations in the gas exchanges and production components of West Indian cherry cv. ‘BRS 366 Jaburu’. An increase in intercellular CO2 concentration resulted in the occurrence of non-stomatal effects on the assimilation rate of CO2 under water salinity conditions of 4.5 dS m-1. The mean weight of West Indian cherry fruits was reduced when nitrogen doses were above 85% of the recommended level. Nitrogen doses above 70% of the recommended dose (140 g per plant) intensified the negative effects of salt stress on the total number and weight of West Indian cherry fruits.

Rural pipeline and willingness to work in rural areas: Mixed method study on students in midwifery and obstetric nursing in Mali.

The availability and retention of healthcare professionals in rural areas and remote areas is a challenge to the health sector worldwide. Attracting people who are most likely to be interested in rural practice can be conducive to the sustainable availability of health services in rural areas where health facilities are typically understaffed and existing professionals often underqualified. This article aims to contribute to the rural pipeline evidence, and reports on the findings of a study that investigated the career choices of midwifery and obstetric nurse students in Mali. The article enquires into the relationship between their intention to practice in rural areas and the different components of the rural pipeline. A mixed method study using a survey, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis was conducted from October to December 2017 on third-year midwifery and obstetric nurse students and school-managers. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were performed for quantitative data, and content analysis was carried out for the qualitative data. Key findings suggest that students prefer urban locations for living and for work. The intention to work in rural areas seems to be influenced by the current living situation (currently living in a rural area) or having attended secondary school or professional training in rural areas.

Effect of Prices, Distribution Strategies, and Marketing on Demand for HIV Self-testing in Zimbabwe

HIV self-testing is a promising approach for increasing awareness of HIV status in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Zimbabwe, where HIV prevalence is 13%. Evidence is lacking, however, on the optimal pricing policies and delivery strategies for maximizing the effect of HIV self-testing. To assess demand for HIV self-testing among adults and priority-population subgroups under alternative pricing and distribution strategies. This randomized clinical trial recruited study participants between February 15, 2018, and April 25, 2018, in urban and rural communities in Zimbabwe. A factorial design was used to randomize participants to a combination of self-test price, distribution site, and promotional message. Individuals and their household members had to be at least 16 years old to be eligible for participation. This intention-to-treat population comprised 3996 participants. Participants were given a voucher that could be redeemed for an HIV self-test within 1 month at varying prices (US $0-$3) and distribution sites (clinics or pharmacies in urban areas, and retail stores or community health workers in rural areas). Vouchers included randomly assigned promotional messages that emphasized the benefits of HIV testing. Proportion of participants who obtained self-tests in each trial arm, measured by distributor records. Among the 4000 individuals enrolled, 3996 participants were included. In total, the mean (SD) age was 35 (14.7) years, and most participants (2841 [71.1%]) were female. Self-testing demand was highly price sensitive; 260 participants (32.5%) who were offered free self-tests redeemed their vouchers, compared with 55 participants (6.9%) who were offered self-tests for US $0.50 (odds ratio [OR], 0.14; 95% CI, 0.10-0.19), a reduction in demand of more than 25 percentage points. Demand was below 3% in the $1, $2, and $3 groups, which was statistically significantly lower than the demand in the free distribution group: in pooled analyses, demand was considerably lower among participants in higher-than-$0 price groups compared with the free distribution group (2.8% vs 32.5%; OR, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.04-0.07). In urban areas, demand was statistically significantly higher with pharmacy-based distribution compared with clinic-based distribution (6.8% vs 2.9%; adjusted OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.74-4.45). Price sensitivity was statistically significantly higher among rural residents, men, and those who had never received testing before. Promotional messages did not influence demand. This study found that demand for HIV self-testing in Zimbabwe was highly price sensitive, suggesting that free distribution may be essential for promoting testing among high-priority population groups; additionally, pharmacy-based distribution was preferable to clinic-based distribution in urban areas. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03559959.

