Words Per Minute Research Articles

A Review on Feature Extraction in Keystroke Dynamics

Feature extraction is an important process before an analysis of a data is carry out. Different behaviour of a user while using the keyboard is a feature that need to be identified in the Keystroke Dynamics (KD) study. Example are the difference between typing time between letters, typing speed and the force of a person pressing the keyboard. Past studies related to feature extraction for KD have been described in this paper. Various features that have been used are listed and the results of the study are compared. The results of this writing are expected to help new researchers in the process of evaluating KD.

Integrating E-Governance with Big Data Analytics using Apache Spark

The constant innovations and rapid developments in the IT industry have revolutionized the thinking and mindset of the people throughout the world. Government departments have also been computerized to provide transparent, efficient and responsible government through e-governance. The government have been providing access to various websites or portal for filing complaints, uploading or downloading forms, pictures, data or PDFs to avail the government services. Enlightened citizens are frequently using the portal to access government services. Thus, the size and volume of data that need to be managed by government departments have been increasing drastically under e-governance. The traditional database management system is not designed to deal with such mix type of data. Moreover, the speed at which the e-governance generated data need to be processed is another big challenge being faced by traditional database system. All the abovesaid concerns can be solved by using the emerging technology - Big Data Analytics techniques. Big data analytic techniques can make the government more efficient and transparent by processing structured, unstructured or mixed types data at a great speed. In this paper, we shall understand the scenario for the need or the emergence of big data analytics in e-governance and knowhow of Apache Spark. This paper proposes a practical approach to integrate big data analytics with e-governance using Apache Spark. This paper also reflects how major issues of traditional database management system (mixed type datasets, speed and accuracy) can be resolved through the integration of big data analytics and e-governance.

From seen to unseen: Designing keyboard-less interfaces for text entry on the constrained screen real estate of Augmented Reality headsets

Text input is a very challenging task in the constrained screen real-estate of Augmented Reality headsets. Typical keyboards spread over multiple lines and occupy a significant portion of the screen. In this article, we explore the feasibility of single-line text entry systems for smartglasses. We first design FITE, a dynamic keyboard where the characters are positioned depending on their probability within the current input. However, the dynamic layout leads to mediocre text input and low accuracy. We then introduce HIBEY, a fixed 1-line solution that further decreases the screen real-estate usage by hiding the layout. Despite its hidden layout, HIBEY surprisingly performs much better than FITE, and achieves a mean text entry rate of 9.95 words per minute (WPM) with 96.06% accuracy, which is comparable to other state-of-the-art approaches. After 8 days, participants achieve an average of 13.19 WPM. In addition, HIBEY only occupies 13.14% of the screen real estate at the edge region, which is 62.80% smaller than the default keyboard layout on Microsoft Hololens.

The effects of cycle and treadmill desks on work performance and cognitive function in sedentary workers: A review and meta-analysis.

Sedentary behavior has been recognized as an important risk factor in the development of several chronic diseases. Active workstations have been proposed as an effective countermeasure. While such interventions likely reduce sedentary time, concerns regarding the effects on work performance and cognitive function remain. To use meta-analyis to critically evaluate the work performance and cognitive function effects of cycle and treadmill desks as workplace interventions against sedentary behavior. In February 2018, a data search was conducted. Parallel and crossover design studies evaluating workplace interventions compared to conventional seated conditions were included. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Both interventions reduced typing speed (cycling: SMD = -0.35, p = 0.04; treadmill: SMD = -0.8, p < 0.001). The number of typing errors significantly increased during cycling interventions (SMD = 0.39, p = 0.004). No effect was found for the selective attention tests. However, there was an improvement in recall ability (SMD = 0.68, p = 0.003). Cycle and treadmill desks affect work performance, but most likely not due to a decrease in cognitive function. Further research is needed to determine whether the degree of work performance decline is acceptable, considering the many positive effects of implementing active workstations in the office environment.

Impact of Body Mass Index on Biomechanics of Recreational Runners.

