Linguistic Work Research Articles

L’expression spatiale en oroqen

Oroqen is an endangered language, this article aims to present the properties of spatial description in oroqen and to contribute in a humble way to the description and linguistic analysis of this endangered language. In this research we have found that the relations of coincidence are in general topological and deictic in oroqen, which joins the findings of linguistic works on the semantic spatial typology. The Oroqens mobilize more or less all the reference systems: intrinsic, relative, and absolute, in their spatial description. We have seen that conceptualization in this filed is very strongly linked to environment and culture.

The Ever-Rolling Stream: How Time Subverts “Translation for” into “Journeying with”: Half a Century of Bible Translation in Urak Lawoi’

Bible translation in Urak Lawoi’ began with linguistic work in the late 1960s. The Gospel of Mark was first published in 1976 and the New Testament in 1998. The Old Testament, though almost complete, was still in the checking phase in 2018. Those raw data reveal time to be one of the primary players in the drama. Time has impacted the agency of translation and its purpose, its cultural context, and even its medium. But contrary to current efficiency-based presuppositions and product-oriented drive, the result is not all bad. In the process the task has become rather a journey where the companionship is as important as the goal. This paper reflects on the exigencies of time and cultural shift over half a century of Bible translation in Urak Lawoi’.

Tamil Samoogathin Pulamaiyakka Marabil Pen Eyangiyalum Iruppum

Tamil language has two thousand years of classic literary and grammatical resources. The Puluvarmarapu was formed without the long-standing Arupada oral tradition of the Tamil community. Man-made literature is derived from his community. However it stands very much alive in the oral tradition. In the tradition of writing itself it evolves into power. This can be known in Puluvarmarapil. Literature, grammar and texts have appeared in the tradition of linguistic scholarship in the Tamil world of Vadavenkadam Tenkumari Aidai. Yet what is the linguistic scholarship space in which women are creative? This article explores the differences between women’s linguistic and scholarly works and their contribution to the field of linguistic scholarship, such as grammar and texts.

“Common Informality”

AbstractThis article explores how two key problems of philosophical aesthetics, temporality and form, are rethought in Fred Moten's consent not to be a single being trilogy. The article proposes that Moten's work is notable for its refusal to affirm a link between aesthetic experience, or aesthesis, and the future-bound possibility of political community. This refusal distinguishes Moten's work both from the political philosophy underlying Immanuel Kant's aesthetics and from the dialectical critique of Kant found in contemporary theoretical work prioritizing formal experimentation. The article contends instead that Moten's work is shaped by a sustained attention to “informal” patterns of aesthetic experience, for which the graphic materiality of writing functions as a privileged index. The article then explores the political and temporal implications of writing's materiality in two essays from Moten's Black and Blur. To pursue this task, it draws on Walter Benjamin's understanding of philological interpolation and argues that Moten's work, particularly in its insistence on “renomination” rather than conceptual creation, can likewise be understood as philological. The article concludes, however, by showing how the idea of linguistic freedom advanced in recent philological work is complicated by Moten's recognition of a link between predication and blackness.

ADYGHE RIDING OF THE XIX – EARLY XXI CENTURIES IN MODERN HISTORIOGRAPHY

Background. For the last ten years small nations start to interest in their national culture. Many researches on adygs traditional upbringing and dzhigitovka appear. The object of research is adyg dzhigitovka described in scientific literature at the beginning of XXI century in Russian and adyg languages, which is based on XIX-beginning of XX century historical sources. The subject of researchis the elements of adygdzhigitovka found in published materials.
 Purpose. The aim of the research is to determine research degree of adyg dzhigitovka and to generate a list of today known elements of adyg dzhigitovka.
 Materials and methods. Works of modern historians, philologists, linguists and educators on dzhigitovka, which is an element of traditional adyg masculine upbringing, are the materials for researching. We use historical and systematic method for determining complete adyg dzhigitovka upbringing complex and we also use the comparative and typological method for systemizing elements of adyg dzhigitovka as a martial art.
 Results. For XIX–XXI centuries adyg dzhigitovka consists of four elements. The most known are those related to martial art. The less known are methodsfor boys physical training. Ideological and sacral parts of adyg masculine upbringing is known from Nartskii epos. And it is also known since adyg scientists Bgazhnokov B.Kh., Kuek M.G. and Kuek A.S., who are culture-bearers, partly desacralize it. Dzhigitovka as a martial art contains many variants of target shooting and a little acrobatic elements. Also there are two or three traditional battle tactics andsome horse tests including practical and sacral ones.
 Practical implications. The results of investigation can be used for reviving adyg dzhigitovka as a part of national athletic upbringing and for saving immaterialcultural heritage of the North Caucasus.

