Household Work Research Articles

Monitoring the quality of drinking water in various district of Chhattisgarh

In this paper we are monitor the assessment of quality of groundwater is crucial role for the suitability of drinking purpose, health issues andother various purposes such as bathing, washing cloths, domestic uses and for agriculture. For this purpose we are collect the sample from different district of Chhattisgarh from Jan 2023 to June 2023. A water quality index is applied to monitor and summarize the overall quality of groundwater based on various water quality parameter in ten different district of chhattisgarh. Analytical parameters like alkalinity, pH, EC, TDS , HS, Ca, Mg, fluoride, Cl , arsenic, toxic elements, DO, BOD,COD, sulphate, NO3 are commonly monitored in the ten different district of chhattisgarh such as durg, raipur, bemetara, korba, raigarh, rajnandgaon, balod, korea, dhamtari and mahasamund by using ICMR and BIS standard. The analysis of report shown water is not very suitable for drinking but it is useful only for house hold work, bathing and agriculture etc.

Women empowerment and food-nutrition security in Sierra Leone: The Gender Model Family approach

BackgroundThis research is conducted in the context of an integrated food security and nutrition project implemented by the Social Enterprise Development Foundation (SEND Sierra Leone) and Agro Forestry Farmers Association (AFFA) in rural Kenema and Pujehun Districts. This paper presents a qualitative ‘baseline’ action-learning research on the impact of the Gender Model Family (GMF) approach on women empowerment and the effects on enhanced outcomes along the agriculture-nutrition pathway. Qualitative data were collected using in-depth face-to-face interviews and focused group discussion (FGD) from the GMF beneficiaries.ResultsLinking Agriculture, Natural Resource Management and Nutrition (LANN) has nutrition security as its aim, and the project objectives and indicators focus on nutrition, not gender—however, this ‘baseline’ action-learning research recognized that gender is a major underlying factor. The evidence suggests that the GMF approach fosters women empowerment and enhances outcomes in food and nutrition security as there has been a change in social rules about men taking part in domestic household work and women involvement in family decision-making.ConclusionsGiven that women play crucial roles as administrators of household food and nutrition security, empowering them is intimately related to the consolidation of household food systems, improves nutrition intake and the fight against food-nutrition insecurity in rural Africa.

REPRESENTASI PSIKOLOGI PEREMPUAN AKIBAT BUDAYA PATRIARKI DALAM CERPEN “PEREMPUAN ITU PERNAH CANTIK” KARYA MASHDAR ZAIDAL

Literary works are fictional writings that describe the reality of people's lives. In writing a work, the author expresses his thoughts based on experiences in society. The literary work in the form of a short story entitled "Perempuan Itu Pernah Cantik" by Mashdar Zaidal, which was studied using a literary sociology approach and descriptive qualitative methods, is very relevant to the mental impact of patriarchal culture on women in the real world. This short story describes the mental image of women due to the impact of patriarchal culture after marriage. Women before and after marriage have very different differences, starting from their physical appearance, level of self-confidence, and time for themselves because they are busy taking care of household work which is often ignored by their husbands. Patriarchal culture in Indonesia is clearly illustrated in the short story "Women Were Ever Beautiful" which slowly damages women's mental health, starting from lack of self-confidence, unstable emotions, feeling excessively anxious and so on.

Financial returns to household inventory management

Households tend to hold substantial amounts of non-financial assets in the form of consumer goods inventories that are unobserved by traditional measures of wealth, about $725 on average for products covered by our sample. Such holdings can eclipse total financial assets among households in the lowest income quintile. Households can obtain significant financial returns from strategically shopping and managing these inventories. In addition, they choose to maintain liquid savings—household working capital—not just for precautionary motives but also to support this inventory management. We demonstrate that households earn high marginal returns from investing in household working capital, well above 20% at low levels of inventory, though these marginal returns decline rapidly as inventory increases. Nevertheless, average returns from inventory management are high—about 50% for the typical household—and affect household portfolio returns substantially for all but the top income and asset quintiles. We provide evidence from scanner and survey data that supports this conclusion. For many households, working capital is therefore an important asset class that has been largely ignored by the household finance literature, and inventory management provides them with an alternative to investing in risky financial markets at low levels of liquid wealth.

