Work-family Spillover Research Articles

A bubble of protection: examining dispositional optimism as a psychological buffer of the deleterious association between negative work-family spillover and psychological health

ABSTRACT Demands and stressors from work increasingly encroach upon people’s family lives in modern settings, resulting in poorer familial relationships and impaired psychological health. The current study proposed and examined dispositional optimism as a potential psychological buffer of the deleterious impact of negative work-to-family spillover (WFS) on psychological health. Based on a sample of employed midlife adults in the United States (N = 1,252) drawn from a large and nationally representative dataset, MIDUS 3, we found that dispositional optimism significantly moderated the relationship between negative WFS and subjective well-being, even after controlling for a variety of potential confounds. However, this moderation effect was not consistently observed for the relationship between negative WFS and depressive symptoms, suggesting that the buffering utility of dispositional optimism may be limited to day-to-day subjective well-being and may not extend to the domain of mental health issues. Nonetheless, our findings indicate the potential importance of considering psychological resources in our efforts to mitigate strains on psychological health arising from negative WFS – to which future studies are encouraged to explore further.

Work-Family Spillover, Job Demand, Job Control, and Workplace Social Support Affect the Mental Health of Home-Visit Nursing Staff

The primary purpose of this study was to clarify the path by which high job demands on home-visit nursing staff affect their mental health through work-family negative spillover (WFNS, FWNS). The secondary purpose was to clarify the path by which high job control and high social support in the workplace positively affect the mental health of nursing home-visit staff through work-family positive spillover (WFPS, FWPS). A cross-sectional survey using a self-administered questionnaire was conducted on 1,022 visiting nursing staff working at 108 visiting nursing stations in Fukuoka Prefecture in February, 2019. The measurement tools comprised sociodemographic factors, the Japanese version of the Survey Work-Home Interaction - NijmeGen (SWING-J), Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ-22), the Work-Family Culture Scale, and the K6 scale. Six models were determined in an analysis of the model: (1) working time load → WFNS → FWNS → psychological distress, (2) job demands → WFNS → FWNS → psychological distress, (3) job demands → psychological distress, (4) workplace support → job control → WFPS → psychological distress, (5) workplace support → WFPS → psychological distress, and (6) workplace support → psychological distress. This study clarified that job demands and working time load may adversely affect the mental health of home-visit nursing staff through the mediation of WFNS. It was also clarified that high job control and workplace support may have a positive effect on mental health through the mediation of WFPS.

Black American Fathers Employed in Higher-Risk Contexts for Contracting COVID-19: Implications for Individual Wellbeing and Work-Family Spillover.

Black Americans remain disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging data suggests that employment in certain occupations (e.g., essential; frontline) may place individuals at higher-risk for contracting COVID-19. The current investigation examined how Black American fathers’ COVID-19 perceived work risk was associated with their individual well-being (COVID-19 diagnosis; depressive and anxiety symptoms; sleep disturbance; sleep quality) as well as spillover into family contexts. Participants were 466 Black American fathers (M = 36.63; SD = 11.00) who completed online surveys in June–July 2020. Adjusted binomial logistic and multiple regressions were estimated to examine how fathers’ work context was associated with COVID-19 health outcomes, psychological functioning, sleep health, and family stress. Descriptive analyses revealed that 32% of fathers reported a personal diagnosis of COVID-19 and 21% indicated that an immediate family member had been diagnosed. Adjusted binomial logistic regression analyses revealed that fathers working in higher-risk contexts for contracting COVID-19 had a greater odds ratio for both a personal (OR: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.68) and an immediate family member diagnosis (OR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.52, 4.36). Working in a higher-risk context for contracting COVID-19 was associated with poorer psychological functioning, greater sleep disturbance, and higher levels of family discord. Findings suggest that Black fathers working in higher risk contexts may be at risk for COVID-19 exposure and infection. Further, this study indicates that these effects extend to their own well-being, including mental and sleep health as well as increased family stress.

Black American Fathers Employed in Higher-Risk Contexts for Contracting COVID-19: Implications for Individual Wellbeing and Work-Family Spillover

Black American Fathers Employed in Higher-Risk Contexts for Contracting COVID-19: Implications for Individual Wellbeing and Work-Family Spillover

Work-family spillover and depression: Are there racial differences among employed women?

