Word Speech Research Articles

Лукавство буквы «и» или вновь о сущности культуры

Culturology is a young science, however, it claims to be integrative in the system of humanitarian knowledge. One of the reasons for this is the development of our own conceptual framework, creation of its own thesaurus. The central concept of science is the concept of «culture». Today, there are several hundreds of culture definitions, which is a consequence of the variety of research methods. The term «culture» is widely used both as a word of everyday speech, and as a scientific concept. The article analyzes the practice of using the word «culture» in everyday speech, in journalism, which makes it possible to understand how the term is perceived by the public consciousness, which in turn acts as an empirical basis for a theoretical understanding of the essence of culture. For the extra-scientific practice of using the word «culture», two fundamental meanings are characteristic. Firstly, culture is understood as a certain individual integrity (national culture, art culture, religious culture, etc.); secondly, the word culture expresses the level of development of something (a culture of behavior, a culture of thinking, etc.). Moreover, the first meaning, as a rule, is limited to the field of art. The purpose of the article is to characterize the phenomenon of culture as a border separating natural being and social being. Culture is the essence of human, not natural being, it is the noumenon of society, which is a system of phenomena, each of which is a specific side of its own human being. In light of this, to consider culture only the level of positive values seems incorrect, since negative values also apply to society. Culture as a border separating the two spheres of being is the interior and exterior sides, but these are sides of a single whole, which allows us to see the unity of the natural and social in culture, and this allows us to abandon the opposition «nature — culture».

КОСМЕТОЛОГИНЯ И АДВОКАТЕССА: БУДУЩЕЕ ИЛИ РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА?

The article is devoted to feminitives as a linguistic phenomenon studied by gender linguistics. A large number of new feminitives in modern Russian language denotes the relevance of specific names for females, despite the tendency to use masculine words as general words in official speech. The most frequent feminitives are the names of female persons by profession or occupation. The results of a pilot experiment aimed at detecting the use of feminitives when referring to women of certain professions are presented. All data is divided into several groups. The first group consists of professions with a more frequent use of feminitives than names in the masculine grammatical gender.The second group is the one where some of the feminitives are found in dictionaries labeled “colloquial”. The third group includes cases when feminitives exist, but the respondents formed them in a different way using frequency derivational models.

Neologism and the Media in Contemporary Cameroon English; a Sociopragmatic Approach

Contemporary Cameroon English is a reflection of many decades of its historical, political, social and linguistic development. The aim of this investigation, as descriptive linguistics, is to observe what, how and why the common Cameroonian citizen creates, coins and form new words in English speech, collect and analyse this as naturally occurring sociolinguistic data, characteristic of contemporary Cameroon English speech. The objective is to highlight on the linguistic and cultural diversity of Cameroon as a leit motive to create and introduce new words into the vocabulary system, thus, enriching contemporary Cameroon English. Both quantitative and qualitative research was carried to obtain valid data typical of Cameroon society based on the sociolinguistic and ethnographic methods of inquiry and analyses using a combination of the critical discourse analysis, semantico-pragmatic and speech act theories. After the analysis, contemporary Cameroon English is enhanced through different linguistic techniques such as dialectal and cultural borrowing, self-explained compounds, neologisms, eponym, and inflections, among others, which is of great interest to English language learners and teachers of today. These linguistic techniques have enriched Cameroon English vocabulary as a variety of speech typical of Cameroon English.

Implementation of a Biometric Interface in Voice Controlled Wheelchairs

In order to assist physically handicapped persons in their movements, we developed an embedded isolated word speech recognition system (ASR) applied to voice control of smart wheelchairs. However, in spite of the existence in the industrial market of several kinds of electric wheelchairs, the problem remains the need to manually control this device by hand via joystick; which limits their use especially by people with severe disabilities. Thus, a significant number of disabled people cannot use a standard electric wheelchair or drive it with difficulty. The proposed solution is to use the voice to control and drive the wheelchair instead of classical joysticks. The intelligent chair is equipped with an obstacle detection system consisting of ultrasonic sensors, a moving navigation algorithm and a speech acquisition and recognition module for voice control embedded in a DSP card. The ASR architecture consists of two main modules. The first one is the speech parameterization module (features extraction) and the second module is the classifier which identifies the speech and generates the control word to motors power unit. The training and recognition phases are based on Hidden Markov Models (HMM), K-means, Baum-Welch and Viterbi algorithms. The database consists of 39 isolated speaker words (13 words pronounced 3 times under different environments and conditions). The simulations are tested under Matlab environment and the real-time implementation is performed by C language with code composer studio embedded in a TMS 320 C6416 DSP kit. The results and experiments obtained gave promising recognition ratio and accuracy around 99% in clean environment. However, the system accuracy decreases considerably in noisy environments, especially for SNR values below 5 dB (in street: 78%, in factory: 52%).

