Russian Words Research Articles

НЕСКРОМНОЕ ОБАЯНИЕ АНГЛИЦИЗМОВ: МАГНЕТИЗМ ТЕМНЫХ СЛОВ

Statement of the problem. Problems related to lexical borrowings invariably arouse the interest of linguists. Probably, both the possible reasons for borrowing and their socio-cultural consequences are particularly attractive for studying. Therefore, it is urgent to study the factors contributing to the readiness of the language community to unconditionally accept borrowings from the Anglo-American and their active use. The purpose of the article is a socio-cultural analysis of borrowings, their semantic and pragmatic status in the Russian language. To achieve the goal, discursive, linguoculturological and semantic methods of analysis were used. Research results. One of the catalysts of the above-mentioned turbulent process is the impenetrability of the internal form of a foreign word for most native speakers of the Russian language. Such lexemes often become the germs of new myths channeled through the media and used to manipulate public consciousness. Conclusions. Today’s features of the borrowing process speak of their proximity to traditional verbal magic. Public speech of representatives of the Russian ruling stratum act as a serious impulse encouraging the use of Anglicisms instead of semantically adequate Russian words.

Imagining the Russian Community: Novoye Russkoe Slovo, the First Red Scare, and the Palmer Raids, 1919-1920

ABSTRACT The years 1919 and 1920 were challenging for the Russian immigrant community in America. The already existing atmosphere of the First Red Scare escalated during and after the Palmer Raids. This study examines how the Palmer Raids were covered on the pages of one of the oldest and most influential Russian ethnic newspapers in the United States, Novoye Russkoe Slovo (New Russian Word). Through the textual analysis of news reports, opinion pieces, feature stories, and letters to the editor published in Novoye Russkoe Slovo from November 1919 to January 1920, this article demonstrates that the newspaper helped build and sustain an imagined community of Russian immigrants during profound political and social challenges. The article shows how the newspaper skillfully combined the “fact” and “forum” functions of the press in its different sections to help readers make sense of the raids, support each other, and maintain community ties.

РАССМОТРЕНИЕ ПРИЗНАКОВ И ЗНАЧЕНИЙ СЛОВ КАТЕГОРИИ СОСТОЯНИЯ В РУССКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ В ПЕРСИДСКОМ

This work focuses on the meanings and features of the state category words in Russian and their equivalents in Persian. The problem is that Persian-speaking students who learn the Russian language in Iranian universities cannot always distinguish between words of the category of state, adverbs and short adjectives due to their semantic similarity in translation. The paper shows their part-of-speech features, and that one-member impersonal-predicative sentences are translated into Persian by both impersonal and personal sentences. Adjectives, the so-called (mosnad) in Persian grammar, as well as words like ( bayad, nabayad, mišavad, mitavan ) in the meaning of can / can not , in most cases are equivalent to words of the state category in Russian.

“Stadhouders”, “Ruwaards”, and “Mambours”… The Terms Related to the System of Administration in the Medieval Principalities of the Low Countries and the Difficulties of Their Translation

Thenecessity to transferthepowers of the prince to some other person was a common situation in the history of the principalities of the Low Countries in the 14th–15th centuries. Thearticledealswithsomecasesofapplicationofthreedifferentwords (“stadhouder”, “ruwaard”, “mambour”) thatwereusedtonamesuchreplacements of the ruler. “Stadhouder” seems to be the most relevant in meaning to Russian word “namestnik” (“governor”) as well as to French “lieutenant”. “Stadhouder” was usually applied to the officer who received the power to govern the principality from the prince during his absencein the 14th — 15th centuries. As the number of principalities which the dukes of Burgundy joined to their possessions grew continuously, they began to transfer the government in some of these lands to “stadhouders” (governors) for longer time. “Ruwaard” and “mambour” arecloserintheirmeaningstotheword “regent” or “protector”. They usually were appointed or elected when the prince was not able to rule himself or do some part of the duties as a ruler (forexample,becauseofhisillness, ageorsome restrictions for the clergymen). In some cases, the prince was changed to the “ruwaard” or “mambour” by the people because he had violated the privileges and customs of the land. Suchsituationsmostlyhappenedduringthelarge-scale revoltsin Flanders, Brabant and the Prince-bishopric of Liège. Theappointmentof “ruwaards” / “mambours” was also used during the struggle for power, for example, in time of a long conflict over the Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut between Jacoba of Bavaria and her relatives. But “mambour” seems to have a bit different meaning in Luxembourg where this word was used to name a govern or who did not have the full authority, thoughusually his powers was transferred to him with the content of the duke (or duchess). This research shows that in some cases there are differences in meaning of the terms “stadhouder”, “ruwaard” and “mambour”. That is why it is better to use the transcription of these words with the explanation of their meaning or to use the most relevant words in Russian like “namestnik” (governor) or regent together with the indication of original terms.