The burden of musculoskeletal pain, associated sociodemographic factors, and disability in Pakistan.

The objective of this survey was to determine the burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, its association with sociodemographic factors and disability in the semi-urban community of Nain-Sukh, Lahore. The current article's data is taken from the COPCORD survey conducted in the community of Nain-Sukh. After formal IRB approval, data collection was done via interview by a trained team using validated Urdu translation of COPCORD core questionnaires. Participants of both genders, >16 years, were enrolled through a random walk and quota sampling. In phase 1, sociodemographic factors were recorded. In phase 2, the impact of MSK pain on functional disability was assessed by the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ). The data was compiled and analyzed using software SPSS version 25. The Chi-square test was applied to determine association while generalized linear regression models to see the dependence of sociodemographic factors and MSK pain. Out of 4922 participants, 1425 (28.9%) had MSK pain, with a mean age of 35 ± 14 years, with female predominance. Illiteracy, marital status, and household work with moderate intensity were significantly associated with MSK pain. Based on the MHAQ score, the majority 769 (82.9%) had a mild disability. Odds of advancing age, illiteracy, and moderate intensity of work were statistically significant for MSK pain. Every fourth subject in the surveyed population had MSK pain. Musculoskeletal pain was found to be significantly associated with female gender, advancing age, household work, illiteracy, married status, and moderate nature of work. More than two-thirds of the subjects with MSK pain had some degree of disability.

Pertukaran Sosial dalam Peran Ganda Perempuan: Studi Kasus tentang Pekerjaan Rumah Tangga dan Karier Profesional

Social Exchange in Women's Dual Roles: A Case Study of Housework and Professional Career. This research investigates the dynamics of social exchange involved in women's dual roles, with a focus on the fulfillment of household work and professional career development. Social exchange theory is used as a framework to analyze how women manage their roles in an increasingly complex contemporary society. Through in-depth case studies, this research explores women's experiences in managing household responsibilities along with their efforts to achieve success in professional careers. The results of this study provide insight into the challenges and opportunities they face in carrying out their dual roles, as well as their impact on gender equality in society. The results of this research have important implications in efforts to increase gender equality and encourage more inclusive social change. This study also provides a basis for better policy thinking in supporting women in navigating their dual roles and achieving success in various aspects of their lives.

Elucidating the women’s work continuum in India using time-use data

ABSTRACT Understanding women’s work along the paid-underpaid-unpaid continuum presents a more holistic conceptualisation of women’s work, recognising work burdens across the spheres of production and reproduction. This paper takes recourse to unit-level data from India Time-Use Survey (2019) to demonstrate the women’s work continuum, highlighting the uneven burden of unpaid household work on women across varied employment categories and economic activities. Controlling for other confounders, women from marginalised castes and lower income groups are more likely to undertake unpaid activities. Further, marital status and location (rural-urban) are also crucial factors in determining the probability of women undertaking unpaid work and time spent on different activities. Therefore, it is imperative to recognise and understand women’s work through the lens of the continuum and intersectionality.

COVID-19, livelihoods and gender: Material, relational and subjective realities in rural Zambia

This study explores material, relational and subjective elements of wellbeing as micro-level gendered impacts of COVID-19 policy responses on agro-based livelihoods. Using a test case of rural Zambia, we apply a mixed methods research design and draw data from household surveys, household case study interviews, group discussions, and multi-level interviews. Results show gendered impacts at four significant levels of granularity: markets and material wellbeing, household provisioning, labour and care burdens, relationships and social networks, and disruptions to membership organisations and social initiatives. Production and processes leading to market disruptions lead to a gendered reconcentration of economic activities around men who flex financial muscle and flout COVID-19 guidelines respectively. Women on the other hand are squeezed out of production and market circuits, quickly loosing livelihood strategies and getting relegated to unpaid and invisible household work. Whereas women endeavour to find ways to support their families, such as attempting to maintain group savings initiatives, low levels of policy satisfaction, including declining production and market dynamics limit actions towards inclusive and equitable forms of COVID-19 recovery in rural geographies. We call for holistic interventions that consider community patterns of livelihoods and how they are impacted by the pandemic, necessitating a focus on gender sensitive initiatives that are locally driven, build resilience and empower women.