Multi-word units (and tokenization more generally): a multi-dimensional and largely information-theoretic approach

It has been argued that most of corpus linguistics involves one of four fundamental methods: frequency lists, dispersion, collocation, and concordancing. All these presuppose (if only implicitly) the definition of a unit: the element whose frequency in a corpus, in corpus parts, or around a search word are counted (or quantified in other ways). Usually and with most corpus-processing tools, a unit is an orthographic word. However, it is obvious that this is a simplifying assumption borne out of convenience: clearly, it seems more intuitive to consider because of or in spite of as one unit each rather than two or three. Some work in computational linguistics has developed multi-word unit (MWU) identification algorithms, which typically involve co-occurrence token frequencies and association measures (AMs), but these have not become widespread in corpus-linguistic practice despite the fact that recognizing MWUs like the above will have a profound impact on just about all corpus statistics that involve (simplistic notions of) words/units. In this programmatic proof-of-concept paper, I introduce and exemplify an algorithm to identify MWUs that goes beyond frequency and bidirectional association by also involving several well-known but underutilized dimensions of corpus-linguistic information: frequency: how often does a potential unit (like in_spite_of) occur?; dispersion: how widespread is the use of a potential unit?; association: how strongly attracted are the parts of a potential unit?; entropy: how variable is each slot in a potential unit? The proposed algorithm can use all these dimensions and weight them differently. I will (i) present the algorithm in detail, (ii) exemplify its application to the Brown corpus, (iii) discuss its results on the basis of several kinds of MWUs it returns, and (iv) discuss next analytical steps.

Meaning change and changing meaning

Is conceptual engineering feasible? Answering that question requires a theory of semantic change, which is sometimes thought elusive. Fortunately, much is known about semantic change as it occurs in the wild. While usage is chaotic and complex, changes in a word’s use can produce changes in its meaning. There are several under-appreciated empirical constraints on how meanings change that stem from the following observation: word use finely reflects equilibrium between various communicative pressures (just as, say, product sales do between various market pressures). Much of the relevant work in linguistics has employed the methods of empirical pragmatics and diachronic semantics. In this way, the study of meaning change can be brought to bear on the conceptual engineer’s normative project. The picture that emerges tells against the sorts of engineering projects most likely to appeal to philosophers. Some may stand to succeed, but they have significantly different contours than the typical ones.

Learning in and through classroom interaction: On the convergence of language and content learning opportunities in subject-matter learning

AbstractThis study uses an interdisciplinary approach to explore the interplay of linguistic and subject-matter learning. Drawing on previous linguistic work on discourse and genre acquisition, subject-matter teaching as well as the convergence of linguistic and content learning in multilingual classrooms, the study seeks to examine the following questions: (1) How can patterns of classroom talk support or hinder the acquisition of academic discourse competence and subject-matter learning? (2) How are these two learning domains related? The analyses of 120 video-recorded mathematics and German lessons in five classes (n=149 students, 10 teachers) in different German school types revealed two patterns of teacher-student-interaction, which differ in the participatory roles and the (language) learning opportunities they assign to the students. Two larger excerpts from mathematics-lessons are analyzed to illustrate the ways in which linguistic and content learning merge in the two patterns.

New Horizons and New Challenges: Developments in the Modern Languages in the University of Leeds, 1914–18

The history of British universities before 1945 remains poorly understood. In particular, the factors shaping new academic developments, especially in the humanities, are under-researched. This paper looks at the development of teaching and research in the Modern Languages at the University of Leeds during the First World War, a period that was pivotal in the creation of new departments and programmes in many universities. Using extensive archival sources, the paper examines the pressures that led to the creation of new departments and the interplay of local and national influences that stimulated such change. Tensions are identified, such as that between employers urging an emphasis on the spoken language necessary for trade and commerce, and an ‘academic’ perspective that favoured more linguistic study and work on literature or history. Other factors, such as funding issues, institutional leadership, links with other educational institutions, staffing and student recruitment are also considered. In conclusion, the paper sheds light not only on developments in the Modern Languages, but also on the working of universities in the first half of the twentieth century.