The intersection of work and family life can be a source of burden (negative) and a source of growth (positive). Negative work-to-family and family-to-work spillover have been linked to poor mental health, while positive work-to-family and family-to-work spillover have been linked to improved health outcomes. Less is known about these relationships in racial subgroups. Louisiana, USA, has a large proportion of African Americans, providing a unique population in which to study these relationships. The objectives of this study were to examine, among a sample of women in southern Louisiana in 2017, levels of work-family spillover by race and how the relationship between work-family spillover and depressive symptoms varies by race. 284 employed women (61% White, 39% Black) met eligibility criteria and participated in a survey to collect information on work-family spillover (positive and negative) and depressive symptoms. White women experienced higher levels of both kinds of negative spillover (work-to-family and family-to-work) as well as higher levels of positive work-to-family spillover compared to Black women. There were no differences between White and Black women with respect to positive family-to-work spillover. Higher levels of negative work-to-family spillover were related to greater depressive symptoms among both Blacks and Whites. But higher levels of negative family-to-work spillover were related to higher levels of depressive symptoms among Black women only. A protective relationship from positive family-to-work spillover for depressive symptoms was observed among White women only. This study fills an important gap in the literature on racial differences in the relationship between work-family spillover and depression.

Work-family spillover stress predicts health outcomes across two decades.

Work is a common source of stress for many adults, arising from situations that occur at work (e.g., job demands) as well as the worries and responsibilities that people take home with them (negative work-family spillover). Over time, work-related stress may impact physical health. The current study prospectively examined the effects of job demands and negative work-family spillover (NWFS) on three self-reported physical health measures. Participants in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) survey (N=4200) reported their job demands and negative work-family spillover at wave 1. They also reported on their health across three waves of data collection. Higher levels of NWFS at baseline were related to a higher number of self-reported chronic illnesses, greater functional limitation, and poorer self-rated health approximately 10 and 20 years later. In contrast, job demands were unrelated to any health indices at baseline or at the approximately 10- and 20-year follow-ups. Findings suggest that NWFS is a unique form of stress with long-lasting and detrimental effects on physical health.

How Workplace Social Stressors Influence Marital Behaviors: A Social Model of Work-Family Spillover

Drawing on work-family spillover and self-regulatory depletion theories, this study proposes and tests an interpersonal model of work-family spillover. Our model specifies how social stressors at work (i.e., workplace incivility, abusive supervision, interpersonal conflict) result in experiences of a social-based form of work-family conflict, ultimately influencing marital behaviors at home on a daily basis. The mediating role of depersonalization and the moderating role of dispositional trust were also examined. A two-week experience-sampling study with daily employee surveys at work and at home and with spousal ratings for employees’ marital behaviors in the evening provided general support for the proposed relationships. Within individuals, social stressors at work were associated with depersonalization, which mediated the effect of workplace social stressors on social-based work-family conflict. In line with congruence response models, we observed that those who are trusting (agreeableness facet) were more negatively affected by social stressors at work. On evenings when employees experienced social-based work-family conflict, their spouses reported more withdrawn and angry behaviors and less supportive behaviors shown towards them. Overall, the current research explicates a specific form of work-family conflict, one in which social stressors in one domain result in negative behaviors in the other domain via depersonalization.

Work-Family Spillover and The Mediating Role of Work Engagement

It is aimed to examine the effect of positive and negative family -to- work spilloveron the positive and negative work -to- family spillover through work engagement inthis study. The population of the study consisted of 490 healthcare employees workingin a state hospital. The sample consisted of 228 employees who agreed to participatethis study and filled out all questionnaires. Data were collected by questionnaire method.LISREL 8.80 and SPSS 22 software programs were used for analyzing the data.Results of the analyses revealed that positive family -to- work spillover had an effecton positive work -to- family spillover through work engagement. Negative family -toworkspillover had no significant effect on negative work -to- family spillover throughwork engagement. This research was expected to contribute to the literature aboutwork-family spillover.

