Journalistic Work Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence in the Russian Media and Journalism: The Issue of Ethics

Artificial intelligence is gradually being integrated into the work of Russian media and journalists, spreading to various areas of media practices, in particular, information search and fact-checking; speech, sound, and image recognition; prioritization of topics, creation of texts, and their targeted distribution, etc. Such Russian media companies as Interfax, Sports.ru, RIA Novosti are regarded as leaders in this field. With the development of AI, the professional media community inevitably faces new challenges in the ethical regulation of media practices, their correlation with the daily moral issues for editors and journalists. Based on the rich history of foreign and domestic discourse concerning the philosophical and ethical problems of artificial intelligence, as well as analyzing the codes of ethical regulation of AI developments in different countries, the authors highlight the main provisions that need to be taken into account in the process of developing ethical standards for the use of artificial intelligence in media and journalism. The main issues that require mandatory codification include: preservation of the right of the audience to receive information about the interaction with artificial intelligence and transparency in this area on the part of editorial offices; a ban on the transfer of powers to artificial intelligence in matters of moral choice when preparing media content; joint responsibility of the editorial board and software developers for the consequences of the work of artificial intelligence systems, determining the range of potential topics for which the use of artificial intelligence is ethically unacceptable, etc. These recommendations are an invitation to a discussion in media and academic communities about the need for ethical codification of the use of artificial intelligence technologies in media and journalism.

TRUONG VINH KY – FROM THE MANAGER OF THE NATIONAL LANGUAGE PRESS TO THE FIRST INTERNATIONAL JOURNALIST OF VIETNAM / TRƯƠNG VĨNH KÝ – TỪ NHÀ QUẢN LÝ BÁO CHÍ QUỐC NGỮ TRONG NƯỚC ĐẾN NHÀ BÁO QUỐC TẾ ĐẦU TIÊN CỦA VIỆT NAM

Truong Vinh Ky was a famous scholar in Vietnam in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He knows many languages (Latin, English, French, Indian, Indonesian, Chinese, Nom, Quoc Ngu) and works creatively in many different fields: politics, culture, literature, languages. In journalism, he is considered to have laid the first foundations for the Vietnamese national language press at the end of the 19th century as a press manager and private national language newspaper owner and journalist who directly create journalistic works. In particular, he is not only active in the domestic press, but also participates in writing articles in French magazines. This article uses research methods: biographical method, statistical method - classification, analysis method - synthesis, method of synchronism - chronology, method of content analysis, and interdisciplinary research method to clearly show Truong Vinh Ky's contributions to the following roles: the manager of the first national newspaper in the country, the owner of the first private national newspaper, an international journalist of Vietnam at the end of the 19th century. Thereby, showing the merit and stature of Truong Vinh Ky for the history of journalism and the history of the Vietnamese people.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0267/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

ELECTIONS TO THE ALL-RUSSIAN CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY IN THE KALUGA PROVINCE (SOURCE AND VEDIC ASPECT)

The article contains the main historical sources identified in order to study the preparation and conduct of elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in the Kaluga province. Despite the extensive amount of research available, most of them are conducted by the interests and ideas of the Russian Social Democratic Party (Bolsheviks). The problems of holding the first all-Russian vote in the regions are not covered enough. Only since the 1990s. we can talk about the emergence of a variety of problems raised by researchers related to elections to the Constituent Assembly.The author identified the following groups of sources of an all-Russian and regional nature: legislative materials, office documentation of central and local bodies responsible for the preparation and conduct of elections, collections of documents of political parties and public organizations, journalistic works of representatives of political parties, sources of personal origin, periodical printing. One of the cases of the fund of the F-1128 State Archive of the Kaluga Region "Protocols of the Meshchovskaya District for Elections to the Constituent Assembly of the Commission" deserves special attention, since it is the only source identified at the moment containing a detailed report on the conduct of elections in the county.The author believes that due to the fragmentation of regional sources, the absence of specially formed groups of documents in regional archives, only a comprehensive study of regional and all-Russian sources will allow us to study in detail the process of preparing and holding elections to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly in a separate constituency. A necessary condition for further research of the electoral process in the Kaluga constituency is the expansion of the source base through the materials of archives neighboring the Kaluga provinces, work to identify sources of personal origin.