Some recreational runners with obesity successfully train or compete without musculoskeletal injury. Insight into the key kinetic strategies of injury-free heavier runners is necessary to appropriately guide development of safe training programs for this population. To determine key biomechanical strategies of running in individuals with body mass index (BMI) values above and equal to and higher than 30 kg/m2 . This was a case-control study. Runners with obesity (n =18; 42.7 years, 38.9% women) who were matched by sex, age, footstrike type, footwear characteristics, and running speed with healthy runners (n = 36; 41.7 years, 32.5% women). Research laboratory affiliated with an academic medical center. A seven-camera optical motion analysis system was used to capture running kinematics and an instrumented treadmill captured kinetic data. Main outcomes were temporal spatial parameters, joint excursions, peak ground reaction forces (GRFs), joint moments, vertical average loading rate (VALR), impulses, and vertical stiffness (Kvert ). Runners with obesity demonstrated 15% less vertical excursion of the center of mass, 18% wider strides, and 3% longer stance times than nonobese runners (P < .05). Normalized peak GRFs and VALRs were higher in the nonobese group. GRF impulse was higher in the group with obesity compared to the nonobese group (means ± SD; 339.6 ± 55.2 Ns vs. 255.0 ± 45.8 Ns; P = .0001). Kvert was higher in the obese group compared to the nonobese group (238.6 ± 50.3 N/cm vs. 183.1 ± 29.4 N/cm; P = .0001). Peak hip moments were higher in runners with obesity in the sagittal and frontal planes (P < .05). Runners with obesity dampened impact forces and controlled loading rate more than nonobese runners by increasing lower body stiffness and constraining vertical displacement.

Fuzzy rule based intelligent system for user authentication based on user behaviour

Security of the data is one of the major concerns now a days. To secure data text–based authentication vulnerable to attacks like shoulder surfing, hidden cameras and hackers. To avoid these attacks, biometric schemes are useful by means of face recognition, voice recognition, thumb impression detection, fingerprint detection etc which is more costly as it requires some external equipments. In this paper, we proposed a security system based on fuzzy rule based intelligent system which can be used for authentication process based on the user’s behavior. The behavioral biometrics such as typing pattern, time and speed of a particular person can be recorded through keyboard even without the knowledge of the user, and need not to fill any form or to install any additional hardware, thus it is cost effective and robust in security aspect.

Typing on a Smartwatch While Mobile: A Comparison of Input Methods

The user experience of typing on a smartwatch was evaluated with three unique input methods (tap, trace, and handwriting) while standing and while walking. Despite widespread development within the technology industry, smartwatches have had a relatively slow adoption worldwide compared to smartphones. One limiting factor of smartwatches has been the lack of an efficient means of text entry. The 2017 release of Android Wear addressed this issue by providing support for native text entry (i.e., tap, trace, and handwriting). Determining how user performance and subjective ratings compare across these input methods is essential to understanding their contribution to smartwatch user experience. Twenty college-age individuals typed phrases using tap, trace, and handwriting input on a smartwatch in three different mobility scenarios (standing, walking a simple course, walking a complex course). Participants typed faster with trace (30 words per minute; WPM) than with tap (20 WPM) and handwriting (18 WPM), regardless of mobility. Trace also outperformed tap and handwriting across all subjective metrics, regardless of mobility. Trace input appears to be especially well suited for typing on a smartwatch as it was found to be objectively and subjectively superior to tap and handwriting regardless of user mobility. Objectively, typing speeds with trace are shown to be nearly two times faster than most alternative input methods described in the literature. Results suggest smartwatch manufacturers should include QWERTY keyboards with trace input as a standard feature in order to provide the best overall typing experience for their users.

Cell type, sub-region, and layer-specific speed representation in the hippocampal\u2013entorhinal circuit

It has been hypothesised that speed information, encoded by ‘speed cells’, is important for updating spatial representation in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex to reflect ongoing self-movement during locomotion. However, systematic characterisation of speed representation is still lacking. In this study, we compared the speed representation of distinct cell types across sub-regions/layers in the dorsal hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex of rats during exploration. Our results indicate that the preferred theta phases of individual neurons are correlated with positive/negative speed modulation and a temporal shift of speed representation in a sub-region/layer and cell type-dependent manner. Most speed cells located in entorhinal cortex layer 2 represented speed prospectively, whereas those in the CA1 and entorhinal cortex layers 3 and 5 represented speed retrospectively. In entorhinal cortex layer 2, putative CA1-projecting pyramidal cells, but not putative dentate gyrus/CA3-projecting stellate cells, represented speed prospectively. Among the hippocampal interneurons, approximately one-third of putative dendrite-targeting (somatostatin-expressing) interneurons, but only a negligible fraction of putative soma-targeting (parvalbumin-expressing) interneurons, showed negative speed modulation. Putative parvalbumin-expressing CA1 interneurons and somatostatin-expressing CA3 interneurons represented speed more retrospectively than parvalbumin-expressing CA3 interneurons. These findings indicate that speed representation in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit is cell-type, pathway, and theta-phase dependent.