A systematic approach for segmenting voiced/unvoiced signals using fuzzy-logic system and general fusion of neural network models for phonemes-based speech recognition

In this paper, a speech-to-text translation model has been developed for Malaysian speakers based on 41 classes of Phonemes. A simple data acquisition algorithm has been used to develop a MATLAB graphical user interface (GUI) for recording the isolated word speech signals from 35 non-native Malaysian speakers. The collected database consists of 86 words with 41 classes of phoneme based on Affricatives, Diphthongs, Fricatives, Liquid, Nasals, Semivowels and Glides, Stop and Vowels. The speech samples are preprocessed to eliminate the undesirable artifacts and the fuzzy voice classifier has been employed to classify the samples into voiced sequence and unvoiced sequence. The voiced sequences are divided into frame segments and for each frame, the Linear Predictive co-efficients features are obtained from the voiced sequence. Then the feature sets are formed by deriving the LPC features from all the extracted voiced sequences, and used for classification. The isolated words chosen based on the phonemes are associated with the extracted features to establish classification system input-output mapping. The data are then normalized and randomized to rearrange the values into definite range. The Multilayer Neural Network (MLNN) model has been developed with four combinations of input and hidden activation functions. The neural network models are trained with 60%, 70% and 80% of the total data samples. The neural network architecture was aimed at creating a robust model with 60%, 70%, and 80% of the feature set with 25 trials. The trained network model is validated by simulating the network with the remaining 40%, 30%, and 20% of the set. The reliability of trained network models were compared by measuring true-positive, false-negative, and network classification accuracy. The LPC features show better discrimination and the MLNN neural network models trained using the LPC spectral band features gives better recognition.

Arabic Speech Recognition System Based on MFCC and HMMs

Speech recognition allows the machine to turn the speech signal into text through identification and understanding process. Extract the features, predict the maximum likelihood, and generate the models of the input speech signal are considered the most important steps to configure the Automatic Speech Recognition System (ASR). In this paper, an automatic Arabic speech recognition system was established using MATLAB and 24 Arabic words Consonant-Vowel Consonant-Vowel Consonant-Vowel (CVCVCV) was recorded from 19 Arabic native speakers, each speaker uttering the same word 3 times (total 1368 words). In order to test the system, 39-features were extracted by partitioning the speech signal into frames ~ 0.25 sec shifted by 0.10 sec. in back-end, the statistical models were generated by separated the features into number of states between 4 to 10, each state has 8-gaussian distributions. The data has 48 k sample rate and 32-bit depth and saved separately in a wave file format. The system was trained in phonetically rich and balanced Arabic speech words list (10 speakers * 3 times * 24 words, total 720 words) and tested using another word list (24 words * 9 speakers * 3 times *, total 648 words). Using different speakers similar words, the system obtained a very good word recognition accuracy results of 92.92% and a Word Error Rate (WER) of 7.08%.

Orthographic Norm and Grammatical Homonymy

The article deals with the relevant linguistic issue of correlation between word spelling and the distinction of units belonging to different grammatical classes. The concepts of word and part of speech are contrasted. The author has revealed the peculiarities of lexical units functioning in written speech, which enables their part-of-speech status identification. The analysis of criteria, suggested by the linguists for differentiation of homonymous adverbs, preposition-and-case-form combinations, and derivative prepositions resulted in proposing a procedure of consecutive operations, accomplished to identify the part-of-speech status of grammatically homonymous words. The results of the linguistic experiment show how in speech practice native speakers solve the problems of part of speech determination and establishing the spelling of such words. It was revealed that the methods for distinguishing grammatical homonyms used by recipients, in many cases, do not lead to the correct solution. The existing codified guidelines are not applied while writing, as spelling of the major part of grammatically homonymous words does not meet the requirements of the norm. To solve the problem under consideration, it is necessary to adjust the content of spelling rules and change the spelling of a number of words, where traditional spelling principles are reflected.

