Household Work Research Articles

Finger Pulp Injuries Treated With Needle And Figure Of 8 Suturing

Background: injuries to the finger pulp are encountered in occupational, household work and rta.in the present study, fingertip injuries were treated by reducing the fracture fragments, repositioning the nail plate in the nail fold, and securing it with the needle vertical figure of eight tension band sutures. Objective: to know the clinical outcomes of finger pulp injuries treated with 23g needle fixation and figure of 8 suturing. Methodology: 15 patients were included in the study. The study was done at chennai, tamil nadu, a.c.s. Medical college and hospital on patients with finger pulp injuries in casualty as an outpatient. This interventional study was done for 12 months. All patients were followed up for 6 months. Results: most of the patients were aged above 18. Most of the patients were males. The thumb finger was most commonly involved. The right side is more commonly affected. All patients were given antibiotics orally for 2 weeks. Fracture healing happened in 6 weeks for most of the patients. Union was achieved in 8 to 9 weeks for most of the patients. Conclusion: using an 23g needle instead of k-wire fixation for treating associated fractures of the distal phalanx has enhanced versatility and yielded good outcomes. This approach also circumvents the formal repair of the nail bed, promoting smooth healing of the injury

Domestic workers' organizations and participatory approaches to labour standards enforcement: The case of Jamaica

Focusing on Latin America and the Caribbean, this article explores the role of domestic workers' organizations in labour standards enforcement. Drawing on qualitative data, we examine the case of the Jamaica Household Workers' Union in the wake of Jamaica's ratification of the ILO Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189). Findings indicate that the Union participates directly and indirectly in enforcement. While not a substitute for state‐led enforcement, the case study illustrates the potential of a worker‐centred, participatory approach to enforcement in the domestic work sector and suggests that worker voice and collective representation through organizing is key to fulfilling the promise of the Convention.

Class and Gender in Older People Care in Rural Yogyakarta

This article explores care arrangements for older people in rural Yogyakarta, comparing and contrasting the experiences of older people in three agrarian classes: significant landowners, petty commodity producers and ‘classes of labour’. The study was conducted in two villages in Kulon Progo and Sleman Regencies. Qualitative interviews, observations, life histories and information on the changing social and economic contexts are used to analyse older people’s roles in social reproduction, the dynamics of intergenerational dependency, and the practicesof older-people care. We found great variation in the age at which engagement in productive and reproductive work declines and people enter the state of dependency. Older people may be receivers, or providers of care for younger dependents. As older people live longer, complex tri- and even quadri-generational care arrangements become more common. Class, gender and intergenerational relations shape care relations and practices. State and community programmes for older people, when functioning properly, can be of great importance to poorer households,even though the access is uneven and they do not always match older people’s care needs. Commodified (purchased) care provision is found in some relatively prosperous households, but rarely in the ‘classes of labour’, the landless and near-landless peasants, and worker households that make up the majority of the population.

Reasons and types of domestic violence against married women: a community based cross sectional study in urban slums of Pune, India

Background: Worldwide, domestic violence against females is common across religion, culture, socio economic class and ethnicity. Objective was to assess reasons and types of domestic violence against married women in urban slums of Pune. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was undertaken amongst 405 married women above 18 years of age. Chi square test was used to find an association between the different demographic variables with respect to domestic violence. Univariate logistic regression was used to find the Odds ratio between the domestic violence and different risk factors. Results: Prevalence of domestic violence was 37.28%. Commonest reasons reported for domestic violence was ‘not doing household work properly’ (23.47%). Duration of marriage (p<0.05), total number of children (p<0.05), type of family (p<0.05) and alcohol consumption by husband were significantly associated with domestic violence. Conclusions: Present study revealed that duration of marriage, total number of children, type of family and alcohol consumption by husband are the factors significantly associated with domestic violence against married women. Sessions on de -addiction and preventing the family from domestic violence arising due to it can be taken.

Perceived discrimination and mental health among female migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study.