Manipulating Chain Type and Flail Drum Speed for Better Fibre Recovery in Chain-Flail Delimber-Debarker-Chipper Operations

Manipulating Chain Type and Flail Drum Speed for Better Fibre Recovery in Chain-Flail Delimber-Debarker-Chipper Operations

Joint work and ground reaction forces during running with daily-use and running-specific prostheses

Some individuals with a transtibial amputation (TTA) may not have access to running-specific prostheses and therefore choose to run using their daily-use prosthesis. Unlike running-specific prostheses, daily-use prostheses are not designed for running and may result in biomechanical differences that influence injury risk. To investigate these potential differences, we assessed the effect of amputation, prosthesis type, and running speed on joint work and ground reaction forces. 13 people with and without a unilateral TTA ran at speeds ranging from 2.5 m/s to 5.0 m/s. People with TTA ran using their own daily-use and running-specific prostheses. Body kinematics and ground reaction forces were collected and used to compute joint work. People with TTA had smaller peak braking, propulsive and medial/lateral ground reaction forces from the amputated leg compared to people without TTA. People wearing running-specific prostheses had smaller peak amputated leg vertical ground reaction forces compared to daily-use prostheses at speeds above 3.5 m/s. Medial/lateral forces were also smaller in running-specific prostheses, which may present balance challenges when running on varied terrain. Running-specific prostheses stored and returned more energy and provided greater propulsion, resulting in more similar positive hip work between legs compared to daily-use prostheses. Increases in positive hip work, but not device work, highlight the importance of the hip in increasing running speed. Running-specific devices may be beneficial for joint health at running-speeds above 3.5 m/s and provide advantages in propulsion and energy return at all speeds compared to daily-use prostheses, helping people with TTA achieve faster running speeds.

Developing Capacity Reduction Factors for Curbside Bus Stops Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions

Traffic characteristics of a roadway are significantly influenced by bus stops, and it becomes more chaotic when a separate bus bay is not provided and the bus has to be stopped in the curb lane. The present study analyzes the effect of such bus stops on the midblock capacity of urban arterials under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Field data have been collected at six sections of six-lane divided urban arterial roads; out of that, three sections have not marked with bus stop and referred to as base sections, whereas the other three have designated bus stops and denoted as friction sections. A set of simultaneous equations are established using speed and flow data to estimate the midblock capacity of urban roads and found to be 6000 PCU/h for one direction of flow. Further, a set of simultaneous equations are developed between the speed of a vehicle type and the densities of all categories of vehicles with densities of stopped buses in their individual terms. These equations are solved for any number of stopping buses at a fixed proportion of vehicles in the traffic stream for different traffic volume levels and thus get the capacity curves. It has been found that the capacity of urban arterials is reduced by 6.6–28.3% when the frequency of stopping buses is as low as 20 bus/h to as high as 120 bus/h, respectively. The study outcomes are useful for designing bus stops and at the same time estimating the capacity of such sections in order to reduce the congestion on the urban roadway network.

Relationship between wave speed variation and microstructure of coal under wet conditions

To explore the influence of coal microstructure on the wave speed in different wetting conditions, we first reconstructed a 3-D coal body model with computed tomography technology. We then performed ultrasonic measurements on wet coal samples and analyzed the effects of water on the wave speeds of coal samples with different structures. At last, we examined the relationships of the longitudinal wave speed to water-bearing saturation, porosity and fractal dimension of coal. The results showed that 1) longitudinal wave speed is relatively high in type I sample at dry condition, and slowly increases after wetting, presenting a poor wetting effect; 2) longitudinal wave speed rapidly increases in type I samples with water-saturation >80%, and in type II samples with water-saturation > 75%. These results indicate that the wave speed in type II samples is more sensitive to water than that in type I samples, which can be explained by that type II samples have more micropores and greater micropore wall tortuosity; 3) wave speed increment is positively correlated with porosity and fractal dimension, obeying an exponential function relationship; 4) wave speed is smaller at nature water saturation than at vacuum water saturation due to the distribution of pores and cracks and their connectivity; and 5) using wave speeds in different water saturation states can predict coal's cementation, connectivity as well as the number of isolated pores.