Work-family spillover in the Spanish armed forces

ABSTRACT Spillover theory refers to positive and/or negative influence of work environment on the family sphere or vice versa. This article shows presence of both types of spillover in the Spanish Armed Forces. The information analysed has been extracted from a survey on military’s couples, with a questionnaire that included a block of open-ended questions. These questions asked about the positive and/or negative repercussions of military profession in families. From discourse analysis, series of data have been analysed taking into account the five main factors that influence work-family relationship: work and/or economic; family; psychological/attitude; social; and institutional. It has been able to see that positive spillover occurs primarily in the work/economic factor, while negative spillover is located mainly in the family factor.

Do “manly” men believe other men are happier? Social comparison, masculine norms, and positive work–family spillover.

Do “manly” men believe other men are happier? Social comparison, masculine norms, and positive work–family spillover.

Work-Family Spillover and Family Functioning in Married Working Women

The present study aimed to ascertain the relationship between work-family spillover and family functioning in married working women. It was hypothesized that family functioning will be negatively related with negative dimensions of family-to-wok and work-to-family spillover. A positive relationship was assumed between family functioning and positive dimensions of family-to-work and work-to- family spillover in married working women. A sample comprised of 150 married working women with the age range from 25-50 years (M = 37.3, SD = 8.92) from colleges, universities and hospitals was included. General Functioning Scale of Family Assessment Device (Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) and Work Family Spillover (Grzywacz & Marks, 2000) were translated into Urdu language. Results revealed a significant negative relationship of family functioning with negative dimensions of family-to-work and work-to- family spillover while family functioning was positively related with positive dimensions of family-to-work and work-to- family spillover. Family-to-work and work-to-family spillover significantly predicted family functioning. Work-to-family spillover was significantly higher in working women than family-to-work spillover. The results were discussed in the light of previous literature and theoretical and cultural background.

Investigation into post-adoption usage of mobile ICTs in Australian construction projects

PurposeWhile mobile Information and Communication Technologies (mobile ICTs) have been adopted by many construction organisations, research on the usage of mobile technologies in the context of construction project management has been scarce. Against this background, the purpose of this paper is to enhance the understanding of how Construction Management Professionals (CMPs) currently use mobile ICTs at work and the factors affecting their usage of mobile ICTs in the context of the Australian construction industry.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, the aim is addressed by a survey-based empirical research approach. A questionnaire was used to collect data about CMPs’ current mobile ICT usage and the factors affecting the usage. Then, relative importance index, factor analysis andχ2test were used to identify the most significant factors affecting their mobile ICT usage.FindingsThis research found that user characteristics such as age or years of experience are not the major factors affecting CMPs’ mobile ICT usage. The research also found that there are several barriers hindering an effective usage of mobile ICTs, namely work-family spillover, system quality issues, inconsistency in the way of using mobile ICTs among CMPs and the lack of organisational support.Originality/valueThe results of this research imply that to fully reap the potential benefits of mobile ICTs in construction projects, those barriers need to be addressed appropriately at the individual, organisational and industry levels. Also, this research informs construction organisations of how mobile ICTs can be deployed and used in the most cost-effective way in their projects.

Work–Family Spillover and Subjective Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Coping Strategies

The main focus of this study is to examine the moderating role of coping strategies in relation to work–family spillover and subjective well-being. We hypothesized that work–family spillover has a predictive effect on work and family domain satisfaction, which in turn are positively predictive of subjective well-being. We also hypothesized that the effect of negative work–family spillover on life domain satisfaction is mitigated with problem-focused coping strategies more so than emotion-focused coping strategies. Data were collected through a survey of a representative sample of American adults who are fully employed (N = 827). Hypotheses were tested using SEM and regression. The results indicate that work–family spillover has predicted subjective well-being, as hypothesized. We also found that the strength of the negative association between negative work–family spillover and life domain satisfaction is significantly reduced when individuals use problem-focused coping strategies, as hypothesized. This effect was not found when individuals use emotion-coping strategies. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.

Validation of the Japanese Version of the Multidimensional Measure of Family Supportive Supervisor Behaviors (FSSB-J).

ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to validate the Japanese version of the family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB-J) measure. FSSB is conceptualized as a multidimensional, superordinate construct constituted of four dimensions: emotional support, instrumental support, role modeling behaviors, and creative work–family management.MethodsThe Japanese translated and back-translated FSSB-J questionnaire was administered to 1,670 men and women aged 20–59 years who were registered with a Japanese online survey company in November 2017. Confirmatory factor analyses were performed to evaluate the factorial validity of the FSSB-J. Cross-time measurement invariance was tested using multi-group confirmatory factor analyses. Construct validity was assessed with the potential consequences of FSSB (e.g., work–family spillover, work engagement, intention to leave, job satisfaction, and psychological distress) and convergent validity was assessed using similar concepts (e.g., organizational justice and social support). Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were examined to evaluate the reliability of the four dimensions of the FSSB.ResultsA series of confirmatory factor analyses using the multiple-group method revealed that the four-factor model fitted the data best. The latent factor structure demonstrated configural, metric, and scalar invariance across time. Construct and convergent validity were generally in line with expectations. Cronbach’s α coefficient and test–retest reliability were sufficient for each of the four dimensions of the FSSB.ConclusionThis study suggests that FSSB-J is an adequate measure of FSSB in the Japanese context.

The Constant Caregiver: Work–family Spillover among Men and Women in Nursing

Work–family spillover is a central concept in the work and occupations literature, with prior research detailing its negative outcomes and gendered dimensions. With increased demands for careworkers and more men entering occupations such as nursing, we examine experiences and perceptions of spillover using qualitative data from a diverse sample of 48 US nurses. We find similarities across men and women in terms of exhaustion and stress as well as in anticipating spillover in their careers. Yet, we also find some differences, with men (but not women) highlighting the transfer of emotional capital between work and family. We extend work–family research by broadening the concept of spillover to include its anticipation and the transfer of emotional capital – both aspects that have been previously under-examined. These findings have implications for the retention and support of careworkers and refine the concept of spillover in ways that could apply to various employment sectors.

The Work-Family Spillover Effects of Customer Mistreatment for Service Employees: The Moderating Roles of Psychological Detachment and Leader-Member Exchange.

Past literature in the area of employee–customer interactions suggests that being mistreated by customers is deemed one of the most important work-related stressors for service employees. However, little is known about the effects of customer mistreatment on the family domain. In a representative sample of 221 front-line employees in the East China hairdressing industry using three separate surveys administered 1 month apart respectively, the current study explores the mediation effects of work-to-family conflict (WFC) and the moderation effects of psychological detachment (PD) and leader–member exchange (LMX) on the relationship between customer mistreatment and family satisfaction (FS). The research revealed that the employees confronted with intensive customer mistreatment tended to experience high levels of WFC, and WFC mediated the effects of customer mistreatment on FS. In addition, both PD and LMX attenuated customer mistreatment’s direct effects on WFC and indirect effects on FS (via WFC). This study contributes to the managerial psychology literature related to the customer mistreatment construct and a better understanding of how PD and LMX act as a work-family spillover effect moderator of customer mistreatment on individuals.

워킹맘의 온라인 여가로서의 온라인 커뮤니티 이용과 사회적 지지, 일-가족 전이, 그리고 삶의 질 간의 구조적 영향관계 연구

워킹맘의 온라인 여가로서의 온라인 커뮤니티 이용과 사회적 지지, 일-가족 전이, 그리고 삶의 질 간의 구조적 영향관계 연구

Integrating Work and Family Responsibilities: Experiences of Fathers of Children with Special Health Care Needs

Fathers face increasing demands to engage with family responsibilities without changes to workplace expectations. Research about these changes at home and in the workplace for employed fathers of children with special health care needs (SHCN) is limited, leaving fathers without necessary workplace, family, and community resources to better integrate work and family. An online survey collected data from 122 fathers who lived at least part-time with a child with SHCN under the age of 18 and were employed at least part-time. This study investigated the effects of workplace, family, and community resources on positive and negative work family and family work spillover. Linear regression analyses revealed that access to workplace flexibility was positively correlated with negative work family spillover, and that use of workplace flexibility was positively correlated with negative family work spillover. Support from friends/neighbors was a significant predictor of negative family work and work family, and positive family work spillover. The study’s findings illustrate that fathers of children with SHCN struggle to integrate work and family. Resources in the three micro systems of workplace, family, and community, are utilized by fathers to meet work and family demands. The study also highlights the positive spillover effects related to employment and family care for fathers of children with SHCN.