Speaking of character: Character strength references in movies and presidential nomination speeches

ABSTRACT One way in which language can be used for persuasive purposes is through references to personal character, or the lack thereof. A series of lexica reflecting 24 character strengths were developed and combined with existing lexica reflecting virtues and morality. Two studies were conducted to evaluate these lexica. The first compared words in presidential candidate nomination speeches from 1864 to 2016 to election outcomes. Results indicated that candidates’ use of terms related to hope was a better predictor of election outcomes than incumbency. In the second study, both the highest grossing and highest rated films of 2013–2016 included fewer words representing seven of the character variables than a normative database, while the highest grossing films contained more dialog referencing creativity and leadership. These results indicate that lexical analysis can provide a potentially useful tool for understanding the cultural use of positive character terms.

Model Identifikasi Kata Ucapan Tuna Wicara

Speech impaired is the inability of someone to speak, even though speaking ability is important in order to communicate with other people. Dealing with this as someone who has speech impairments has their own way of communicating, namely by using sign language, but not everyone understands the sign language. The MFCC and Backpropagation ANN methods are implemented on a Single Board Computer (SBC) designed to overcome speech impaired communication problems. The MFCC method is used to retrieve the features of speech impairment and the Backpropagation ANN is used for sound pattern recognition.The system was trained using 750 sound samples consisting of 5 speakers, each uttering as many as 30 repetitions of the pronunciation of words (makan, kamar, kerja, harga and lapar), then tested using 125 sound samples consisting of 5 speakers, each saying 5 repetitions of words. Training and testing of Backpropagation ANN using input coefficients generated from MFCC. The results showed that the MFCC and Backpropagation ANN methods were able to identify speech words with 60% accuracy, 40% precision and 40% sensitivity.

Mark my words: High frequency marker words impact early stages of language learning.

High frequency words have been suggested to benefit both speech segmentation and grammatical categorization of the words around them. Despite utilizing similar information, these tasks are usually investigated separately in studies examining learning. We determined whether including high frequency words in continuous speech could support categorization when words are being segmented for the first time. We familiarized learners with continuous artificial speech comprising repetitions of target words, which were preceded by high-frequency marker words. Crucially, marker words distinguished targets into 2 distributionally defined categories. We measured learning with segmentation and categorization tests and compared performance against a control group that heard the artificial speech without these marker words (i.e., just the targets, with no cues for categorization). Participants segmented the target words from speech in both conditions, but critically when the marker words were present, they influenced acquisition of word-referent mappings in a subsequent transfer task, with participants demonstrating better early learning for mappings that were consistent (rather than inconsistent) with the distributional categories. We propose that high-frequency words may assist early grammatical categorization, while speech segmentation is still being learned.

Hybrid methods of brandt’s generalised likelihood ratio and short-term energy for malay word speech segmentation

<p>Speech segmentation is an important part for speech recognition, synthesizing and coding. Statistical based approach detects segmentation points via computing spectral distortion of the signal without prior knowledge of the acoustic information proved to be able to give good match, less omission but lot of insertion. In this study the segmentation is done both manually and automatically using Malay words in traditional Malay poetry. This study proposed a hybrid method of Brandt’s generalized likelihood ratio (GLR) and short-term energy algorithm. The Brandt’s algorithm tries to estimate the abrupt change in energy to determine the segmentation points. A total of five Pantun are used in read mode and spoken by one male student in a noise free room. Experiments are conducted to see the the accuracy, insertion, and omission of the segmentation points. Experimental results show on average 80% accuracy with 0.2 second time tolerance for automatic segmentation with the algorithm having no knowledge of the acoustic characteristics<em>. </em></p>

Sensational signs, authority and the public sphere: Settler colonial rhetoric in times of change

AbstractThe article explores the emotional regimes of settler colonialism in post‐apartheid South Africa. The focus is on apocalyptic fears of the imagined eradication of whiteness. These fears are articulated in response to postcolonial/decolonial interpellations of abject whiteness, and are made visible in a range of sensational signs that circulate online and offline. The signs cluster around two themes that are central to the ideologies of settler colonialism: land (and its feared loss), and (white) bodies (and their feared disappearance). Following Sarah Ahmed (2004a,b), emotionally charged signs can be seen as actions (akin to words in speech act theory). In contrast to Jürgen Habermas’ conception of the public sphere as an idealized place of rational debate, the article argues that a combination of affect‐emotion‐feeling and the performance of ‘reason’—what Aristotelian rhetoric refers to as pathos and ethos—are integral for understanding public‐political discourses of whiteness at a time when white privilege has been called out globally (and locally), and white dominance has lost its stronghold.