Graffiti-writing recognition with fine-grained information

Currently, the contactless human-computer interaction (HCI) has become a heated research topic due to the springing up of the novel intelligent terminals. The existing interaction systems are used to adopt depth cameras, motion controller, radio frequency devices. The common drawback of the above approaches is that all the participants are required to obey the unistroke writing standard for data acquisition. Thus, we are motivated to propose a more adaptive, contactless graffiti-writing recognition system with channel state information (CSI) derived from Wi-Fi signals. We extract the unique CSI waveform caused by writing action to represent each letter. To cater to more users' writing customs, we train separate hidden Markov model (HMM) for eight of 26 letters and conduct cross-validation for testing. The average detection accuracy reaches 94.5%. The average recognition accuracy for the 26-letter model is 85.96% when the number of training samples is 100 from five subjects. The real-time recognition efficiency measured by characters per minute (CPM) is 11.97 (= 31/155.24 s).

Beneficiation Study on Low-Grade Graphite Ore of Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

A low-grade graphite ore originating from Kael area, Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, assaying 8.90% graphite content was upgraded by froth flotation technique to produce a commercial grade graphite concentrate. Mineral phases present in the ore were identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The variables of flotation process such as particle size of the feed, pH of the pulp, % solids of the pulp, speed of impeller, type and quantity of collecting and frothing agents, conditioning time and froth collecting time were optimized to get maximum grade and recovery of graphite mineral. The pH of the pulp was adjusted with sodium carbonate. Kerosene oil was used as collector while pine oil as frother respectively. Sodium silicate was employed as depressant. The grade of the final graphite concentrate produced was 85.80% C with overall recovery of 86.00%. Its surface morphology was studied using SEM-EDX technique while grain size by laser particle size analyzer.

Beneficiation Study on Low-Grade Graphite Ore of Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

A low-grade graphite ore originating from Kael area, Shounter Valley, Azad Kashmir, assaying 8.90% graphite content was upgraded by froth flotation technique to produce a commercial grade graphite concentrate. Mineral phases present in the ore were identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The variables of flotation process such as particle size of the feed, pH of the pulp, % solids of the pulp, speed of impeller, type and quantity of collecting and frothing agents, conditioning time and froth collecting time were optimized to get maximum grade and recovery of graphite mineral. The pH of the pulp was adjusted with sodium carbonate. Kerosene oil was used as collector while pine oil as frother respectively. Sodium silicate was employed as depressant. The grade of the final graphite concentrate produced was 85.80% C with overall recovery of 86.00%. Its surface morphology was studied using SEM-EDX technique while grain size by laser particle size analyzer.

Functional and Environmental Constraints on Prey Capture Speed in a Lizard.

SynopsisMovement is an important component of animal behavior and determines how an organism interacts with its environment. The speed at which an animal moves through its environment can be constrained by internal (e.g., physiological state) and external factors (e.g., habitat complexity). When foraging, animals should move at speeds that maximize prey capture while minimizing mistakes (i.e., missing prey, slipping). We used experimental arenas containing obstacles spaced in different arrays to test how variation in habitat complexity influenced attack distance, prey capture speed, and foraging success in the Prairie Lizard. Obstacles spaced uniformly across arenas resulted in 15% slower prey capture speed and 30–38% shorter attack distance compared to arenas with no obstacles or with obstacles clustered in opposite corners of the arena. Prey capture probability was not influenced by arena type or capture speed, but declined with increasing attack distance. Similarly, the probability of prey consumption declined with attack distance across arena types. However, prey consumption probability declined with increasing prey capture speed in more open arenas but not in the cluttered arena. Foraging accuracy declined with increasing speed in more open arenas, and remained relatively constant when obstacles were in closer proximity. Foraging success was primarily constrained by intrinsic properties (speed-maneuverability tradeoff) when ample space was available, but environmental conditions had a greater impact on foraging success in “cluttered” habitats. This empirical test of theoretical predictions about optimal movement speeds in animals provides a step forward in understanding how animals select speeds in nature.