Les reportages du « Strapontin volant » en tant qu’exemple de la littérature mondiale en langue francaise. Le cas de Léon Kochnitzky

The reports of the “Strapontin volant” as an example of world literature in the French language. The case of Leon Kochnitzky This article focuses on the journalistic work of Léon Kochnitzky, who illustrates what has been called “Francophone literature” or more broadly, world literature in French. Our aim is to show that the reportages of this Belgian writer-traveler represent a unique dialogue between creativity and critical reflection, that his often poetic but also humorous chronicles are an excellent contribution to Francophonie. The landscapes he creates, through which cultures communicate with each other, will remind us that poetry lives from its openness to the world and history, and that the interaction between poet, world, and word is an excellent opportunity for mutual enrichment.

Dialectisms in journalistic works by V. Yavorivsky

In the article the functions of dialectisms are analysed in the artistic publicism of V. Yavorivsky’s early and mature periods of work that researchers characterize as deeply philosophical. It is well-proven that in works of early period of work stylistic potential of dialectisms is masterly used with the aim of stylization of broadcasting, authentication of personages or whole natural habitat, expressive expression. In particular, in publicism works of 70s and 80s of 20th century of V. Yavorivsky quite often uses dialectisms with the aim of recreation of local colour. In this case master of word uses the reception of alienation usually, applying for the selection of dialectal lexeme quotation marks in an order to underline her a withstand use and special connotation. On occasion dialectisms perform the identifying duty, when they name the differential line of broadcasting of habitants of whole natural habitat. A writer used dialectisms-nouns that name the articles of way of life, in particular the name of tableware, things of domestic consumption, name of clothing or shoes, domestic names church interiors and others like that. A publicist rethinks colloquial lexemes quite often, using them in figurative sense. An author creates the expressively saturated expressions, using a dialectal or colloquial verbal vocabulary. Interesting are cases of introduction of verbs in composition of phraseology turn widespread in the verbal broadcasting of habitants of edge. Dialectisms in the literary text do not cause a clear negative assessment. Their written fixation helps to focus on them, and hence the need to understand dialectics, to understand the motives for its inclusion in the text.
 In publicism works of mature period an author now and then is succeeded to the use of dialectisms. Usually their function, related with the connotation of expression, execute words widespread in the verbal broadcasting, rarely used lexemes. Sometimes a writer is consciously succeeded to creation of styleme, replacing a current lexeme colloquial or occasional one. Thus, comparable study of peculiarities of application of dialectisms in publicism works of V. Yavorivsky is certified by conscious attitude of author toward the use of locally used lexemes. The careful selection of such nominations and knowledge of their stylistic loading characterizes an author as brilliant master of word.

Hernando Téllez y Eduardo Caballero el tratamiento de la violencia en sus obras

This article proposes an understanding of the writer’s social commitment based on the Jean Paul Sartre’s approaches (1950) and Hispanic-American authors; such as Juan Goytisolo, Juan Fernando Taborda, Rubén Sierra and Carlos Osorio, both of them problematize this concept and reflect about the dynamics and conditions to which the writer is subject. Those conceptions about the writer’s social commitment enter into a dialogue with the figures of Hernando Téllez and Eduardo Caballero, their intellectual ideas, their diplomatic and journalistic work as well as the situations they had to face in order to make the decision of writing about the problematics of the country and their contributions to the Colombian literary field. Finally, there is an analysis of some selected stories from Téllez and also the Caballero’s novel Manuel Pacho, in the light of the proposed category. It will also be divided into three subcategories, guiding the analysis that will allow to evidence the writers’ commitment with the bipartisan armed conflict and the different contributions to the history and social transformation of the nation.

Legalization of press control under democratic backsliding: The case of post-national security law Hong Kong

During democratic backsliding, the state can curtail press freedom through the legalization of press control, that is, the establishment and utilization of legal instruments for the purpose of controlling the media and journalistic work. Drawing upon the literature on authoritarian rule of law, this article emphasizes that legalization of press control has to be examined by paying attention to both the conspicuous and subtle measures that constitute the legal minefield for journalism, the evolution of official discourses that aim at legitimizing the laws and their implementation, and the changing politics of self-censorship as journalists and the society react to emerging legal risks. The empirical analysis focuses on Hong Kong after the establishment of the National Security Law in June 2020. The article offers an updated analytical account of press freedom in Hong Kong and the conceptualization of a process possibly observable in other authoritarian states or hybrid regimes.