Female migrant domestic workers (MDW), often unemployed in their home country, are household workers that migrate abroad for better wages. Although poor employment conditions have shown detrimental effects on MDWs health, the mental health effect of perceived discrimination remains understudied among MDWs. This mixed-methods study seeks to (a) assess the association between perceived discrimination and mental health among female MDWs and (b) explore in-depth the common ways MDWs experience discrimination. A cross-sectional self-administered survey (n = 1965) was conducted among Filipino and Indonesian MDWs from August 2020 to August 2021 in Hong Kong. A multivariable logistic regression model, controlling for background characteristics, assessed associations between perceived discrimination with anxiety and depression. Qualitative semistructured interviews were then conducted (n = 20) to provide in-depth information about perceived discrimination. Thematic analysis was used to identify the contexts and types of discrimination experienced. Among survey respondents, 60.4% reported ever experiencing discrimination, and 10.5% reported often/always feeling discriminated against. Of MDWs, 18.1% and 31.5% were classified with anxiety and depression, respectively. MDWs reporting higher frequency of discrimination were at increased risk of anxiety (ORadj: 2.30-6.60) and depression (ORadj: 2.06-5.91). In-depth interviews revealed that perceived discrimination inside the workplace (from overwork, lack of autonomy, and employer-imposed restrictions) and outside the workplace (from MDW policies) had strong effects on MDWs' mental health. Increased availability to mental health services should be considered. To improve MDW mental health, policymakers may also regulate maximum weekly working hours and ensure minimum standards for living environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The Care Subsidy to the Labor Market: Rethinking the Care Diamond

Abstract The market is considered one of the four care agents and has been studied as a provider of paid services. However, the first part of this article posits the relevance of distinguishing two roles the market plays in care provision—private care provider and as the labor market—which shows, as feminist economics argues, that the market receives a subsidy from care work because the capital appropriates the value generated by the mostly female unpaid work in households through the family wage. The second part presents a methodology to estimate this subsidy of care to capital, based on time-use surveys and the computation of how many hours of total work are not paid for with household labor income using data from Mexico as a case study. With these figures, it is possible to develop public policy mechanisms that make the labor market co-responsible in care provision.

Velkoplošné zpracování železa v raně středověkých protourbanistických sídlištích: případová studie z lokality Mikulčice-Valy, Česká republika

Pyrometallurgical remnants, including slags and technical ceramics, offer crucial insights into Early Medieval ironworking. Iron held substantial economic significance during this era and its processing is particularly evident in settlement agglomerations and proto-urban sites across Northern and East Central Europe. Despite its importance, large-scale ironworking remains inadequately explored within broader socio-economic contexts. Our study examines around 300 kg of pyrotechnical waste from the northern suburbium of the Mikulčice-Valy settlement agglomeration (Czech Republic) using macroscopic and metallographic (SEM-EDS, WD-XRF) methods. The findings reveal specialised blacksmithing characterised by intensity and diversity contributing to a better understanding of the operational dynamics and installations in craft-production workshops. We propose that blacksmiths capitalised on the proto-urban environment, satisfying a high demand for diverse iron commodities of a dense population actively engaged in household, agricultural and artisanal work. While elites facilitated access to raw materials and maintained relative peace, direct control over iron production and distribution among the elites appears limited, apart from valuables like weapons. This study sheds light on the complex interplay between ironworkers and political-economic structures, offering new perspectives on the mechanisms driving Early Medieval iron economies.

Social Values, Family Work Involvement and School Education of Children in a Rural Area of Satu-Mare County

This article presents the results of a research carried out in a rural area of Satu-Mare County, which aimed to identify the practices regarding work in family agricultural households of rural children in connection with their school education. Our study is an exploratory research on the involvement of rural children in household work, as well as of the meanings that parents give to family work and school education, taking into account their value systems, expectations, relationships with their families and other relevant factors. For the collection of quantitative data, we used a questionnaire based survey on a representative sample of children and their parents, while for the qualitative data semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents and focus group interview with teachers. The research results reveal that the involvement of children in the work of family households is considered by parents as a natural component of the family socialization of children, related to the need to acquire work skills characteristic of the rural way of life. Among parents there is a preoccupation for the balance between school education and household activities, with an emphasis on the relevance of practical education. Child labour can negatively affect school performance; however, rural life offers children valuable hands-on learning opportunities.