Метафоризация лексики, принадлежащей концептуальным сферам ИНДУСТРИЯ и КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ (на материале английского биологического научно-популярного дискурса)

The article considers how the conceptual metaphor functions in biological popular science English discourse. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the correlation between the target domain represented by all branches of Biology (biological popular science discourse) and the INDUSTRY and INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY source domains by examining a plethora of metaphoric expressions constituting them. By using continuous sampling method, as well as methods of conceptual and component analysis, the author considers metaphorical expressions which constitute the source domains. This paper analyses the lexical units from English and American popular science articles on Biology in order to identify the conceptual grounds which underlie the conceptual mappings between the target and source domains. In this paper we combine the approaches of Russian and Western linguistic traditions (Chudinov, Lakoff). The modern approach to metaphor, developed in the beginning of the 20th century and combining the embodied and communicative approaches (B. Hampe), is also examined. The works of the Russian linguists dedicated to the linguistic picture of the world (V. Maslova, N. Zanegina) are covered as well. The data (2 410 metaphorical expressions) confirm that the majority of the secondary meanings developed by the lexemes under analysis show a sharp contrast with their primary (basic) meanings. The obtained results prove that the metaphoric expressions belonging to the INDUSTRY domain seem to be less frequent in comparison to the INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY source domain, which allows to build up a detailed thesaurus and a large number of contexts. Furthermore, the results help to discover that the most common target domains to describe this type of discourse happen to be cells, fungi, plants and some genetic material. This can be explained by the close attention to the most imperceptible processes that happen on the molecular level.

The Responsibility to Language and to the Work of the Linguist

The article is a thematic review of the seventh volume of „Тhe Responsibility to Language“ series, published by the Department of Bulgarian Language at the University of Shumen “Bishop Konstantin Preslavski”. The included materials are dedicated to the 90th anniversary of Corresponding Member. Prof. Dr. Todor Boyadzhiev, Rector and Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Shumen. Compilers and scientific editors are Dimitar Popov, Velka Popova, Kalina Yocheva, Aneta Tihova, Ani Angelova, Irina Ivanova. The publication includes scientific works of Bulgarian and foreign linguists. The authors consider current problems of linguistics in a wide scientific range - lexicology, lexicography, ethnolinguistics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics, linguistic personology, text linguistics, phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, dialectology, historiology, phraseology, linguistics, linguistics cognitive linguistics.

Caldwell's Dravidians: Knowledge production and the representational strategies of missionary scholars in colonial South India

AbstractThis article examines British Protestant missionary scholars' representations of Tamil culture and history, analysing how this form of knowledge evolved in relation to missionary concerns and the intellectual trends of nineteenth-century India. I focus on the work of Robert Caldwell, whose scholarship had a profound influence on the identity discourses of twentieth-century Tamil nationalism. I situate Caldwell's work in ethnography and philology within the broader field of colonial knowledge produced about Tamils in nineteenth-century India and within a broader study of British missionary concerns in South India. I examine two of Caldwell's publications to argue that his later work, far from being driven by mere scholarly interests, was also shaped by his concerns as a missionary, and that his evolving scholarship mirrored the development of anti-Brahmanism in British Protestant missionary circles of the time. Missionary anti-Brahmanism arose as a response to the caste system, which missionary groups came to regard as the biggest obstacle to Christian conversions. Departing from some of his earlier ideas, Caldwell strategically positioned his later work to challenge Brahman influence, which he saw as being intrinsically tied to the strength of caste sentiment in Indian society. Caldwell's construction of a discursive framework for understanding Tamil linguistic identity was informed by public reactions to his first publication and his subsequent understanding of the dynamic relationship between European scholarship and Indian social relations. More broadly, this article demonstrates the close relationships between Protestant Christian missionary activity, Indian social politics, and the field of knowledge production in colonial South India.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF SIGN LANGUAGES

The object of the research is to analyze sign languages which have been an essential aspect of communication throughout human history of the disabled. It aims to examine the main stages of development of sign languages.
 The subject of the research is sign languages of the deaf and the hearing impaired.
 The research methods include a theoretical analysis of the works of Russian and foreign linguists and the method of comparative analysis.
 The results of the analysis of the main stages of sign languages let us come to the conclusion that the status of sign languages which have passed the historical gradual development responding to the needs of a developing society. The following aspects such as the verbal national language, linguistic schools, the culture of the people have a huge impact on the formation and development of any sign language. It should be noted that sign languages as well as verbal languages are related to each other. They are functionally complete (natural) languages with their own, sometimes rather complex internal mechanism.