Spanish Political Parties on Facebook: New Sources of Content for Political Journalism

Political parties take advantage of the internet to disseminate their messages, particularly during election campaigns. In addition to the public, these messages reach journalists, who have turned these platforms into another tool for their professional work. The aim of this study is to reflect on how the nature of publications can affect the work of journalists who use this content as raw material to work with. In order to explore this more deeply, a quantitative approach is proposed, consisting of a metric analysis of 1,280 Facebook posts by 10 political forces and a survey of 1,004 people, representing the universe of the Spanish population. The results show that the parties disseminate unidirectional and propagandistic content on Facebook during campaigns, marginalising dialogue and interaction. This restricts journalists’ ability to converse with political parties through the social network, which at the same time is impacted by messages whose veracity is secondary to their objective of reaching as many internet users as possible.

Russian revolution of 1917 as interpreted by Ivan Ilyin and the eurasianists: two vectors of russian conservative journalism in the 1920s and 1930s

The article provides a comparative analysis of two interpretations of the Russian Revolution presented in the journalistic works of Ivan Ilyin and the Eurasianists. Both Ilyin and the Eurasianists saw the spiritual origins and prerequisites of the revolution in the mindset of the Russian pre-revolutionary society, primarily the Russian intelligentsia. Sharing a common attitude towards the value primacy of national identity, Ilyin and the Eurasianists radically differed in their assessments of the essence and prospects of Russian Bolshevism. This discrepancy is explained by the inconsistency of fundamental historical presumptions. Eurasianists considered the Soviet State a continuation of the centuries-old history of Russia-Eurasia. In turn, Ilyin saw in the Russian Revolution a catastrophic break in historical continuity.

Mobile Journalism Practice in the Kompas.com Newsroom

Smartphones and social media have changed how the media gather, produce, edit, and disseminate news. By employing the journalistic capital concept, this paper examines how journalists in Kompas.com, one of the pioneers of online media in Indonesia, incorporate mobile journalism practice into their work. This article explores how journalists and newsrooms respond to change that coincides with mobile devices and social media in the newsroom. The qualitative data analysis obtained from in-depth interviews with Kompas.com journalists and document analysis revealed that the application of mojo in Kompas.com is relatively new and is still looking for a form. Kompas.com integrate mobile smartphones into journalistic work to produce stories with a multimedia approach to meet changing journalistic and business needs. Journalists are expected to produce journalistic content in short videos using mobile devices related to daily events around them. Thus, the practice of mojo emerged as a new order in journalism. Kompas.com develops a multimedia division and improves journalists’ skills through training on all desks in the newsroom. Journalists learn new applications and tools and produce short videos for social media.

News recommender systems: a programmatic research review

ABSTRACT News recommender systems (NRS) are becoming a ubiquitous part of the digital media landscape. Particularly in the realm of political news, the adoption of NRS can significantly impact journalistic distribution, in turn affecting journalistic work practices and news consumption. Thus, NRS touch both the supply and demand of political news. In recent years, there has been a strong increase in research on NRS. Yet, the field remains dispersed across supply and demand research perspectives. Therefore, the contribution of this programmatic research review is threefold. First, we conduct a scoping study to review scholarly work on the journalistic supply and user demand sides. Second, we identify underexplored areas. Finally, we advance five recommendations for future research from a political communication perspective.

From Crowd Ratings to Predictive Models of Newsworthiness to Support Science Journalism

The scale of scientific publishing continues to grow, creating overload on science journalists who are inundated with choices for what would be most interesting, important, and newsworthy to cover in their reporting. Our work addresses this problem by considering the viability of creating a predictive model of newsworthiness of scientific articles that is trained using crowdsourced evaluations of newsworthiness. We proceed by first evaluating the potential of crowd-sourced evaluations of newsworthiness by assessing their alignment with expert ratings of newsworthiness, analyzing both quantitative correlations and qualitative rating rationale to understand limitations. We then demonstrate and evaluate a predictive model trained on these crowd ratings together with arXiv article metadata, text, and other computed features. Based on the crowdsourcing protocol we developed, we find that while crowdsourced ratings of newsworthiness often align moderately with expert ratings, there are also notable differences and divergences which limit the approach. Yet despite these limitations we also find that the predictive model we built provides a reasonably precise set of rankings when validated against expert evaluations (P@10 = 0.8, P@15 = 0.67), suggesting that a viable signal can be learned from crowdsourced evaluations of newsworthiness. Based on these findings we discuss opportunities for future work to leverage crowdsourcing and predictive approaches to support journalistic work in discovering and filtering newsworthy information.