The burdens attributable to headache disorders in Cameroon: national estimates from a population-based door-to-door survey, including a headache-care needs assessment

BackgroundWe have previously shown headache to be highly prevalent in Cameroon. Here we present the attributed burden. We also perform a headache-care needs assessment.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey among adults (18–65 years) in the general population. Multistage cluster-sampling in four regions (Centre, Littoral, West and Adamawa), home to almost half the country’s population, generated a representative sample. We used the standardised methodology of the Global Campaign against Headache, including the HARDSHIP questionnaire, with diagnostic questions based on ICHD-3 and enquiries into symptom burden, impaired participation (lost productivity and disengagement from social activity), quality of life (QoL) using WHOQoL-8, and willingness to pay (WTP) for effective care. We defined headache care “need” in terms of likelihood of benefit, counting all those with probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH) or other headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15 +), with migraine on ≥ 3 days/month, or with migraine or tension-type headache (TTH) and meeting either of two criteria: a) proportion of time in ictal state (pTIS) > 3.3% and intensity ≥ 2 (moderate-to-severe); or b) ≥ 3 lost days from paid and/or household work in the preceding 3 months.ResultsAmong 3,100 participants, mean frequency of any headache was 6.7 days/month, mean duration 13.0 h and mean intensity 2.3 (moderate). Mean pTIS was 9.8%, which (with prevalence factored in) diluted to 6.1–7.4% of all time in the population. Most time was spent with H15 + (5.3% of all time), followed by TTH (1.0%) and migraine (0.8%). For all headache, mean lost days/3 months were 3.4 from paid work, 3.0 from household work and 0.6 from social/leisure activities, diluting to 2.5, 2.2 and 0.6 days/3 months in the population. QoL (no headache: 27.9/40) was adversely impacted by pMOH (25.0) and other H15 + (26.0) but not by migraine (28.0) or TTH (28.0). WTP (maximally XAF 4,462.40 [USD 7.65] per month) was not significantly different between headache types. An estimated 37.0% of adult Cameroonians need headache care.ConclusionHeadache disorders in Cameroon are not only prevalent but also associated with high attributed burden, with heavily impaired participation. Headache-care needs are very high, but so are the economic costs of not providing care.

Work absence and productivity loss of patients undergoing a trial of spontaneous passage for ureteral stones.

Patients with ureteral stones are often managed with a spontaneous trial of passage. While cost effective, the current literature has not examined the effects of a trial of passage on patients' work productivity. In this study, we aim to characterize work absence and productivity losses in a cohort of patients undergoing a trial of passage for ureteral stones. Actively employed patients aged 18 to 64 and discharged from Duke emergency departments without surgical intervention for ureteral stones ≤ 10mm were contacted by phone four weeks after their presentation. Participants completed the Institute for Medical Technology Assessment Productivity Cost Questionnaire which assesses three domains: absenteeism - missed work; presenteeism -productivity when returning to work; and unpaid work - assistance with household work. Linear regression associated demographic and stone factors with productivity losses.109 patients completed the survey. In total, 67% of patients missed work, 46% had decreased productivity when returning to work, and 55% required assistance with unpaid work. 59% of patients with stones ≤ 5mm missed work versus 84% with stones > 5mm (p = 0.009). African American race (coefficient 23.68, 95% confidence interval 2.24-45.11, p = 0.031), first-time stone formers (coefficient 20.28, 95% confidence interval 2.50-38.07, p = 0.026), and patients with stones > 5mm (coefficient 25.34, 95% CI 5.25-45.44, p = 0.014) were associated with increased productivity losses. The majority of patients miss work while undergoing a trial of passage and many have decreased productivity when returning to work. This information may help counsel patients in emergency departments, especially first-time stone formers, and prevent return visits.