STUDY OF ENGLISH OCCULT DISCOURSE (literature overview)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the main directions and tasks of modern discourse as a branch of linguistics on the material of English occult discourse. The term "discourse" is used in different meanings and is the subject of study in different scientific areas. The purpose of the article is to provide a brief overview of existing studies of occult discourse and to outline the prospects for its study on the basis of the English language. The opposition of personality-oriented and statusoriented discourse is relevant. In the first case, communicators who know each other well take part in communication, in the second case, communication is reduced to a dialogue between representatives of one or another social group. Among its varieties are political, administrative, legal, military, pedagogical, religious, mystical, medical, business, advertising, sports, scientific, stage and media types of institutional discourse. The researchers note that the list may be supplemented or modified. The article proposes the term "occult discourse", which contains such basic genre varieties as astrological, magical, alchemical. The first two varieties are the subject of many researches, and the latter is hardly covered in linguistic works. Astrological discourse, represented by horoscopes, is studied mainly from psychological, sociological, anthropological and cultural points of view. The horoscope was developed as a media genre, which contributed to its status as one of the defining features of modern mass culture. Magical discourse has a pronounced suggestive potential, is symbolically rich and implements basic strategies of warning, correction and protection. The key problems of occult discourse analysis remain the structure and stratification of discourse, the establishment of its features, units, categories, types; elucidation of ways of organizing various discursive invariants, development of methods and procedures of analysis and description of discourses.

CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN LEXICOGRAPHY: STATUS, TYPOLOGY, AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

The paper notes that at the turn of the 21st century, the lexicographic process is intensified worldwide due to the unique and advanced capabilities of dictionaries, namely: versatility, applied character, functional representation of the material, logic, harmony and simplicity of description, schematic, comprehensive presentation of the material, as well as scientists’ efforts to meet the requirements and challenges of today that are manifested in the improvement and development of innovative components, the involvement of modern computer technology, and so on. The drastic progress in a field of the dictionary-making is predetermined by dynamic scientific and technological developments, and hence by the demands of modern users that finds its reflection in the expansion of the object of research, the wealth of studies and its variety, etc. All this, in turn, is supported by many extralinguistic factors, such as: computerization, deepening and expanding the acquired knowledge, international collaboration, and the like. A lexical model allowing for lexicographic construction according to the given parameters proved to be the best one for presenting the results of research concerning not only all levels of the language structure, but also phenomena or facts of the surrounding reality. Currently, dictionaries continue to perform their traditional informative and normative function, and are seen as a systematic, comprehensive collection of various information presented in an adequate way, a means of recording human achievements, and a tool for their study, analyses, systematization, etc. Since recent decades in the modern Ukrainian lexicographical scope there have appeared a lot of encyclopedic, reference publications from various fields of knowledge, for general and special purposes, linguistic works like those of essential, borrowed words, neologisms; terminological, translated dictionaries; works of mixed type, educational works, etc.
 

The Students’ Linguistic Work with English Three Components Terminological Cartographical Statements

Introduction. Nowadays it is a lack of detailed surveys to observe linguistic students’ several stages work aiming to develop multiprofessional soft skills. Methods. We applied pedagogical experiment while future cartographers’ linguistic work. Results. There are such categories of three components constant terminological clichés with the translated Ukrainian morpheme карт’’ (hereinafter – TCCMK) according to their structural features as clichés with available additional prepositions and conjunctions or clichés without additional prepositions and conjunctions among which it’s sufficient frequency of only TCCMK structures with one time use of the preposition ’of’’ and rare TCCMK with one time use of the conjunction and- or TCCMK with simultaneous one time use and the conjunction and as well as the with preposition “for” or a higher frequency of TCCMK use without additional prepositions and conjunctions within the reference terminology. Also it is TCCMK identifcation noting the available parts of speech in eight varieties with a priority of the use of TCCMK in adjective-adjective-noun relations and adjective-adjective-noun relations and it is the rare use of forms of participle-adjective-noun relations and noun-adjective-noun relations as well as pronoun-noun relations involving proper names within TCCMK which do not differ in high frequency, although they are unexpectedly available in comparison with other branches of terminology. TCCMK linguisti observation results might be used on practice while three types dialogues composition. Discussion. Prospects is describing the experience to select terminological structures for the practical purpose of developing students’ soft skills.