РЕЦЕПЦИЯ АНТИЧНЫХ ЭСТЕТИЧЕСКИХ КАТЕГОРИЙ В ПЕРВОМ «ФИЛОСОФИЧЕСКОМ ПИСЬМЕ» П. Я. ЧААДАЕВА*

The relevance of the study is due to the need for an aesthetic analysis of a famous journalistic work of Pyotr Chaadayev, which in the history of philosophy has been studied in detail from the ethical, epistemological, ontological, and theological perspectives, but the aesthetic aspect has been overlooked. The problem of identifying the reception of ancient aesthetic categories in the most famous Russian philosophical letter of the first half of the 19th century is associated with a change of cultural eras and is of interest in terms of preserving the content of the categories of aesthetics that was laid down by Plato and Aristotle. The research methodology includes the text analysis method and the comparison of the content of aesthetic categories of ancient philosophers and Chaadayev. The study revealed that Chaadaev in his letter uses the reception of the Socratic dialogue, adapted for his time, which suggests the author’s commitment to ancient traditions. Chaadaev’s most popular aesthetic categories are the sublime and the base, as well as mimesis (he uses the word “imitation” in his letter). As a result, it turns out that while characterizing Western European culture the philosophical letter’s author correlates it with the category of the sublime, which is close in content to the sublime of the Platonists and Pseudo-Longinus. The opposite category of the base in the Aristotelian interpretation, from Chaadaev’s point of view, best describes Russian history and culture. According to the results of the comparison, the reason for such a bitter picture of domestic existence found by the author seems logical – it lies in the mimesis or imitation, which in Chaadaev’s definition clearly manifests the traces of both Platonic and Aristotelian meanings. As a result, the letter obviously demonstrates the reception of ancient aesthetic categories. However, it can be noted that the entire composition of the work is built on the contrast between the sublime and the base. It was this contrast that created the plot conflict of the letter, which caused a stir among the nineteenth-century readers and leaves no one indifferent to this day.

The Topic of Socialism in the Emigrant Journalistic Works by V.V. Shulgin

Readers are invited to the articles, published by politician and journalist V.V. Shulgin in emigrant newspapers and united by the theme of socialism. Issued in the 1920s in Russian emigrant press, they have never been reprinted since then, and some of them are completely absent from the collections of Russian archives and libraries. In these articles, V.V. Shulgin acts not only as an opponent of socialism in general and Bolshevism in particular, but also pays attention to a critical examination of Slavophile theories about the originality and usefulness of the peasant community, the existence of which the author considers one of the main reasons of the collapse of “old” Russia

ETHICS AS A CHALLENGE OF BiH MEDIA

The function of a journalist who should and must be a critic of society has been lost, which is why it is inevitable to see how much ethical principles are respected in journalism. Ethical standards are adopted by media houses and journalists’ associations through codes of conduct, and the extent to which the codes are respected depends on the journalists themselves, editors and media owners, as well as the environment in which they operate. Journalism is also a profession, based on ethical principles understood as the duty of journalists to serve the truth. Since journalism is not just a job, its essence also consists of what the public thinks about it. The subject of research in this paper is journalistic ethics in the Bosnian media. The analysis was done descriptively with statistics and samples were collected electronically. In BiH, politics has influenced and shaped the media to a much greater extent than the media has managed to shape politics. It is clear that the journalistic profession is in crisis and that journalists have lost the trust of citizens. We can state that it is necessary to improve the working conditions of journalists and their economic position, to ensure their freedom of speech and access to information, and in that way the work of journalists would be improved and the quality of reporting would be improved. The aim of the paper is to present the situation in the media when it comes to ethics and compare journalistic practice that has overcome the requirements of quality ethical journalism. The political reality of every society is full of contradictions based on the struggle for power and privileges. That is why the media are the ones who have to offer a scale of possible solutions, channeling attitudes, opinions and behaviors in the desired direction.Observing the role of the media in developed societies, we can state that their task is to be observers, analysts and controllers of socio-political events. The role of the media is to inform, analyze, investigate, warn, and educate viewers, citizens, and the government, i.e. politicians. We found that the media in BiH are very far from the above. The conclusion is self-evident, the media are influenced by politics and are not self-sustaining, that is, they are economically dependent.We can characterize the activities of journalists as passive processing of information taken out of context if it corresponds to the policy that governs a particular media. A condition for ethical journalism is free media, and we have seen that Bosnia and Herzegovina is not high on the scale of media freedom.

