Machine Work Research Articles

Эффективность применения лесозаготовительных машин с манипулятором на лесосеке

An improvement of methods and models for preliminary estimation of the performance of harvesters in timber production intends to support better justification of the use of certain harvester types and technologies for specific natural and production conditions. It is possible to increase the accuracy of calculation models with a more complete and realistic description of the production environment and operational processes. The article presents a modelling of the harvester’s movements across cutting areas for selecting a position with the highest number of accessible trees. The investigational process involved the creation of an algorithm along with a simulation model and the statistical processing of the results. The problem-solving process required consideration of the tree’s distribution within the cutting region. The data arrays, which were necessary for efficiency evaluation in the simulation model and its software implementation, were the following: the distance between the working stands of the machine with the maximum number of available trees, the time of cyclic processing, and the number of trees in the area. The results of the statistical analysis of the data are presented with justification from the theoretical laws of probability distribution. The choice of machine working stands, which considered the arrangement of the trees, was estimated using the productivity per hour index. The index was calculated with a constant distance parameter that is equal to the difference between the maximum and the minimum manipulator’s movement, and it was also calculated for a stand with a maximum number of accessible trees. The calculation function for the index involves random variables that characterize the working conditions of the stand. The index itself is conceded as a random variable. The values for it were found by statistical data processing. A comparison of the values determined a high probability of a significant increase in the productivity of the harvester. At the stand with the maximum number of trees, it is estimated at around 8 % with a standard deviation of 0.199. For citation: Makarenko A.V. Effective Positioning in Cutting Area of a Harvester Using Computer Modelling. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 4, pp. 120–135. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-4-120-135

Explainable Deep Ensemble Model for Bearing Fault Diagnosis Under Variable Conditions

Deep learning-based intelligent diagnostic methods have been widely used in aerospace, rail transportation, automotive, rail vehicles, and other fields. However, deep neural networks are composed of multi-layer non-linear transformation to learn the feature maps of input, leading to the black box characteristic. It is usually criticized to be non-transparent and less interpretable in predictions and maintenance decision-making. Meanwhile, due to the variability of machine working conditions in the manufacturing process, there is still a gap between traditional deep learning diagnosis methods and the practical application. To address such problems, an explainable deep ensemble model is proposed for fault diagnosis of bearings which both leverages feature learning ability and improves model interpretability. Firstly, a residual network integrated with bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) is designed as the backbone learning framework to perform associative feature extraction from the original 1D time-series signals. Then, a multi-branch model with a multi-scale ensemble learning strategy is constructed for feature fusion and final fault diagnosis. After the model is trained, an enhanced gradient-weighted class activation mapping technique, named 1D Grad-CAM ++ is embedded to visualize the region of interest in the convolutional layer, where the prior knowledge gained from the bearing fault mechanism model is effectively combined to provide a better understanding of the learned features and decision-making of model. Finally, three fault diagnosis cases of rolling bearings under different operation conditions are used for algorithm verification. The results demonstrate the proposed approach shows superior explainable capability and diagnosis performance in comparison with other methods.

Analysis of Quality Defects in Plastic Seed Products Using Statistical Process Control (SPC) Method

Plastic seed products are products made from recycled plastic materials such as raw materials for plastic bags and some screen printing plastics. UD. ABC is a company that produces PP (Polypropylene) plastic pellets. The existing problems include the discovery of instability in the production of plastic pellets which is in a negative direction for the company, namely there are product defects in plastic pellet products that exceed the standard defect tolerance limit of the company by 2%. Based on the Pareto diagram, it can show that the type of protrusion defect is 69.56% more dominant than the type of connecting defect, which is 30.44%. Based on the control chart based on the p-chart, it shows that some dates are outside the limits of the control chart, namely the sample lot number 3 (March) of 0.0352, 4 (April) 0.0273, 7 (July) 0, 0134, 8 (August) 0.271. The data that comes out of the control chart limits exceeds the upper control limit (BKA/UCL) of 0.02649 and the lower control limit (BKB/LCL) of 0.02395. So what must be done to repair the engine factor is to carry out periodic briefings on how the machine works starting from setting the temperature and changing the filter. Meanwhile, the human factors section, namely directing the replacement of machine filter workers with temperature operators so that workers do not get tired easily, conducting periodic supervision of each worker for the leader and providing guidance on knowledge about machine work systems, mixing raw materials and operating machine temperature controls regularly.