Analysis of economic efficiency of livestock in the Republic of Tuva

As thousands of years ago, now Tuvan arats-pastoralists keep seven types of livestock (sheep, goats, cows, horses, yaks, camels, deer), each of which takes a certain place in the diet of population. The natural areas of Tuva are perfect for transhumance. Reforms in the 1990s led to the collapse of state farms, in the absence of work in rural areas, the population engaged in the Tuvan traditional type of livestock breeding – transhumance, mainly sheep, goats and cattle of local breed. For a large number of the rural population of Tuva, animal husbandry has become a socially important and vital activity. Now there are more livestock in Tuva than during the industrialization of agriculture in Soviet times. However, Tuva has not developed an effective mechanism for the sale of livestock products and its further processing which would increase the income of shepherds’ families. For the first time on the basis of the complex analysis of animal husbandry in Tuva the structure of expenses and income of an average livestock farm is defined, also its economic efficiency is calculated. It was concluded that animal products, such as milk, wool and skin, economically viable in the Soviet period, currently do not generate income because of absence of organized animal products collection points, and the economic efficiency of livestock farms nowadays is achieved only through the production of ovine and bovine meat.

Schooling and Labor Market Impacts of Bolivia's Bono Juancito Pinto Program

Schooling and Labor Market Impacts of Bolivia's <i>Bono Juancito Pinto</i> Program

Women's Capacity Building of Informal Sector Workers in Rural Areas (Case of "Boiled Corn Seller" In Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province)

The number of women local workers in the informal sector increases. Most of the women are those who live and work in poverty. One of the informal jobs is seller of corn on the cob, which is known as Boiled Corn Seller (BCS) women. The study is a case study with qualitative approach. These BCS women sell their corn along the provincial axis road in Pondidaha Sub-district of Konawe District, Indonesia. The data collection techniques used were observation methods, indepth interviews, and FGDs. The results showed that (1) BCS women still had access to capital resources, production facilities and labor, but faced difficulties in production equipment, labor, training and money; (2) the processing, marketing and distribution of corn on the cob were dominated by BCS women; and (3) the conceptual model planned for capacity building was a local food diversification program.

Digital China: A Fourth Industrial Revolution with Chinese Characteristics?

This paper examines both the universal features and unique aspects of China’s digitalization process. The impact of digitalization, domestically and in other Asian countries, is also explored. China’s digital economy has grown rapidly since the end of the first decade of the 21st century, and compared to other countries with similar levels of economic development, China has a high rate of use of digital services. China’s digitalization process is driven by both private companies and by the state’s strategic initiatives, including social governance. China faces both opportunities and risks from digitalization. Workers in rural areas as well as older workers may face a higher risk of job loss through automation in the future. Chinese IT companies are eager to expand their activities both domestically and in foreign countries, and their investments in so-called “unicorn” companies in Southeast Asia are especially noteworthy.

Factors influencing the intention of Indonesian nursing students to work in rural areas

The aim of this study was to analyse the factors associated with the intention of Indonesian nursing students to work in rural areas. This was a cross-sectional study. The instrument...

Effects of Fairtrade on the livelihoods of poor rural workers

Workers in rural areas in developing countries often face precarious working conditions, low wages and poverty. Sustainability standards—such as Fairtrade—could potentially improve the situation. Although many studies have analysed the impact of Fairtrade on smallholder farmers, few focus on wage workers beyond those employed by large companies despite most workers being employed by small farms and cooperatives. We analyse the effect of Fairtrade on workers’ wages and working conditions in the small farm sector. We conducted a survey among workers in the cocoa sector in Cote d’Ivoire and their employers, distinguishing between farm workers and cooperative workers. Fairtrade improves wages and reduces poverty among cooperative workers, but not among farm workers, even though the latter are particularly deprived. At the cooperative level, labour standards are regularly monitored by Fairtrade. Certification also helps cooperatives increase the services offered to their members, which leads to more and better-paid employment at the cooperative level. At the farm level, inspections of labour standards are more costly, difficult and rare. Thus, Fairtrade hardly affects traditional employment modalities at the farm level even when farmers themselves benefit from certification. Ensuring that labour standards are met at all levels may require innovative and more efficient monitoring approaches. Distinguishing types of farm workers, an analysis of Fairtrade certification in the cocoa sector of Cote d’Ivoire finds that the standard improves the livelihoods of cooperative workers but makes little difference for wage labourers working on small farms.