Cumulative Psychosocial Stress and Ideal Cardiovascular Health in Older Women.

Research implicates acute and chronic stressors in racial/ethnic health disparities, but the joint impact of multiple stressors on racial/ethnic disparities in cardiovascular health is unknown. In 25 062 women (24 053 white; 256 Hispanic; 440 black; 313 Asian) articipating in the Women's Health Study follow-up cohort, we examined the relationship between cumulative psychosocial stress (CPS) and ideal cardiovascular health (ICH), as defined by the American Heart Association's 2020 strategic Impact Goals. This health metric includes smoking, body mass index, physical activity, diet, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and glucose, with higher levels indicating more ICH and less cardiovascular risk (score range, 0-7). We created a CPS score that summarized acute stressors (eg, negative life events) and chronic stressors (eg, work, work-family spillover, financial, discrimination, relationship, and neighborhood) and traumatic life event stress reported on a stress questionnaire administered in 2012 to 2013 (score range, 16-385, with higher scores indicating higher levels of stress). White women had the lowest mean CPS scores (white: 161.7±50.4; Hispanic: 171.2±51.7; black: 172.5±54.9; Asian: 170.8±50.6; Poverall<0.01). Mean CPS scores remained higher in Hispanic, black, and Asian women than in white women after adjustment for age, socioeconomic status (income and education), and psychological status (depression and anxiety) ( P<0.01 for each). Mean ICH scores varied by race/ethnicity ( P<0.01) and were significantly lower in black women and higher in Asian women compared with white women (β-coefficient [95% CI]: Hispanics, -0.02 [-0.13 to -0.09]; blacks, -0.34 [-0.43 to -0.25]; Asians, 0.34 [0.24 to 0.45]); control for socioeconomic status and CPS did not change these results. Interactions between CPS and race/ethnicity in ICH models were not significant. Both CPS and ICH varied by race/ethnicity. ICH remained worse in blacks and better in Asians compared with whites, despite taking into account socioeconomic factors and CPS.

Abstract 16588: Relationship Between Sleep Debt and Obesity in Older Women: Findings From the Women’s Health Study

Background: Obesity is increasingly prevalent in older women and is associated with heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type II diabetes (diabetes). Sleep disturbance has been shown to affect weight through numerous mechanisms, including metabolic and hormone dysregulation and diet. However, whether sleep debt, a measure of sleep deficiency during the week compared to the weekend,is associated with greater risk of obesity among older women with and without diabetes is relatively unknown. Methods and Results: Among women participating in the Women’s Health Study (WHS) 2012-2013 follow-up stress cohort, we examined the relationship between sleep debt and obesity in 21,726 women without a history of cancer or CVD. Sleep debt was defined as the difference between self-reported total weekday and weekend sleep hours of ≥ 2 hours (dichotomizedas ‘yes’ = 1 or ‘no’ = 0). Mean age was 72.0 ±6.0 years, 23.1% of women reported a body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 , and 9.9% of participants had diabetes. Sleep debt was reported by 6.5% of women. Compared to women without sleep debt, women with sleep debt were more likely to be less physically active and diabetic, and to report more cumulative psychological stress (e.g., a composite score of acute and chronic stressors including work, work-family spillover, financial, traumatic life events, negative life events, discrimination, relationship, and neighborhood). Logistic regression models revealed a positive association between sleep debt and obesity (OR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.33) after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education and income levels, physical activity, alcohol use, smoking history, and depression and anxiety symptoms (Table). However, this association does not remain significant after control for cumulative psychological stress. In analyses stratified by diabetes status, sleep debt is similarly associated with greater risk of obesity among non-diabetic women (OR=1.17, 95% CI: 1.02-1.36), however, this association does not remain significant once depression and anxiety symptoms and cumulative stress are added to the model. There was no association found between sleep debt and obesity among women with diabetes. Conclusion: Among older, non-diabetic women participating in the WHS, sleep debt was associated with greater risk of obesity.