Making the Palace Machine Work: Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire, edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko

Making the Palace Machine Work: Mobilizing People, Objects, and Nature in the Qing Empire, edited by Martina Siebert, Kai Jun Chen, and Dorothy Ko

PENGUKURAN PRODUKTIVITAS LANTAI PRODUKSI MENGGUNAKAN METODE OBJECTIVE MATRIX (OMAX) DAN FAULT TREE ANALISIS (FTA)

PT Madubaru Madukismo is a company engaged in the manufacture of granulated sugar. The problem faced by PT Madubaru Madukismo is that the company has not reached the set production target. It is known that the production target set by the company is 30,000 quintals per month. So for measuring productivity using the objective matrix (OMAX) and fault tree analysis (FTA) methods where the objective matrix (OMAX) is a partial productivity measurement system developed to monitor productivity in each part of the company with productivity criteria in accordance with the existence of that part, and fault tree analysis (FTA) is a method used to analyze the risk that causes a failure. There are five measurement ratio criteria, namely production efficiency productivity, raw material efficiency productivity, production target effectiveness productivity, machine work effectiveness productivity and number of employees productivity. Then the results obtained The highest productivity value achieved during measurements in the period May to October 2022 was in August with a productivity level of 864 and the lowest was achieved in May of 35, as well as an analysis of indicators from the calculation of the ratio 1 to 5, it can be seen that the lowest ratio is at the 3, namely the effectiveness of production targets and ratio 1, namely productivity, production efficiency. Based on the minimum cut-set, the basic events that can cause a low ratio 3 and 1 are the lack of suppliers from sugar cane farmers, workers' working hours are reduced because raw materials are late, production room temperature is hot, and does not match the jobdesk
 
 Keywords: Productivity, Ratio, Criteria, Objective Matrix (OMAX), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).

Controlling wheel loader motion along a desired trajectory

Problem. Rigid-frame skid steer front loaders are popular material-handling machines widely used in various industries. However, such loaders experience frequent breakdowns due to high dynamic loads; they are often subjected to intensive tyre wear and excessive fuel consumption. Frequently, these issues arise from the improper actions of an operator. Given the labour intensity of the workflow, an operator, regardless of qualification, cannot ensure optimal loader control at an acceptable speed for a long time. In addition, an operator usually works in harsh environments with a high risk of injury, e.g. due to loss of stability. Manual control of loaders also limits the use of these machines in places that are dangerous for humans, for example, during the response to disasters. The solution to these issues is to automate the loader and exclude the operator from the machine work. One of the tasks of loaders automation is to ensure their movement along a given trajectory from the face to the place of unloading the material and back in the opposite direction. Goal. This work aims to increase the productivity and energy efficiency of a rigid-frame skid steer loader by ensuring its following along a given trajectory. Methodology. Based on the kinematics model of the loader, a two-loop control system for motion along a desired trajectory is designed. The control system combines feedforward and feedback loops. The feed-forward control is based on the desired speeds and accelerations. The closed loop is a state controller that uses the loader distance from the desired trajectory at a given time and the course angle as the state variables. Results. According to the simulation results, the proposed two-loop control system ensures the movement of the loader along a desired trajectory with an accuracy of up to 0.3 m. Originality. Further development of the up-to-date control theory was achieved by applying it to a new object, namely a skid steer front loader with a rigid frame. Practical value. The implementation of the proposed control system will increase the productivity of the loader, as well as reduce the number of accidents at construction sites.