东方白鹳幼鸟在繁殖区生境选择的跟踪研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 东方白鹳幼鸟在繁殖区生境选择的跟踪研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201905040900 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划（2016YFC0500406，2017YFC0505800）；国家自然科学基金项目（41601439） Quantifying habitat selection of Oriental White Stork fledgling in their breeding area based on satellite tracking data Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:鸟类的生境选择与气候、栖息地及人为干扰有关，而在不同生活史阶段因其自身需求及环境资源的变化也将出现差异。为明晰该一过程和规律，基于东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）在三江平原的卫星跟踪数据，按照时间序列通过核密度分析法（95%水平）得到繁殖季节（7-10月）跟踪个体的活动范围变化，据此将该时期细分为在巢期与离巢游荡期两个阶段，在巢期活动范围窄且高度聚集于单一区域，而离巢游荡期活动范围分散于三江平原东部和北部的多个地点。后采用Maxent模型对两个阶段的适宜生境空间分布及其主要因子进行评估发现，在巢期和离巢期主要影响因子分别为（在巢期贡献率/离巢期贡献率）：土地覆被类型（11.8%/30.6%）、水体（23.8%/31.2%）、相对湿度（8.1%/15.5%）、草本沼泽（28.6%/3.2%）及相对风速（13.2%/2.1%）；离巢期的较适宜生境（0.4-1）比在巢期扩大近两倍，且对人为活动表现出更强的耐受性。本研究结果可用于东方白鹳及其他迁徙鸟类繁殖相关的动态保护与有效综合管理。 Abstract:Habitat selection of birds is related to climate, habitat and human disturbance, and there are differences in their life periods due to changes in needs and environmental resources. In order to clarify the process, in Sanjiang Plain, we analyzed the oriental white stork fledglings' movements by fixed Kernel Home Range method (95% level) during July to October based on satellite tracking data. Then subdivided the breeding season into two periods: Wandering around nests and after leaving nests. During the early period, the activity range is narrow and highly concentrated in a single area, while during the later period, they scattered and wandering in multiple areas in the eastern part of the Sanjiang Plain. Then we used Maxent model to evaluate the variability in habitat suitability including factors' influences. The results showed that the Percent contribution of factors such as Land cover type(11.8%/30.6%), Water (23.8%/31.2%), Humidity(8.1%/15.5%), Meadow(28.6%/3.2%) and Wind speed(13.2%/2.1%) are different in two periods, and the more suitable habitats area in the later period (0.5-1) is doubled in the early period and showed greater tolerance to human disturbance. Our study could be used for dynamic protection and effective integrated management of Oriental White Stork and other migratory species. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Experimental Study on Collision Behavior Between a Floating Offshore Wind Turbine and a Ship

The collision between a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) and a ship is one of the most significant events that will be appeared in lifecycle of FOWTs, and it is especially important to correctly evaluate it. Although the numerical simulation like the FEM is assumed as the general analysis method of the collision phenomenon, there are several conditions which affect the collision phenomenon between them for example floater type, mooring and so on. In this study, a tank test was carried out to analyze the collision from the viewpoint of the energy balance and quantitatively evaluated the effects of various conditions. As a result of the tank test, it was found that floater type and ship speed have a large effect on the dynamic characteristics, which were likely to affect the energy contributing to deformation. On the other hand, it was clear that catenary mooring and wave have relatively little effect on the collision under certain conditions.

HIZ TÜMSEĞİ PROFİLLERİ İÇİN YARIM TAŞIT MODELİ YAKLAŞIMI KULLANILARAK AKTİF SÜSPANSİYON SİSTEMİNİN MODELLENMESİ VE SİMÜLASYONU

Driving comfort and safety are important research areas in engineering and have been the subject of many studies. The objective of this work is the modeling and simulation of the disruptive effects coming from the road for the car suspension system. Disruptive effects from the road are modeled as bump geometry which represents the speed trap. There are different vehicle models are used in suspension control systems. The half-car model is selected in this study which has four degrees of freedom; the vertical movements of the front and rear axle, pitch and vertical motions of the vehicle body. The suspension system is the most important part of the vehicle that increases driving safety and passenger comfort by reducing road effects. The actively controlled suspension system is a type of vibration suspension structure popular in both the academic research and industrial application. As the control design, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller is designed for half car active suspension system. In order to demonstrate the performance of the designed controller, a comparison has been made for the active and passive states for the suspension system. The designed controller was implemented to the active suspension control of the vehicle model modeled in Matlab-Simulink environment. Bump type speed trap profile is modeled as an input of the system. Simulation results show that the disruptive effects from the road is effectively damped when the active suspension is activated.

TYPING EYES: A HUMAN COMPUTER INTERFACE TECHNOLOGY

The human’s beings always make use of their sensory modalities to effectively communicate or carry out their jobs. The humans use the sensory organs such as the ears, eyes mouth, including the hands to deliver a good verbal conversation. The human computer interface technology could also be made classier by involving the human voice, hands and eyes to access an application or control a device etc.; they paper puts forth the development of the human computer interface based on the eyes movement for typing the information without using the hand for typing, this could be very much useful for the patients with disabilities in the arms or affected by paralytic attacks for their regular works associated with the computers and can also be used by the normal people in security intensive applications, the evaluation results obtained for the proposed method using the MATLAB shows that the mean typing speed to be 30 characters per minute.