How New Mothers’ and Fathers’ Allocation of Tasks Relate to Their Coparenting Relationship

New parents must decide how to divide household, childcare, and financial responsibilities. These divisions can be difficult, especially when couples’ wants do not align. Interviewing ethnically and racially diverse new parents ( n = 198 couples), we explore how parents’ desired allocation of childcare, household, and financial tasks differ from perceived distribution and whether discrepancies relate to coparenting relationship quality. All parents perceived mothers doing more housework and childcare and fathers contributing more financially. When women reported doing more housework and childcare than wanted, coparenting relationship quality was lower. For women, discrepancies between what they and their partners report was associated with lower coparenting relationship quality. Findings reflect traditional gender roles among new parents and women’s desire for their partners to take on more household and childcare work. Such findings can help inform parenting interventions for new parents, encouraging communication between partners about the division of tasks to support their coparenting relationship.

Preoperative, Intraoperative and Postoperative Assessment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse by Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification System and Surgical Outcome

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common disease of middle aged and elderly women with an incidence of 7-10% and life time risk for surgery 11 to 20%. Assessing pelvic organ prolapsed in an objective, reproducible and applicable method is essential to have successful surgical outcome. Aim of the study was preoperative, intraoperative pre and postsurgical as well as postoperative assessment of pelvic organ prolapse by POP- Q system in patients undergoing reconstructive surgery and measure optimum surgical outcome stage 0 (Q<-1), Tvl > 4 cm and Genital hiatus (3 to 3.4cm) to prevent recurrence (POP-Q stage > -1) and dyspareunia (Pb d”3 cm). Methods : This was hospital based Prospective study done with 250 patient diagnosed as pelvic organ prolapse at OPD. Excluding 14 patients 236 had surgery in Chattagram Metropolitan Hospital during January 2010 to December 2019. POP-Q measurement was done with Valsalva before anesthesia, intraoperative after anesthesia pre and postsurgical and postoperatively in follow up visit within three months of surgery by same surgeon. All POPQ measurement were done by same surgeon using a wooden Spatula marked in cm (POP-Q popsicle stick). All measurement were recorded in grid form and preoperative & presurgical POP-Q staging was done. The result was then summarized as mean and SD for numerical variable and percentage for categorical variable. Result : A total 236 patient had surgery, 233 had vaginal hysterectomy with Apical vaginal suspension with uterosacral ligament and sacrospinous fixation was done in 3 patients with vault prolapse. Mean age was 51 ± 5SD years (51 to 60 years 51%), 84% sexually active, low socioeconomic group (68%), multiparous 100% mean parity 4 ± 2SD (e” 6 62%), 95% had vaginal delivery with history of home delivery 89%, resuming house hold work within two weeks of delivery in 97% cases. Most were postmenopausal 96%. All intraoperative presurgical measurement except Pb and Tvl showed significant higher descent as compared to preoperative finding before anesthesia, mean difference were Aa 0.7, Ba1.6, C 1.6, Ap 0.25 Bp 1.6 D1.6 Gh. 8cm with highest descent in Ba C, D Bp. Immediate postsurgical measurement all patient showed optimum anatomical outcome (stage 0). But follow up within 3 month (10 to 90 days) 13 patient showed satisfactory anatomical outcome (stage 1 Q<-1)) with no recurrence (Q>-1) nor dyspareunia. Total vaginal length and Pb no change in measurement before and after anesthesia but Tvl reduced by 2.3 cm and Pb increased by .3cm postsurgical. Presurgical measurementof Gh increased by. 8cm but reduced to 3.5 cm postsurgical. No significant difference in postsurgical intraoperative measurements during follow up within 3 months except Gh (3.2 cm) which is narrower even with valsalva menovure. Conclusion : POP-Q technique in assessment of Pelvic organ prolapse was anatomically site specific and is with good reproducibility and less intra and inter observer variation. Significant difference in descent alert surgeon to plan surgical technique to have optimum anatomical outcome and prevent recurrence and dysparunea. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; Vol. 37(2): 109-118