ANALYSIS OF THE AVAILABILITY AND CONDITION OF FOREIGN-MANUFACTURED WEAPONS AND MILITARY TECHNIQUES EXISTING IN THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE AND THE EFFICIENCY OF THEIR USE

The article reveals the main capabilities, the availability and the condition of the existing samples of weapons, and the military equipment of the foreign production in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. They are supplied by the NATO member countries There is an effectiveness of their use as a part of combat units and the units of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which carry out combat tasks to repel the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The reasoned conclusions are also provided regarding the relevance of the study of the general structure, the order of preparation for using, maintenance and troubleshooting in the course of use during the combat work of crew foreign-made machines. The given quantitative and qualitative state of the existing domestic samples of the armored weapons and equipment are in comparison of the quantitative and qualitative state of the supplied machines. In addition, in the course of the analysis, samples of the equipment planned to arrive in Ukraine in the future are taken into account. The authors present a study of the set of probabilities of winning in elementary duels based on a comparison of the tactical and technical characteristics of the available weapons of both sides, which are available, as well as the probable frequency of use of the Armament and military equipment samples as intended. Some problematic issues faced by unit commanders after receiving and during the direct use of samples of the weapons and military equipment are given, as well as ways to solve them. Against the situation background, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are in relations to the supply of the necessary amount of armament and military equipment of the appropriate nomenclature from the state-owned enterprises of Ukrainian Defense Industries. The authors of the article also provide proposals that, according to experts in the Defense Industries, will increase the capabilities and improve the efficiency of the armament and the military equipment park of Ukraine in the coming years. Keywords: the state of the armament and military equipment, foreign-made technology, development prospects, increasing the efficiency of use, the possibilities of the armament and military equipment.

Special features of using neuronetwork technolo-ies to control the work processes of bulldozers with a gnss-intensifier

Abstract. Problem. The specificity of modern road construction works requires evaluation of the situation; forecast of the machine's normal operation and the development of emergency situations; synthesis and evaluation of possible actions of the operator and selection of the best ones. That is, there is a problem of effective support of the road car, whose solution is transferred to the intelligence of the car itself. A distinctive feature of intelligent systems is the ability to plan behaviour, adapt and learn. An intelligent system automatically changes the algorithms of its functioning and the structure in order to preserve or achieve an optimal state when external conditions change. The integration of algorithmic methods of controlling complex objects and methods of artificial intelligence is aimed at solving the tasks with uncertainty of the source information. The implementation of intelligent systems shows their prospects in the field of road construction works. Thus, optimization of road machine work processes, increasing the efficiency of road-construction machines (RCM) due to an intelligent control system is an urgent task. Studying the structure of the intelligent system of the road machine is relevant as well as developing a mathematical model of intelligent optimization of work processes based on the complex of readings of integrated GNSS sensors. Goal. The purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of construction machines through their intellectualization, development of scientific algorithms for creating mathematical models of the working bodies of the RCM with SNS-intensifier of work processes of interaction with the soil environment. Methodology. In the paper the scientific methods of system analysis and decision-making theory for the structuring and synthesis of intelligent control systems are used; mathematical modeling methods for building and researching hydraulic and dynamic models of road vehicles; theories of automatic control under conditions of uncertainty; methods of object-oriented programming for simulation modeling of a road machine work process during operations. Results. For the first time, the methods of solving the problem of controlling the hydraulic drive of a road machine were offered, which, unlike traditional ones, take into account the execution of digging operations in conditions of a short decision-making time, which ensures the movement of the working body along an arbitrary trajectory in a short time with high accuracy. Originality. This paper is one of the first in Ukraine in which the scientific problem of increasing the efficiency of RCM at the interaction of working bodies with the soil environment in conditions of limited time for decision-making was formulated and solved. Practical value. Time of work is cut due to the reduced number of passes during soil development and increasing the productivity of RCM, which will have a positive effect on financial and labour costs, ensuring the possibility of continuous operation, which increases the productivity of RCM.

Factors associated with work accidents in fishermen

Background Fishermen's work accidents are a problem of work safety in the world, including in Indonesia. Sometimes the weather is extreme, increasing the risk of accidents and death for fishermen. (Objective) The research objective was to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, PPE, and machine availability tools for fishermen in Tanah Choose Village, Banyuasin District, Banyuasin Regency in 2022.
 Method: This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. This research method is interview and observation. The results of the survey were analyzed invariably and bivariately using the Chi-Square statistical test.
 Results 56.2% of respondents experienced work accidents, 20.8% of respondents had good knowledge, 52.1% of respondents with a positive attitude, 50% of respondents used complete PPE, and 33.3% of respondents used machine safety devices. Bivariant results show that there is no relationship between knowledge and work accidents (value = 0.614), there is no relationship between attitude and work accidents (p-value = 0.687), there is no relationship between PPE and work accidents (p-value = 1.000), there is no relationship between the availability of machine safety devices and work accidents (p-value = 1,000)
 Conclusion: It is hoped that fishermen will improve their attitude, use complete PPE when working, and use safety devices on every work machine and equipment.