Gender Stereotypes and Bias in Imagery Depiction of Textbooks prescribed by West Bengal Board of Primary Education, India

India is a diverse country. Ethnic, Linguistic, Racial, Gender, and Socio-Religious, etc. diversity is observed in India. Educational institutions play a vital role in socializing children and creating gender-friendly attitudes. Textbooks serve as a vehicle for social change. From childhood in school through textbooks and classroom experiences students embrace gender socialization, societal norms, and beliefs, gender roles, inequality, and bias. So, it is very important to make textbooks gender-neutral, to do this, textbook analysis is required. This study investigates the images used in textbooks of primary education in West Bengal, India, to examine gender stereotypes and bias. The study adopted qualitative and documentary research approaches through content analysis. The findings demonstrate that gender patriarchy and bias are reflected through visual imagery in textbooks. Images often lack representation of women and tend to portray them engaging in indoor tasks such as domestic and household work, or menial labor. Meanwhile, men are predominantly shown in outdoor, professional, and leadership roles, reinforcing gender disparities in identity and societal roles. There is a limited attempt to showcase gender neutrality, and there's minimal encouragement for gender reflection, hindering the development of sustainable perceptions of gender roles in Indian society. The findings of the study provide a foundation for policy changes at the state or national level to ensure the development and implementation of guidelines that promote gender-neutral content in educational materials and are useful for textbook development agencies, textbook writers, and teachers in developing a gender-sensitive curriculum, and textbooks.

Levels and determinants of nonmarital fertility in Kenya

Background: This study sought to identify factors associated with nonmarital fertility in Kenya. Method: The study utilized a nationally representative sample of 12,777 never-married women aged 15-49 years sourced from the 2022 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were employed to analyze the data. Results: The study revealed a nonmarital fertility prevalence of 35.7 percent. The occurrence of nonmarital fertility exhibited statistically significant association with various factors. Woman’s current age shows a strong association with nonmarital fertility, with higher odds observed with increasing age. Cohabitation status plays a significant role, with cohabiting women having a much higher likelihood of nonmarital fertility. Educational attainment inversely affects nonmarital fertility, with higher education associated with lower odds. Household wealth status is also inversely associated with nonmarital fertility. Employment status indicates that working women have higher odds of nonmarital fertility, with household and domestic work showing particularly high odds. Religion has a significant effect with Islam associated with lower odds. The place and region of residence also influence nonmarital fertility, with rural areas having higher odds, and all regions showing lower odds compared to Nairobi. Conclusion: Nonmarital fertility is relatively high and significantly varies with the woman’s socio-demographic characteristics. The study recommends in-terventions to reduce nonmarital fertility and for further research to explain occupational and regional disparities in nonmarital fertility risks in the country. Keywords: Nonmarital fertility, prevalence, variation, correlates, Kenya

Analysing Post-Pandemic Female Labour Force Participation and Intra-Household Dynamics Through the Lens of Social Reproduction: The Indian Case

The coronavirus pandemic has adversely impacted women in both the productive and the reproductive realms of the Indian economy. While more women are observed to have lost their jobs, household and care work burden increased for all classes of women at least in the initial lockdown period. In this article, we put forth possible scenarios that can arise in the post-pandemic Indian economy regarding female labour force participation and intra-household dynamics, using social reproduction theory as our analytical framework. We posit that the pandemic will distress-drive women to participate in the labour force. Also, female formal workers who lost or quit their jobs during the crisis period may completely withdraw from the labour force if their spouses retain their jobs. Further, financial constraints can increase the incidences of spousal violence for female informal workers. Finally, social reproduction duties will intensify for female informal workers. While this can hold for female formal workers, their burden may be relieved through the hiring of domestic help.

Women’s domestic multitasking: the phenomenon of feminization of unpaid work in Polish households during the COVID-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT This study aims to present the concept of the feminization of unpaid work. We offer a conceptualization of this phenomenon based on the literature review and analysis of the experiences of Polish parents during COVID-19 pandemic. The feminization of unpaid work has cultural, economic, social, and institutional sources and manifests in women’s domestic multitasking, which means constant and routine responsibility for domestic and family duties. Its consequences are mainly visible in the precarious position of women in the public sphere but also in women’s poor psycho-physical conditions. The feminization of unpaid work should be seen as a set of interdependent processes that reinforces gender inequalities in the domestic and public spheres, especially in times of crisis. The analysis is based on qualitative material gathered through two nationwide diary writing contests in Poland during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The experiences of Polish parents who wrote diaries during the COVID-19 pandemic help to understand the differences between men’s and women’s situations in times of crisis by extracting from their diary narratives the key processes that form the field of the feminization process of unpaid domestic work.