Health worker transfer processes within the public health sector in Ghana: a study of three districts in the Eastern Region

IntroductionThe lack of appropriate policies and procedures to ensure transparent transfer practices is an important source of dissatisfaction among health workers in low- and middle-income countries. In order to alter and improve current practices, a more in-depth and context-specific understanding is needed. This study aims to (1) identify rationales behind transfer decisions in Ghana and (2) examine how transfers are managed in practice versus in policies.MethodsThe study took place in 2014 in three districts in Eastern Ghana. The study population included (1) national, regional, and district health administrators with decision-making authority in terms of transfer decisions and (2) health workers who had transferred between 2011 and 2014. Data was collected through semi-structured and structured face-to-face interviews focusing on rationales behind transfer decisions, health administrators’ role in managing transfers, and health workers’ experience of transfers. A data triangulation approach was applied to compare identified practices with national policies and procedures.ResultsA total of 44 health workers and 21 administrators participated in the study. Transfers initiated by health workers were mostly based on family conditions and preferences to move away from rural areas, while transfers initiated by administrators were based on service requirements, productivity, and performance. The management of transfers was not guided by clear and explicit procedures and thus often depended on the discretion of decision-makers. Moreover, health workers frequently reported not being involved in transfer decision-making processes. We found existing staff perceptions of a non-transparent system.ConclusionOur findings suggest a need to foster incentives to attract and retain health workers in rural areas. Moreover, health worker-centered procedures and systems that effectively guide and monitor transfer practices must be developed to ensure that transfers are carried out in a timely, fair, and transparent way.

Strategic planning to improve the Human Development Index in disenfranchised communities through satisfying food, water and energy needs

Most disenfranchised populations live and work in rural areas under poverty and with limited access to basic resources as energy, water and food supply. Individuals and families in rural areas face difficult odds that often result in inequality and disenfranchisement. They are more likely than their urban counterparts to suffer from the consequences of poverty, facing huge problems associated with undernourishment that mostly end in human casualties. The Human Development Index (HDI) helps to identify healthy life criteria and a decent standard of living that is closely related to quality of life. Several strategies have been reported to improve the living conditions in disenfranchised communities around the world. However, there is not an integrated approach to reducing poverty and ensuring sustainable use of the environment and natural resources in these communities, accounting for the water–energy–food nexus to improve the HDI. Therefore, this paper presents a new optimization approach accounting for the water–energy–food nexus in order to increase the HDI in disenfranchised communities by simultaneously considering economic, environmental and social sustainability criteria. A case study taking into account fourteen of the municipalities of the State of Michoacán from Mexico with the lowest HDI was considered to apply the proposed approach. The results show that by the implementation of this integrated approach, it is possible to increase the HDI in such communities by 4.3%, which is higher that results show by Mexico’s HDI values in last 17 years of 0.93%, making the model attractive for decisions makers.

Medical students’ interests on rural practices

&lt;span&gt;Misdistribution of physicians is still an issue, especially physicians’ lack of interest to work in rural area. Finding characteristics from medical students that show interest to work in rural areas is important to craft effective policy to enforce young physicians to work in rural areas. This study was quantitative analytics. Participants rated the influence of 19 factors that affect their interest towards working in rural area using translated and validated questionnaire, distributed online to all medical students from 20 medical faculties in Sumatra. Out of 1124 respondents, 748 (66.5%) subjects interested to work in rural area. Determinants which influence medical students’ interest towards working in rural area are past experience of visiting rural area (p&amp;lt;0.001), careers opportunity (p&amp;lt;0.001), family’s socioeconomic status (p=0.001), proximity to family (p=0.001), rural area’s facilities (p=0.002), culture of rural community (p=0.005), students’ lifestyle (p=0.005), rural curriculum (p=0.007), proximity to spouse (p=0.031) and location of university (p=0.049). Past experience of visiting rural area (OR 2.281, p&amp;lt;0.001) is the most determining factor to influence students’ interest towards working in rural area. Medical students mostly interested to work in rural area. Past experience of visiting rural area was the most influential factor for medical students’ interest on rural practices&lt;/span&gt;