Uniform exhaust characteristics of new-type airbox components of continuous miner

When the dust removal system of the continuous mining machine works, the exhaust air volume cannot meet the design requirements due to the different pressure and uneven air speed in the exhaust duct. These will lead to an increase in the energy consumption of the fan. In this paper, the uniform exhaust mathematical model was established. A novel resistance plate member was developed on the basis of a uniform exhaust pipe with variable cross sections. The uniform exhaust characteristics of two different exhaust ducts were discussed. The influence of adding a resistance plate on the vibration characteristics of airbox components was analyzed. The results show that adding resistance plate members could significantly reduce the airflow resistance, deviation, and unevenness of the exhaust rate. When the excitation frequency is 130 Hz, the vibration response of the airbox components is stronger, and operation at this frequency should be avoided.

Design and comparative analysis of beater knife mechanism for mango pulp extraction

The purpose of this research work was to design, fabricate and evaluate an enhanced fruit pulp extraction unit to convert the available fruit into pulp to increase profitability and to limit post-harvest losses. This study introduced a newly developed mechanism with beater-type blades having serrated knives. As compared to the existing screw-type pulpers this newly developed pulping machine is quite lightweight, cheap, easy to fabricate, requires low maintenance, and has a low running cost. The major factors that were considered while planning included cost-effectiveness, manufacturing ease, high efficiency and user-friendly operation. The machine works by applying shearing and centrifugal forces on the fed fruits through an innovatively designed set of blades. The data like mass of fruits and residual waste, extracted juice volume and time taken for juice extraction were collected and used to calculate the key performance indicators (KPIs) which included juice yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss of the unit. The mango types like Sindhri, Chaunsa and Langra were used and maximum average juice yield and extraction efficiency were obtained for Chaunsa variety at 600 rpm with 700-micron diameter sieve mesh size and 25 mm beater and sieve mesh clearance. The beater-type and screw-type pulpers have juice yield percentages of 63.40% & 34.56%, extraction efficiencies of 56.70% & 54.15%, power consumption of 1HP & 2.5HP and manufacturing costs of USD1275 & USD2000 respectively. The processing capacity of this pulp processing unit is 60-70kg/h.

Capuchin Search Particle Swarm Optimization (CS-PSO) based Optimized Approach to Improve the QoS Provisioning in Cloud Computing Environment

This review introduces the methods for further enhancing resource assignment in distributed computing situations taking into account QoS restrictions. While resource distribution typically affects the quality of service (QoS) of cloud organizations, QoS constraints such as response time, throughput, hold-up time, and makespan are key factors to take into account. The approach makes use of a methodology from the Capuchin Search Particle Large Number Improvement (CS-PSO) apparatus to smooth out resource designation while taking QoS constraints into account. Throughput, reaction time, makespan, holding time, and resource use are just a few of the objectives the approach works on. The method divides the resources in an optimum way using the K-medoids batching scheme. During batching, projects are divided into two-pack assembles, and the resource segment method is enhanced to obtain the optimal configuration. The exploratory association makes use of the JAVA device and the GWA-T-12 Bitbrains dataset for replication. The outrageous worth advancement problem of the multivariable capacity is addressed using the superior calculation. The simulation findings demonstrate that the core (Cloud Molecule Multitude Improvement, CPSO) computation during 500 ages has not reached assembly repeatedly, repeatedly, repeatedly, and repeatedly, respectively.The connection analysis reveals that the developed model outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches. Generally speaking, this approach provides significant areas of strength for a successful procedure for improving resource designation in distributed processing conditions and can be applied to address a variety of resource segment challenges, such as virtual machine setup, work arranging, and resource allocation. Because of this, the capuchin search molecule enhancement algorithm (CSPSO) ensures the success of the improvement measures, such as minimal streamlined polynomial math, rapid consolidation speed, high productivity, and a wide variety of people.