Women's economic empowerment is a need-based program

The presented research paper focuses on the women of rural community, what is the contribution of technological progress in the lives of women. In the research paper, an attempt has been made to know the changing role of women in the society. How does the use of electrical appliances affect the overall economy of the family? How aware are women about the use of these devices? In the 20th century, women are moving forward on the path of progress in every field. Women are contributing to the economic progress of the country. She is discharging her responsibilities well at home and work. At the same time, they are providing financial support to the men of the house, as a result, women are moving towards empowerment, women-oriented modern technologies are also playing an important role in women empowerment. With their use, women take help in household work and save their time and labor to do employment related work. All the above facts will be examined to see what positive and negative effects the use of technology is having on women’s health.

RAISING DAY TO DAY ISSUES OF INDIAN WOMEN THROUGH FILMS: AN ANALYSIS OF MALAYALAM FILM THE GREAT INDIAN KITCHEN

Women’s role in Indian society is still considered only as a housewife. Society has changed for the better but still, there is a dire need for the upliftment of women in society who are not just considered a housewife who will deal with all the household work and have no say in important decisions taken in day to day life and for themselves. The deep-rooted patriarchy and male chauvinism have always neglected women in Indian society and the small issues of daily life are neglected. Media and films have helped in raising gender issues. Still, it has been successful in raising popular and big issues that are generally faced by women while making big decisions in life like making career choices, which has helped in improving the literacy level of women. However, still, an educated woman is still expected to do household chores rather than doing a job. If a woman is working then also she is expected to work at home while the male members are expected to rest after a long tiring day at work. The Malayalam film “The Great Indian Kitchen” directed by Jeo Baby very firmly raises the day-to-day problems faced by women in society which are often neglected but are very important for women. The stigma around menstruation and the deprivation of women's rights is highlighted in the film very aptly. This study will analyse the film “The Great Indian Kitchen” through the content analysis method.

An organizational working time reduction and its impact on three domains of mental well-being of employees: a panel study

BackgroundWork hours are an important aspect of one’s job and these in turn have the potential to impact people’s well-being. Much research investigating the link between working hours and well-being uses cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies, especially those studying the same subjects changing their working time, can study the impact of work time more clearly. Using panel data, this study aims to explore the impact of a reduction in working time on three domains of well-being: general well-being, job-related well-being (positive work experience) and work-family well-being (work-family conflict). In addition, our study offers insights into the role of concomitant changes in work and private circumstances of employees as we investigate whether the impact of shorter working hours for well-being is mediated by changes in the participants’ and circumstances related to paid and unpaid work resources.MethodAn organization of about 60 (female) employees trialed a shorter workweek for one calendar year in 2019. All full-time employees reduced their hours. The part-time working employees can be used as a control group. Panel data (survey and time-use diary data) of a 30-h workweek trial in Belgium was collected in four waves over two years in a pre- and post-intervention design. Change over time (waves) was analyzed through multilevel growth models.ResultA decrease in work-family conflict was observed during the shorter workweek. Part of this decrease is explained by concomitant changes in work and private circumstances, such as sufficiency in free time, schedule control, and satisfaction with work pressure. Positive work experience and general well-being tend to have decreased during the shorter workweek, although this could partly be explained by other organizational changes and not by the reduction in working hours per se. Schedule control helped suppress these somewhat negative effects of organizational changes on positive work experience.ConclusionReduced working hours have the largest and most positive impact on work-family conflict. The feeling of having enough leisure time contributes to this increased well-being. Especially for women, who were the majority in this study, a reduction in working time might be beneficial as they often bear more responsibility for household work and care tasks. Next to the duration of working time, schedule control/autonomy has an important impact on well-being.