Відтворювальний потенціал сільських територій чернівецької області в умовах транскордонного співробітницт-ва: асиметрії розвитку та шляхи їх подолання

The deepening of cross-border cooperation opens new opportunities for the revitalization of rural areas and obtaining synergistic effect from interlacing reproductive potential of rural areas and subjects that are located there. Considering the dynamics of external environment, there is a need for researching new factors, forms, conditions and parameters of imbalanc-es overcome for rural development in the integration and convergence that affect the economic security of the state. The current realities of European integration processes strengthen the role of cross-border cooperation and open new opportunities for the development of rural areas. The convergence of the rural areas economy of the Euroregion ‘Upper Prut’ simultaneously acts as a catalyst and an indicator of the development of European integration of Ukraine. However, the current state of rural areas development of the Chernivtsi region is a process of uneven, asynchronous and disproportionate changes. The analysis of the development of rural areas showed an uneven development. The main disproportions in the development of rural areas of the Chernivtsi region are the following: monofunctional character of development; inefficient agriculture; negative impact on soil fertility, insufficient application of organic and mineral ferti-lizers; low income of the rural population; absence of conditions for the development of alternative business lines and their further diversification in rural areas; lack of an adequate mechanism for implementing financial support for the development of rural areas; Lack of economic interest to live and work in rural areas, motivation for work, unemployment, labor migra-tion, poverty. Asymmetric development of rural areas of the Chernivtsi region makes it difficult to use the border as a stimu-lating rather than inhibiting factor of cross-border convergence. It should be noted that Chernivtsi region has the opportunity to equalize the asymmetries in the development of rural areas, which are provided by a unique natural resource potential, features of land resources as a natural basis, human, scien-tific and technical potential. However, practice shows that if the normal course of economic processes is violated, without government intervention, there is an increase in disproportions and a socio-economic asymmetry in the development of rural areas. The conducted studies prove the necessity of developing a regional policy aimed at reducing asymmetries in the de-velopment of rural areas and searching for new forms of interaction between participants in cross-border cooperation. Elimination of disparities in rural development is possible through the cooperation of entities that are engaged in ru-ral economic activities, local authorities and the initiatives of the peasants themselves, through the formation of a network of partner organizations. Partnership between the authorities, business and the rural community should be based on the use of international standards of social responsibility that will establish clear requirements for the activities of business, govern-ment and society and thereby equalize existing asymmetries in the development of rural areas. Key words: rural areas, region, potential, diversification, asymmetry, rural area, cross-border cooperation.

Satisfaction and limitation of primary health care nurses' work in rural areas.

The health workforce is crucial to reduce inequalities in health and health care in rural areas, and nurses, although there are few professionals and these are poorly distributed compared to other professionals. There are few studies addressing nurses' work in the rural context. This study aimed to investigate the satisfaction and difficulties of the work of primary health care (PHC) nurses in rural areas. This is a case study with a qualitative approach, whose subject was the health units in the rural area of a large city in the state of Para&iacute;ba, Brazil, with Family Health Strategy teams. Eleven nurses working in rural areas participated in the study. Data were collected through interviews with semi-structured scripts and submitted to content analysis. The study revealed that nurses working in rural areas have experienced job satisfaction with the recognition and gratitude of families, one of the major motivations for professionals interviewed. The nurses are committed and have adequate training in their area of activity. The working conditions, infrastructure, forms of access to the workplace and distance from the decision center are factors that stand out as difficulties of work. The nurses appreciate each other in their work, establish good relations with the population and work as a team despite the difficulties. The study reveals that nurses and the population experience isolation in the rural area as well as difficulty in accessing the workplace, in the case of practitioners, and in consolidating policies maintained in the urban area. It evidences the nurse as an essential element for PHC in the rural setting, which can make the difference in the care of populations often in the sideline of health services.