Моделирование технологии очистки леса с помощью многооперационной машины

A conceptual model of a forest multi-operator machine for clearing debris caused by tree mortality is presented. A technological process of sanitary forest clearing that minimizes manual labour with the help of a machine and a winch is considered, including the technology of litter removal with its processing into firewood in the forest. Two variants of multi-operating machine's work with a winch are given: sequential, when the machine processes the wood from the fell as it is received from the winch, and parallel, when the winch and machine work independently of each other. It is established that the productivity at debris removal at parallel operation of the machine and winch is higher by 7...14 % than at their consecutive operation. It is revealed that the productivity of a multi-operator machine when the machine and a winch work in parallel increases by 53...55 %. It is determined that the load of the machine, when working together with a winch, is less than 50 % of working time. It is recommended that the winch and the machine work together at close capacities, if the winch capacity is very different from the machine capacity, then they should work separately.

Имитационное моделирование технологического процесса заготовки древесины на примере лесного харвестера

The purpose of the work is to create a computer model that allows to reproduce the technological process of logging, taking into account a huge number of various conditions that can affect the final result of the enterprise, to obtain the data necessary for making effective managerial and organizational decisions on labor standardization and the preparation of regulatory documentation. To do this, using the agent-based modeling method, a simulation model of the production process was created in the AnyLogic program. The functioning of the proposed model is carried out on the basis of significant statistical data on the most important characteristics of individual elements of the production process. The article demonstrates the possibilities of modeling technological schemes of work at the cutting site at the design stage of the technological map without the need for real felling of forest plantations. The diagram of the conditions of the harvester’s work is presented, embedded in the simulation model created by the authors, which allows the researcher to conduct a step-by-step analysis of the work of the logging machine. An information-logical detailing of all blocks of the harvester work state diagram is shown, which allows understanding the principle of analysis when clearing the site for a new working position, analyzing the availability of trees in apiaries, processing of tree trunks, taking into account all movements and organizational and technical downtime in the process of developing forest cuttings. The reader is presented with a graphical demonstration of the choice of trees available for felling, as well as an analysis of the situation for moving to a new working position of the harvester. The sequence of data entry into the model and the principles of fixing the scientific results obtained on the basis of modeling are outlined. The created simulation model will allow forest users to compare the options for the technological schemes of the harvester's movement along the forest cutting with the choice of the best organizational and management solutions; creation of labor standards and production standards for the development of forest cuttings in any natural and production conditions for any model of the harvester used, depending on the type of felling and the species and quality characteristics of the felled trees.

The Acoustic Performance of Natural Composites in Reducing Stress Levels: Textile Industry

The porous characteristics of recycled natural fibres make them suitable for use as acoustic materials. Straw and water hyacinth fibres are natural materials that can potentially be used as composites in damping devices. This study evaluated the acoustic performance of two types of reinforced composites containing natural fibers (water hyacinth and rice straw) and gypsum adhesives in reducing stress levels in the textile industry. The evaluation was carried out through laboratory tests using impedance tubes and direct testing in a textile factory to reduce the stress level of production machine workers and operators. Rice straw and water hyacinth fibres were thoroughly mixed in proven mass ratios of 10% and 30% with water and gypsum plaster as a binder. The mixture was pressed into a mould at a pressure of 3 MPa before being heated in an oven at 900ºC for 5 hours. Perforations measuring 4 to 8 mm in diameter were then made at equal distances on the panels. Acoustic panel performance tests were carried out with impedance tubes according to ISO 10534-2 standards at sound frequencies ranging from 0 to 6400 Hz. Field tests were also conducted at a textile factory, with each machine unit generating a sound source of 100 to 110 dB. Heart rate data was collected, and noise measurements were carried out before and after the panels were installed in the area around the operating machines. The results showed that the rice straw-gypsum composite with four perforations performed the best, achieving an α coefficient of 1.0 at a frequency of 1500 Hz and an NRC of 0.50, indicating effective noise reduction. The installation of acoustic panels around the noise source in the textile industry reduced noise levels by up to 9.8 dB and was found to affect workers' heart rates, indicating reduced stress levels. The questionnaire results also showed a significant effect on the stress levels of workers. The use of natural fibers in composite materials has the potential to be an eco-friendly and sustainable solution for soundproofing applications. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-06-02 Full Text: PDF