Zašto je akademik stjepan babić jedan od najvećih hrvatskih jezikoslovaca

The paper briefly presents the CV of the linguist StjepanBabić. Moreover, it elucidates what makes Babić a famous linguist of our time and a great fighter for the Croatian language and its norm, especially the importance of his normative orthographic activity. The paper refers explicitly to language counselling as one of the precious parts of Babić’s linguistic work. Finally, the article brings a bibliography of all of Babić’s linguistic works.

The first German grammar, intended for Russian students (1713): Language material peculiarities

The article explores the first grammar of the German language, intended for use of Russian students: “Die Deutsche Grammatica, Aus Unterschiedenen Autoribus zusammen gebracht Und Der in Deutschland Studierenden Rußischen Nation zum besten In einem Compendio herausgegeben von Charmyntes”. Peculiarities of the language material presented in the man ual are investigated. Deviations from the traditional German language description scheme are fixed: assignment of three article types; viewing a person as a nominal category, complicat ing system of verb tenses etc. We append the results of the research conducted by K.Koch (2002) and. conclude, that in addition to J.Bödiker’s work directly referred to in the manual, its author was influenced by the works of linguists from “Fruitbearing Society”: K. von Stieler, J.Clajus, and Ch. Gueintz. The author also relied on French grammar by J.R.Pepliers. The article analyzes the textbook illustrative material. Quotations from the Gospel, Psalms, evan gelic hymns, and catechistic literature were often used as examples. However, it also contained a heretical example — mentioning of Lucifer among angels. The latter, possibly, explains the mysterious circumstances of the manual publication. It was issued in Berlin in 1713 without indicating its printing house. The author also hid his real name. We describe its surviving copies in Saint Petersburg and Rostock libraries and conclude, that the work, brought to Rus sia in the first third of the 18th century, was significant for the national tradition of language description.

Taboo Words as a Component of Invective Vocabulary and Their Determining in Arabic against the Background of Russian and English Languages

The paper is devoted to understanding of the taboo phenomenon in language as a component of invective vocabulary on the example of Arabic, English and Russian languages, and also to study of the borders of this phenomenon and methods of its determination. In his study of conceptual features of forbidden words the author of the article refers to the works of K. Allen and K. Burridge, as well as M. Ljung. In addition to the theoretical works of linguists, the author analyzes the existing practice of implementing linguistic prohibitions in Russian, English, which affects such areas as legislation and media. Especially valuable material that was analyzed, was studies of English-speaking media regulators and major broadcasting companies. The main purpose of these surveys was to identify the list of words that audience considered unacceptable on the air, i.e. taboo. As for Arab law, there is no separation of vocabulary on permissible and unacceptable, as well as there is no obvious border and in Arabic language standards or usage. However, this does not mean the lack of prohibited words and the author clearly demonstrates the presence of taboos on examples from Arab media. In addition, the article discusses the works of Arab linguists M. A. Khatyab and N. Ya. Kanbar, dedicated to taboo vocabulary. Nevertheless, the problem of reliable determination and identification of language taboos has not been solved yet, and the author of the paper proposes a relevant criterion to determine the taboo words on the basis of the approaches existing in modern linguistics.

Виды комбинированных синтаксических повторов (на материале текстов русскоязычных писателей Казахстана)

In the literature devoted to types of repetitions, one can find research on so called ‘combined repetition’. However, linguistic works that deal with syntactic techniques, imagery means, means of linking in a sentence and text do not provide description of combinations consisting of two or more types of repetitions. In our opinion, solution to this issue depends on the basis of the study. The syntactic-stylistic approach makes it possible to identify the following combinations of syntactic repetitions: parallelism and frame repetition; parallelism and anaphora; parallelism and catch-up. In addition to a combination of two types of repetitions, the paper describes combinations of three types of repetitions: parallelism, anaphora, parcellation; parallelism, anaphora, paragraph. The identified versions of combination allowed us to conclude that one of the types of repetitions is parallelism. The connection between various syntactic repetitions was studied both at the level of the complex syntactic whole, constructions with another person’s speech and at the level of a paragraph, despite the fact that a paragraph can be considered both as a syntactic and a compositional-stylistic unit. The paper outlines directions for the study of combined repetitions. Apart from describing combinations within one level, it is necessary to carry out research at the junction of several levels of the language. This will make it possible to identify new variants of interaction of units belonging to different levels, possibly those not previously presented in theoretical works. This is the main line for further research. In addition, the use of various factual materials, namely literary texts, characterized by a variety of grammatical structures, will make it possible to identify new combinations of repetitions.