Efek Faktor Moderasi Gender pada Relasi Financial Literacy dan Financial Ignorance terhadap Perilaku Keuangan

Financial well-being can be achieved through good financial behavior in the short and long term. Within the household group, financial behavior was associated with financial well-being, such as paying bills on time, saving, and investing. Financial literacy is one of the factors that form good financial behavior, on the other hand, financial ignorance leads to bad financial behavior. This study aims to examine the effect of gender moderation on the relationship between financial literacy and financial ignorance on financial behavior in household workers in Kota Bandung, Kabupaten Bandung and Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Primary data was taken through the distribution of google form questionnaires and collected as many as 75 samples. Data were analyzed using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results show that gender acts as a moderator in the relationship between financial literacy and financial ignorance on financial behavior. The partial test shows that an increase in financial literacy will have an impact on increasing positive financial behavior, on the contrary, an increase in financial ignorance will have an impact on decreasing positive financial behavior among respondents. The results of this study can be continued or developed by the next researcher, by adding several other moderating variables, such as class position, income, ethnicity, and others.

Alarming issue of suicides and their indirect costs in Slovenia

Abstract Background Suicides represent a major public health problem and a heavy burden on healthcare systems. Suicide is not a disease, but it can be the final result of various diseases and conditions, including various mental illnesses (depression, psychosis, etc.) as well as alcohol and drug addiction. High premature mortality due to suicide has social and economic consequences for society. The purpose of the present study was to analyze for the first time in Slovenia the partial indirect costs of suicide, on average, for the period from 2008 to 2019. Methods At the Slovenian National Institute of Public Health we analyzed the lost income from work due to suicide based on routine health data of the deceased, for the period from 2008 to 2019. The study was conducted in collaboration with the Faculty of Economics of the University of Ljubljana. The National Transfer Accounts (NTA) methodology was used. The estimated economic costs of suicide were based on the calculation of indirect costs, which are related to lost productivity due to death. Results Partial indirect costs due to suicide amounted to EUR 8.2 million on average or around 0.2% of all healthcare expenditures, which amounts to 0.02% of gross domestic product in the studied period. Lost income from work due to death amounted to EUR 4.8 million, and unpaid household work lost due to death amounted to EUR 3.4 million, as an annual average for the period 2008-2019. Conclusions The range of indirect and direct costs, also from the point of view of various mental illnesses should be included in the calculation in the future, a list of selected illnesses prepared and the available resources and their limitations showed. By including additional economic costs, the burden of suicide would certainly be higher. Key messages • Suicide prevention must be the national priority in Slovenia. • By treating the diseases that can lead to suicide, the number of suicides and the direct and indirect costs could be partially lowered.

More than employment policies? Parental leaves, flexible work and fathers’ participation in unpaid care work

ABSTRACT This article explores two policy pathways – parental leave and flexible work –as complementary policy interventions aimed at promoting gender equality in unpaid care and household work. Drawing on Canadian data from the 2021 International Familydemic Survey, we examine the relationship between fathers’ previous use of parental leave, and current use of flexible work arrangements (flextime and remote work), and their involvement in unpaid care work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings support the following three arguments: First, in numerous countries, including Canada, where socially exclusive policy designs can limit fathers’ take up of parental leave, flexible work arrangements can provide additional opportunities to increase fathering involvement beyond the early months of parenting. Second, our data indicate that unpaid care work sharing is enhanced by fathers’ parental leaves and flexible working; however, fathers who have taken parental leave report dividing a wider set of household work and care tasks with their partners. Third, although their policy designs, aims, and legislation architectures differ in Canada, we maintain that parental leaves and flexible work arrangements are both more than employment policies; they are care/work policies that enact ‘social care’ and ‘democratic care’, and support gender equality and work-family justice goals.

Breastfeeding and infant care as 'sexed' care work: reconsideration of the three Rs to enable women's rights, economic empowerment, nutrition and health.