Партийная структура Калмыкии: деятельность агитационно-пропагандистского отдела (1921–1928 гг.)

The Communist Party had been central to the Soviet political system and society. Now that there is no ideological pressure, it is essential to view the history of the party of Bolsheviks (Communists) in deeper and non-biased perspectives, including on the regional level. Despite there are quite a number of publications examining the history of Kalmykia’s Communist movement, those to have studied its structure in the 1920s — and, namely, activities by the Department for Agitation and Propaganda of the Kalmyk Oblast Committee of the RCP(B) — are virtually absent. So, the issue has remained understudied, and the work is a first attempt to investigate the former. The article uses materials accumulated by the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. The documents contain valuable information about activities by departments of the Kalmyk Oblast Party Committee, the actual state and development of the party organization as such. The study aims to analyze activities by the regional Department for Agitation and Propaganda between 1921 and 1928. It uses the historical-and-genetic method to have made it possible to view the mentioned arrangements over time. The analysis of archival materials has been based on the principles of scientificity, objectiveness, and historicism that largely contributed to the issue be examined in certain historical contexts. The paper concludes Kalmykia’s party structure had emerged to instantly intersect with government bodies. This was typical enough for all regions during the Soviet era. The Department for Agitation and Propaganda was also — in addition to the functions declared — in charge with print media and directed activities of political-and-educational organs (Rus. politprosvet). The latter proved key conductors of the Party’s policies in the sphere of ideological propaganda. Party organizations laid special emphasis on public political education and constantly sought to develop and strengthen corresponding institutions that served as centers of such work in rural areas. The Department initiated establishments of party schools that would train cadres for the Kalmyk Party Organization and facilitate their better understanding of ideology and policies. This was actually a great achievement of the Kalmyk Oblast Soviet Party School. The conclusions made are essential for further understanding of Kalmykia’s party structure and activities by the regional Department for Agitation and Propaganda between in 1921–l928.

Assessment of interventions to attract and retain health workers in rural Zambia: a discrete choice experiment

BackgroundWorkforce shortages, particularly in rural areas, limit the delivery of health services in Zambia. Policymakers and researchers co-created this study to identify potential non-monetary employment incentives and assess their cost-effectiveness to attract and retain public sector health workers to the rural areas of Zambia.MethodsThe study consisted of two key phases: a discrete choice experiment (DCE), preceded by a qualitative component to inform DCE questionnaire development. Firstly, in qualitative interviews with 25 health workers and focus group discussions (FGDs) with 253 health students, participants were asked to discuss job attributes and potential incentives that would influence their job choices. Based on this exercise and in consultation with policymakers, job attributes were selected for inclusion in a discrete choice experiment (DCE) questionnaire. Secondly, this questionnaire, consisting of hypothetical job “choice sets,” was presented to 474 practicing health workers and students. A conditional logit regression model was applied to the data from this DCE questionnaire to estimate preferences for various job attributes. Using administrative data, we estimated the cost of implementing potential attraction and retention strategies per health worker year worked.ResultsAlthough health workers preferred urban jobs to rural jobs (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11–1.75), employment incentives influenced health workers’ decision to choose rural jobs. If superior housing was offered in a rural area compared to a basic housing allowance in an urban job, participants would be five times as likely to choose the rural job (OR 5.04, 95% CI 4.12–6.18). Education incentives and facility-based improvements also increased the likelihood of rural job uptake. Housing benefits were estimated to have the lowest total costs per health worker year worked, and offer high value in terms of cost per percentage point increase in rural job uptake.ConclusionsNon-monetary incentives such as housing, education, and facility improvements can be important motivators of health worker choice of location and could mitigate rural health workforce shortages. These results can provide valuable insight into the types of job attributes and incentives that are most likely to be effective in attracting and retaining health workers in rural areas.