IDENTIFICATION PART OF SPEECH OF ENGLISH WORD BEFORE

The study analyzes the fact that before lead to different categories based on their distribution in English sentence; the study focuses on examining the occurrence of before as a particular word category in sentence. Thus, this study aims to discuss the categories of before and to identify what constituent that determines the categories of before and According to those aim, this study takes a title, ‘Identification Part of Speech of English Words Before.’ For this study, the data were collected from COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English) as the main source of research data. The data were identified by observing the sentence that contained word before, and then were classified into their specific categories. Lastly, the data were analyzed using Radford’s theory (2004). The results of the study show that there are three categories of words before; those are, prepositions, adverbial, and conjunctions. After analyzing comprehensively, the results are: (1) the word before as adverb is following the other adverb or verb (2) the word before as the conjunction are followed by clause that is constituted by subject and verb, (3) the word before as the preposition is followed by the noun phrase. However in this article the word before as conjunction can be preposition when the subject and the verb of the clause are reduced.

Semantic Context Enhances the Early Auditory Encoding of Natural Speech.

Speech perception involves the integration of sensory input with expectations based on the context of that speech. Much debate surrounds the issue of whether or not prior knowledge feeds back to affect early auditory encoding in the lower levels of the speech processing hierarchy, or whether perception can be best explained as a purely feedforward process. Although there has been compelling evidence on both sides of this debate, experiments involving naturalistic speech stimuli to address these questions have been lacking. Here, we use a recently introduced method for quantifying the semantic context of speech and relate it to a commonly used method for indexing low-level auditory encoding of speech. The relationship between these measures is taken to be an indication of how semantic context leading up to a word influences how its low-level acoustic and phonetic features are processed. We record EEG from human participants (both male and female) listening to continuous natural speech and find that the early cortical tracking of a word's speech envelope is enhanced by its semantic similarity to its sentential context. Using a forward modeling approach, we find that prediction accuracy of the EEG signal also shows the same effect. Furthermore, this effect shows distinct temporal patterns of correlation depending on the type of speech input representation (acoustic or phonological) used for the model, implicating a top-down propagation of information through the processing hierarchy. These results suggest a mechanism that links top-down prior information with the early cortical entrainment of words in natural, continuous speech.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During natural speech comprehension, we use semantic context when processing information about new incoming words. However, precisely how the neural processing of bottom-up sensory information is affected by top-down context-based predictions remains controversial. We address this discussion using a novel approach that indexes a word's similarity to context and how well a word's acoustic and phonetic features are processed by the brain at the time of its utterance. We relate these two measures and show that lower-level auditory tracking of speech improves for words that are more related to their preceding context. These results suggest a mechanism that links top-down prior information with bottom-up sensory processing in the context of natural, narrative speech listening.

Mapping articulatory and grammatical subcomponents of fluency deficits in post-stroke aphasia.

Fluent speech production is a critical aspect of language processing and is central to aphasia diagnosis and treatment. Multiple cognitive processes and neural subsystems must be coordinated to produce fluent narrative speech. To refine the understanding of these systems, measures that minimize the influence of other cognitive processes were defined for articulatory deficits and grammatical deficits. Articulatory deficits were measured by the proportion of phonetic errors (articulatory and prosodic) in a word repetition task in 115 participants with aphasia following left hemisphere stroke. Grammatical deficits were assessed in 46 participants based on two measures-proportion of closed class words and proportion of words in sentences-generated during semistructured narrative speech production (telling the Cinderella story). These measures were used to identify brain regions critical for articulatory and grammatical aspects of speech production using a multivariate lesion-symptom mapping approach based on support vector regression. Phonetic error proportion was associated with damage to the postcentral gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule (particularly the supramarginal gyrus). Proportion of closed class words in narrative speech did not have consistent lesion correlates. Proportion of words in sentences was strongly associated with frontal lobe damage, particularly the inferior and middle frontal gyri. Grammatical sentence structuring relies on frontal regions, particularly the inferior and middle frontal gyri, whereas phonetic-articulatory planning and execution relies on parietal regions, particularly the postcentral and supramarginal gyri. These results clarify and extend current understanding of the functional components of the frontoparietal speech production system.

Malcolm X’s Analysis of Citizenship & Rights For Black Americans

In this study, I conducted a discourse analysis of Malcolm X’s descriptions and usage of citizenship, membership, & related concepts within his speeches to better understand his usage of these highly contested terms, specifically how it compares to the usage by other scholars and Black American civil rights activists in the 1960s. This study will be conducted by analyzing how many times he used these words in various speeches, interviews, and debates and how his usage and context of these terms evolved as his political philosophy evolved from Nation of Islam orthodoxy to Pan-African socialism.