Women's lifelong health and nutrition status is intricately related to their reproductive history, including the number and spacing of their pregnancies and births, and for how long and how intensively they breastfeed their children. In turn, women's reproductive biology is closely linked to their social roles and situation, including regarding economic disadvantage and disproportionate unpaid work. Recognizing, as well as reducing and redistributing women's care and domestic work (known as the 'Three Rs'), is an established framework for addressing women's inequitable unpaid care work. However, the care work of breastfeeding presents a dilemma, and is even a divisive issue, for advocates of women's empowerment, because reducing breastfeeding and replacing it with commercial milk formula risks harming women's and children's health. It is therefore necessary for the interaction between women's reproductive biology and infant care role to be recognized in order to support women's human rights and enable governments to implement economic, employment and other policies to empower women. In this paper, we argue that breastfeeding-like childbirth-is reproductive work that should not be reduced and cannot sensibly be directly redistributed to fathers or others. Rather, we contend that the Three Rs agenda should be reconceptualized to isolate breastfeeding as 'sexed' care work that should be supported rather than reduced with action taken to avoid undermining breastfeeding. This means that initiatives toward gender equality should be assessed against their impact on women's ability to breastfeed. With this reconceptualization, adjustments are also needed to key global economic institutions and national statistical systems to appropriately recognize the value of this work. Additional structural supports such as maternity protection and childcare are needed to ensure that childbearing and breastfeeding do not disadvantage women amidst efforts to reduce gender pay gaps and gender economic inequality. Distinct policy interventions are also required to facilitate fathers' engagement in enabling and supporting breastfeeding through sharing the other unpaid care work associated with parents' time-consuming care responsibilities, for both infants and young children and related household work.

CLUSTERING AND MULTINOMIAL LOGIT ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSEHOLD RESIDENTIAL LOCATION CHOICE IN THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA

The vast range of location alternatives and the preference heterogeneity have made it challenging to model, analyse, and predict the location choice process. In this study, we propose a two-step analytical model to focus on lowering the magnitude of these choices. The Transportation Planning Board's 2007-2008 household survey was used in the Washington metropolitan area, consisting of 3722 Traffic Analysis Zones (TAZ). First, location choice alternatives were clustered based on TAZs into homogeneous groups. These TAZs were categorized based on accessibility to public transport, population density, and employment density. Then, the Multinomial Logit (MNL) model was employed to allow the interpretation of the relationship between the clustered areas and the socio-economic characteristics. Four clustering algorithms were compared in terms of efficiency, and the mini-batch k-means performed the best based on the silhouette coefficient. Overall, households tend to prefer suburban areas as household size and the number of owned vehicles increase. Urban areas were selected with an increase in income, number of household workers, number of unemployed looking for a job, number of part-time employees, number of retirees, and the presence of university students. This paper contributes to the current trend of using unsupervised algorithms in the urban planning literature.

A Comparison of the Resilience, Anxiety, and Life Satisfaction of Chinese Left-Behind Children and International Students

The present study compared the resilience level, anxiety level, and life satisfaction level of Chinese left-behind children (LBC) and international students (IS) between 11 and 15 years old and investigated the relationships between these three variables and physical activity (PA). Chinese LBC (n = 86) from Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, China and Chinese IS (n = 60) in Vancouver, Canada filled out a survey that measured their resilience level, anxiety level, life satisfaction level, the duration and frequency of PA of different types and intensities in various domains, PA Enjoyment, and participants’ attitudes toward PA. In addition, 10 participants were randomly chosen to participate in an interview after completing the survey. The survey results showed that IS possessed higher resilience level and life satisfaction level than LBC, and both groups had no significant difference in anxiety level; LBC engaged in more PA than IS. Besides, resilience level was positively related to the amount of light PA in household or yard work domain as well as PA enjoyment; anxiety level was negatively related to PA enjoyment as well as annual household income; life satisfaction was positively related to the total amount of PA across all domains as well as PA enjoyment. Participants also mentioned in the interviews the effectiveness of PA in distracting them from worries and other negative emotions, which in turn helped reduce their anxiety and improve their resilience and life satisfaction. Therefore, participating in more PA could be a promising way to improve resilience level and life satisfaction level or reduce anxiety level for the two groups.