A Human Rights Catalyst

In 2004, the historian Kenneth Cmiel surveyed the then-infant field of human rights history for the American Historical Review.1 Cmiel described the pioneering work of historians, political scientists, legal scholars, and journalists. He explained that much of the field focused on historicizing human rights language or uncovering the activism of key actors and organizations. Cmiel highlighted a number of turning points—in the 1940s, the 1970s, and the 1990s—in the twentieth-century history of human rights. His largest point was simple, though: much work remained to be done. Vanessa Walker was at the beginning of her graduate training in 2004. Her superb new book, Principles in Power: Latin America and the Politics of U.S. Human Rights Diplomacy, exemplifies the evolution of human rights history. Cmiel dedicated only a few paragraphs to the 1970s in his essay, Latin America, Chile, and Argentina received scant mention, and U.S. President Jimmy Carter did not make an appearance. Cmiel was not at fault; his essay reflected the state of the field. But now, fifteen years on, Walker, and others, have greatly expanded our understanding of human rights in all of these areas.2

Visuals’ function in health risk reporting: juxtaposing the academic conceptualisations with journalistic perceptions

Given the scholarly neglect of visuals in health risk reporting, it remains unclear what types of visuals predominate in news coverage and why journalists choose to use them. Generating knowledge on this neglected part of journalistic work should facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of health risk reporting and its impact on society. In 2020 we conducted two studies with this goal in mind: a content analysis of visuals in the coverage of a recent E. coli outbreak in Germany (N = 200) and a survey of German health journalists (N = 49). Study 1 showed that visuals were mostly used to illustrate the presumed causes of the outbreak and recommended treatments. Study 2 presented visuals epitomising each of the frame functions identified in Study 1 to health reporters and asked for their views. Our findings revealed that journalists preferred images that involve health severity, medical aspects, and reassurance, but said that they disliked thematic and uncertainty frames. They reported using multiple visuals to fulfil several framing functions. Finally, Study 2 exposed important differences between journalists’ perceptions of visuals’ functions and the way scholars typically conceive them. Taken together, these studies suggest that health risk reporting may be better than its reputation, and that incorporating visuals into assessments of journalistic quality may challenge the typical criticism in a way impossible when merely evaluating the verbal component of news.

From Italy to Little Italy to Big ’merica and Beyond: Thoughts on Italian Diaspora Studies

From Italy to Little Italy to Big ’merica and Beyond: Thoughts on Italian Diaspora Studies

Reparative Public Musicology: Empowering and Centering Community Knowledge Production through Counter-Storytelling Practice

Reparative Public Musicology: Empowering and Centering Community Knowledge Production through Counter-Storytelling Practice

“Dark Participation” Without Representation: A Structural Approach to Journalism’s Social Media Crisis

Social media platforms have become an integral part of journalistic work. These tools allow journalists to pursue stronger, more intimate connections with their audiences, to cultivate their own professional identities or “brands,” and to advocate for improved working conditions within their organizations. Yet, social media platforms have also created new risks and challenges for journalists, most notably in the form of dark participation, which refers to negative, selfish or even deeply sinister forms of online audience engagement. Although scholars have devoted considerable effort to exploring how this harassment unfolds and how it impacts journalists who face it, there is less research investigating the implications of this harassment for the future of journalism and its relationship with the public. To address this, this research uses interviews with a diverse group of 37 US journalists to propose larger structural changes to newsroom leadership and social media policy creation. The interview data suggest that newsroom leadership must become more diverse so that newsroom policy is assembled by a group of people that is representative of its staff—as well as the public at large. The authors conclude by observing that “dark participation” is not unique to journalism alone, and by discussing the implications of our findings for communication stakeholders invested in overcoming the current, global climate of populism that frequently results in hate, harassment, and hostility within social media.