Center of Education and Psychological Studies Abstract of Research Titled Curriculum Play and Its Role in Affirm Teaching Subject At The Pupils of Intermediate Stage

The first chapter is identify the research and deals with the problems through Iraqi child expose to several psychological and social problems which limit the motivation of learning in him. As the curriculum depends on the traditional method in lecturing and keeping in heart we see it is necessary to shade light on use the play of learning to aid the pupil to keep the studying subject in his mind . Also the importance of the research appears in that the intermediate stage represents one of the important environments in which education process is cultured in all its dimensions ,characteristics and components .The standard of civilization among the nations is the amount of each mother concern in her children . The objective of the research is to identify importance of curriculum play as a modern teaching method aid in affirm the study subjects for intermediate stage pupils .The research limits were on curriculum making plays in all of intermediate stage for all levels from first to six year .Each concept of curriculum play making ( drama experience) and the term affirming Second Chapter This chapter includes theoretical frame and previous studies :The axies of theoretical frame were : The evolution of teaching games through histories , principles of play making and teaching steps according to strategy of curriculum and characteristics of verbal expressions for pupils of intermediate Also it includes a group of Iraqi and Arabic and foreign studies such : Al-noory study 1999 : ( The Effect of several Teaching Games in Developing Self-Trust And Its Relations With Studying Awards At Intermediate Stage Pupils ) Mustafa Study 2008 : (The Effect Of Use Teaching Games And Figures in Acquiring Some Sport Concepts In Special Education Pupils) . Study of Mustafa Suliman 1991 (The Effect Of Use Teaching Games And Figures in Understand Some Sport Concepts Student –Teacher ) Keen Study 1980 ( The Effect Of Teaching Games in Articulation Of Third, Fourth And Fifth Year Pupils in Intermediate Stage . Third Chapter This chapter deals with curriculum plays making .It includes :Teaching methods , curriculums , teacher , learner .Also it explains aspects of expression I psychology , social ,thinking linguistic communication as well as expression in conversation ,discussion ,story speech words reports and free expression . Fourth chapter The most important conclusions are : It is possible to play making of all curriculums without exceptions . Curriculums play makings considered a medium to introduce human experience and media , education and entertainment method . The most important recommendations are : Curriculum Planners care for play making contain to make the classroom interested for the pupils. The necessity of coordination between Ministry of Education and Ministry of Culture and Media in order to make curriculum making and benefit from mss media in education and in teaching to the highest degree . The researcher makes the following studies : 1-The effect of use curriculum playmaking in motivation of pupils towards English language subject for five year . 2-The play making in enhance patriotic spirit in fifth year student. The researcher

Construct Validity of the Viking Speech Scale

Objective: The Viking Speech Scale (VSS) reliably classifies the speech performance of children with cerebral palsy. This paper aims to establish the construct validity of the VSS by testing the extent to which percentage intelligibility in single word speech and connected speech predicts VSS rating. Patients and Methods: This is a secondary analysis of two sets of anonymised data collected for previous research. The full data set comprised 79 children with cerebral palsy from the US (n = 43) and the UK (n = 36): (43 boys, 36 girls); mean age 7.2 years (SD 3.3). Single word intelligibility was measured using the TOCS+ words for US children and Children’s Speech Intelligibility Measure for the UK children. Connected speech intelligibility was measured from a subset of repeated sentences in TOCS+ for US children and picture description for the UK children. We used ordinal logistic regression to examine prediction of VSS rating by percentage single word and connected speech intelligibility scores in both samples. Results: Percentage single word intelligibility and connected speech intelligibility predicted VSS rating in univariate and multivariate regression models for both the US and UK samples. Conclusion: Intelligibility predicts VSS for both single words and connected speech, establishing the construct validity of VSS.

Глагольные композиты в детской речи (на материале русского языка)

Глагольные композиты в детской речи (на материале русского языка)

Recurrent out-of-vocabulary word detection based on distribution of features

The repeated use of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words in a spoken document seriously degrades a speech recognizer performance. Even though such recurrent OOV words are often important keywords in a spoken document, they are never correctly recognized. We propose a novel method for robustly detecting recurrent OOV words, which focuses on the degree of consistency among them. It first detects recurrent segments, that is recurrent phoneme sub-sequence in the output of a phoneme sequence decoder. Then, we measure the degree of consistency by using the mean and variance (distribution) of features (DOF) derived from the recurrent segments, and use our DOF for IV/OOV classification. Experiments on academic lectures illustrate that the proposed DOF-based method can robustly detect recurrent OOV words in spontaneous speech and achieves over 60% relative reduction in false alarms. It is also confirmed that detection performance improves as the OOV words are repeated more often.