The burden of headache and a health-care needs assessment in the adult population of Mali: a cross-sectional population-based study

BackgroundOur recent studies have shown headache disorders to be very common in the central and western sub-Saharan countries of Benin and Cameroon. Here we report headache in nearby Mali, a strife-torn country that differs topographically, culturally, politically and economically. The purposes were to estimate headache-attributed burden and need for headache care.MethodsWe used cluster-random sampling in seven of Mali’s eleven regions to obtain a nationally representative sample. During unannounced household visits by trained interviewers, one randomly selected adult member (18–65 years) from each household was interviewed using the structured HARDSHIP questionnaire, with enquiries into headache in the last year and, additionally, headache yesterday (HY). Headache on ≥ 15 days/month (H15+) was diagnosed as probable medication-overuse headache (pMOH) when associated with acute medication use on ≥ 15 days/month, and as “other H15+” when not. Episodic headache (on < 15 days/month) was recorded as such and not further diagnosed. Burden was assessed as impaired participation (days lost from paid and household work, and from leisure activity). Need for headache care was defined by criteria for expectation of benefit.ResultsData collection coincided with the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The participating proportion was nonetheless extremely high (99.4%). The observed 1-year prevalence of any headache was 90.9%. Age- and gender-adjusted estimates were 86.3% for episodic headache, 1.4% for pMOH and 3.1% for other H15+. HY was reported by 16.8% with a mean duration of 8.7 h. Overall mean headache frequency was 3.5 days/month. Participants with pMOH lost more days from paid (8.8 days/3 months) and household work (10.3 days/3 months) than those with other H15+ (3.1 and 2.8 days/3 months) or episodic headache (1.2 and 0.9 days/3 months). At population level, 3.6–5.8% of all time was spent with headache, which led to a 3.6% decrease in all activity (impaired participation). Almost a quarter (23.4%) of Mali’s adult population need headache care.ConclusionHeadache is very common in Mali, as in its near neighbours, Benin and Cameroon, and associated with substantial losses of health and productivity. Need for headache care is high – a challenge for a low-income country – but lost productivity probably translates into lost gross domestic product.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for Universal screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus increased almost 30% in many countries, including underdeveloped countries and same in Nepal. Hospital-based studies in Nepal reported Gestational Diabetes Mellitus cases, with prevalence 2.48% in 2010 to 4.47% in 2019 emphasising on necessity of universal screening for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. As part of implementation of Electronic Decision support System for Antenatal Care, in formative study clinical vignettes on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus case presented to six healthcare providers ( Incharges, Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives and Lab Assistants) from 3 primary healthcare facilities in Kavre and Dolakha districts, Nepal from October-December 2019. 19 Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives from 19 HCF of 4 districts (Kavre, Dolakha, Sindhuli, and Sindhupalchok, including where clinical vignette were applied trained to perform Oral Glucose Tolerance Test for 4 hours. In-depth Interviews conducted with 16 Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives (8 trained and 8 peer coached from selected 4 HCF to explore their perception and experiences of conducting Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and continuing it for future. Clinical vigenttes compared with PEN protocol and IDIs analyzed thematically. Only 4/6 HCPs made probable diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. 217 Oral Glucose Tolerance Test performed, 24 found to have Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. In-depth Interviews showed Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives enthusiasts on implementing tests for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and to continue what has been learnt in training. Some challenges; clients hesitate to stay 2 hours at facilities due to unavailability of transport and household work. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test trained Auxiliary Nurse, Midwives seem more confident in counselling and conducting Oral Glucose Tolerance Test than those peer coached. Administering Oral Glucose Tolerance Test seemed feasible in HCF settings despite some challenges. Training and continuing logistics supply from municipality level seems promising.

Unpaid work, paid work and gender inequality: An analysis of time transfer accounts for Turkey

AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the total (market and non-market) gender-based production and consumption activities of Turkish men and women at different stages of their life-cycle. Turkey, one of the few emerging economies within the OECD, offers an interesting case-study as its female labour force participation rate is one of the lowest among OECD countries. Our results show that time spent by Turkish women on household activities is, on average, 30 h a week, basically three times as much as men. In fact, the women-to-men time use ratio for unpaid work is roughly twice as much as the OECD average. We estimate that the monetary value of women unpaid household production exceeds 29% of GDP, while the corresponding estimate for men is around 8%. Using the concept of life-cycle deficit, we also show that Turkish men are dependent on housework undertaken by women over their entire lifetime, which is an almost unique feature in comparison to the European and OECD countries. Finally, unlike other OECD countries that have introduced disincentives to early retirement, Turkish men continue to retire early but retain their acquired habits of not sharing the burden of household work.