CFD Methodology for an Underhood Analysis towards the Optimum Fan Position in a Compact Off-Road Machine

A compact off-road machine tends to have a compact engine structure, which may result in small clearances between the main engine, the cooling system, and the radiator. In the design of its cooling system, the heat exchanger, fan, and conveyor are normally chosen based on their fixed operating point. Unfortunately, these machines work in variable conditions and the performance of each component is different when they are working as a whole under the hood. The aim of this work is to optimize the position of these components through a parametric analysis of some variables, using the Computational Fluid Dynamics technique. The air flows are analyzed in order to show the pressure waves created by the air moved by the fan blades, showing how the fluid interacts with the engine. The results show that optimizing this installation can increase the efficiency of the fan by 10% and reduce the noise emitted by 13 dB. These results should sensitize designers to use CFD analyses, not for a single component, but for the entire system. The methodology shown can be applied for the better design of cooling systems, mainly in off-road vehicles that have noise emission problems.

PERANCANGAN PLASTIC WASTE SHREDDER MACHINE PORTABLE DI KAMPUS POLMAN BANDUNG

Plastic Waste Shredder Machine is a machine that is used to reduce the size of waste into small pieces for recycling process. This machine is a development from previous machines. The design methodology in this study is VDI 2222. Determination of component dimensions is based on analysis of critical components with the help of Computer Aided Engineering software. This machine works by inserting plastic bottle waste to the hopper, the size will be reduced in shredding area with two-blade system that moves oppositely with a fixed knife on each side, and the result is the plastic chips with a maximum size of 5x5 mm. After the design process, the machine is operated with an electric motor with a power of 0,75 kW and output rotation of 50 rpm. This machine can process 10 kg/day plastic waste with machine dimensions of 400 x 600 x 900 mm and total machine weight of 124 kg.

Military archaeology and LIDAR data visualizations: a non-invasive approach to detect historical remains

The present paper belongs to a line of research known as aerial archaeology and compares some specific visualizations of LIDAR data (hill-shading, openness, and sky view factor) to understand which of them can provide the best approach to suitably identify and unveil some archaeological permanences as function of different boundary conditions. In the present case, such permanences belong to the very special material heritage consisting of the "physical traces" of the Great War, although latent, they persist in the present landscapes at different states of preservation and visibility, waiting to be unearthed to express their cultural potential. They represent an indispensable palimpsest of "minor signs" such as, for example, fragments of entrenchments, gun emplacements, shelters, bomb craters, and temporary shelters. Such elements made the war machine work at that time while, nowadays, if properly recognized and enhanced, could foster the historical and cultural revitalization of the territories where they are placed.

STATISTICAL AND DYNAMIC INDICATORS OF THE AUTOMATED FORKLIFT CONTROL SYSTEM

One of the key trends in the development of forklifts nowadays is the process of unmanned control, which will be discussed in the given article. At the beginning of the research the constructive component of the forklift will be considered, the conditions of the machine working in the premises will be noted, after that the basic parameters of the forklift constant and variable value control system will be described, the algorithm of the forklift automation process and its visualization with the help of a digital prototype will be formulated. At the end of the scientific research, the theoretical and practical significance of the work will be given and a corresponding conclusion about further modernization of the forklift will be made.

Systematic Literature Review of Machine Learning in Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality

This study aims to conduct a systematic literature review on machine learning methods used in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). The method proposed in the SLR consists of three main phases: planning, conducting, and reporting. Researchers used data obtained through Google searches sourced from IEEE Xplore, Springer, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. The application of inclusion and exclusion criteria is used to select documents. The findings from this study consist of countries involved in machine learning research in the VR and AR fields, machine learning methods, technology used, and work sectors that use machine learning in the VR and AR fields. The results also show that when the machine learning method is used in VR and AR applications, the main advantages are high efficiency and algorithm precision. Moreover, this research observes that machine learning is the most widely applied artificial intelligence scientific technique in VR and AR applications. The results of this systematic literature review show that the combination of machine learning and VR and AR methods contributes to trends, opportunities, and applications in the fields of engineering, arts, education, industry, medicine, tourism, and technology