The role of educational attainment in production and transfers in the form of unpaid household work

The paper analyses the role of educational level in unpaid household work by breaking down the age profiles of production and transfers by three educational levels: low, medium, and high. The age profiles of the production and transfers of unpaid household work are presented for eight EU countries: Austria, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Slovenia, and Spain. Results show that time spent on housework peaks around the retirement age. At this point, individuals retire and have more time available for housework. However, the educational level does not have a large impact on men’s housework production levels, but it has it on the levels of women’s housework production. The results further show that highly educated women tend to spend the least time on housework production over the life cycle. On the other hand, men and women with high levels of education spend the most time on childcare, while both men and women with low levels of education spend the least on it: about two and a half times less time than the highly educated. Women are still the main providers of childcare and also the main transfer givers of unpaid household work over the life cycle. On the other hand, men of all educational levels are transfer recipients for most of the life cycle. However, highly educated men give highest transfers during their working ages in most of the countries analysed, while highly educated women transfer slightly less of unpaid household work than women of other educational levels.

Chopping carrots and becoming ‘real’ men: Uzbek boys, household work and the reproduction of masculinities in post-Soviet Uzbekistan

ABSTRACT Since Uzbekistan gained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, nationalist discourses have been overtly masculinized, continuing to inform Uzbek males’ daily lives. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Uzbekistan, this article illustrates how Uzbek boys’ domestic relations contribute to the way they learn to (re)produce masculinities, foregrounding a high degree of agency and utility. The analysis uncovered three themes central to the (re)production of Uzbek boyhood in Uzbek families as a site of informal learning: (1) being helpful through domestic labour; (2) being social through showing hospitality; and (3) being tarbiyali through practising national culture. Through scrutinizing the intersections of gender, education and nationalism, this article concludes by connecting Uzbek boyhood in the domestic sphere and nationalist campaigns fostering masculine hegemony in Uzbekistan’s nation building process. Through domesticity – a contentious concept in feminist criticism – this article expands our understanding of the (re)production of boyhood in a conventionally feminized space.

A Study On The Working Environment Of Rural Homemakers While Performing Different Household Activities In The Ayodhya District Of Uttar Pradesh

Due to the improper workplace and huge burden of domestic work on women, it negatively affects on their physical as well as psychological health. The present study explores those negative environments and the nature of household tasks that require time and effort and are most associated with fatigue. The goal of this study is to better understand the working environment of the homemakers and to collect information that can be used as the basis for recommendations about ergonomic improvements to the household environment, tasks, and products. A cross-sectional survey was done through an interview schedule. The participant was 240 from Ayodhya District of Uttar Pradesh. The homemakers above 30 years who live in rural areas were randomly selected for the study. The result was found that the working environment of household tasks is badly affects to the homemakers and they were knowledgeable about the risks of having waste in their environment but they lacked knowledge on how to manage waste which included aspects of waste minimization. The physiological and psychological health of homemakers is negatively associated with their working environment and domestic work stress regardless of employment status. Challenges and Issues: An examination of the working environment of rural homemakers while performing different household activities presents some specific challenges. The first arises from the fact that household working environment in rural community are multifaceted; the second from the understanding that community development (including health, education, housing environment, awareness etc.) is a broad concept that has relevance to all communities, from urban neighborhoods to remote Indigenous communities. Lastly, there is a significant definitional problem in terms of how to draw a meaningful line between women homemakers in rural areas and their working environment.

Patterns of housework performance in the United States before, during, and after the Great Recession.

Housework is a key area of research across many academic fields as it represents the intersection of micro- and macro-level gender dynamics. Despite many shifts in both women's and men's economic activities, and men's changing gender beliefs, women remain largely responsible for the management and performance of domestic labor. Given the relationship between paid employment and household work, this research describes patterns of women's and men's housework before, during, and after the Great Recession. Using American Time Use Survey data, I perform latent profile analysis to document the distributions of housework tasks and time for women and men across these three time periods. While women perform the majority of housework across the time frame, women and men converge in their time during the Recession. Further, men's time becomes more varied and more similar to women's Post-Recession. The findings in this research brief highlight the connections between macro-level change and micro-level behavior.