Chaadayev's Historiosophy and Russian Word

Chaadayev's Historiosophy and Russian Word

Фонетическая информация в русско-немецких и немецко-русских словарях, созданных в Германии в XIX в.

The article presents the results of the study of phonetic information provided in Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries which were compiled in Germany in the 19th century. The relevance of this research is determined by the lack of metalexicographic works on a detailed analysis of this issue. According to their title pages and prefaces, most of the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries were addressed equally to Germanspeaking and Russian-speaking users. The comparative study applied in this research shows how German lexicographers meet the need of both target groups for pronunciation information. In the course of the research, we studied the bilingual Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries in relation to the formats of presenting phonetic information, the sound composition of Russian and German words, and of recording their prosodic characteristics (stress). The research reveals that German lexicographers of the 19th century paid considerable attention to the elaboration of phonetic information which was presented in the analyzed dictionaries in two formats. Information on pronunciation was either shown in dictionary entries or given separately outside the lemma list in the surrounding text (in phonetic appendices and tables). The most commonly used format is the presentation of the pronunciation directly in dictionary entries. By the end of the century, phonetic information was additionally introduced in the macrostructure of the dictionaries in the form of phonetic appendices/notes or alphabet tables with pronunciation rules. The problem of the accurate representation of the sound composition of words was not acutely posed in the dictionaries. Apparently, the reason is that pronunciation in Russian and German was quite in line with spelling so that why this type of information could be basically left out. Nevertheless, in some dictionaries, this phonetic parameter found some elaboration. In most cases, the sound composition was represented only for Russian words. All Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries indicated word stress. But in most dictionaries, stress is placed only on Russian words. Only in three dictionaries, lexicographers indicated the position of stress on words of both languages. The analysis shows that information on pronunciation recorded for Russian words was slightly more elaborated than for German ones. It means that the main target group of these dictionaries were still German-speaking users. Based on the results of the research, a conclusion is made that German lexicographers tried in their own way to meet the requirements of the users and to make their dictionaries as user-friendly as possible. This experience is very valuable and of undoubted interest for contemporary lexicography. Therefore, there is a need in further special investigations dealing with these dictionaries. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

СЕМИОТИЧЕСКАЯ КОНЦЕПТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТЕЛА И СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ

The article considers a fragment of the Russian and Spanish semiotic conceptualization of the human body. This fragment is presented by the somatic object “heart”, as there are phraseological somatisms with the name of this object both in Russian and in Spanish. The article provides a semantic description of the Russian word сердце and its Spanish equivalent corazón: ‘an invisible somatic object located in the upper left part of the human body behind the chest. The heart can be heard because it is constantly beating. The main function of the heart is to supply blood to all somatic objects in the human body’. The importance of including physical, structural and functional features of the heart into the semantic representations of these words is demonstrated. Among the physical features of the heart we consider caritivity and redundancy, among the structural ones – the presence of alien objects on / inside the heart (in particular, hair or wool), as the functional ones – the ability of the heart to supply blood to the body and its parts. This feature approach allows to explain some of the uses of the Spanish and Russian words for the heart. The difference in phraseological somatisms of two languages with these words is demonstrated.

Лексика крашения тканей в русских говорах Пермского края

The article is devoted to the analysis of lexical units related to the dyeing of threads and fabrics in the traditional peasant economy of the Perm region’s inhabitants. Homemade threads and fabrics (linen and woolen), often being unattractive in color, were treated with various improvised dyes. There are a large number of words related to the thematic group ‘Dyeing of fabrics’ noted in the Permian dialects. The article analyzes lexical units that have the meanings ‘to dye, to impart color’, ‘names of fabrics by color’, ‘characteristics of fabrics by color and pattern’, ‘pattern, coloring of fabrics’; the names of dyes and coloring materials are considered, and also the names of people engaged in this craft. The author of the article comes to a conclusion that the vocabulary related to the manufacture and dyeing of fabric is a valuable source for studying the life of peasants in the Perm region, their aesthetic ideas. The presence of a large number of lexical units of this thematic group indicates the desire to make fabrics and clothes from them not only comfortable to use but also beautiful. Vocabulary related to the production of fabrics by peasants mainly comprises originally Russian words. Many words of this group are found in other Russian dialects, but some of them are specific to the territory of the Kama region. These are lexemes of purely Russian origin that appeared as a result of new meanings developing in words or due to the formation of new words with the help of affixes. The vocabulary of fabric dyeing is connected with other thematic groups in the dialect lexical system, different names of clothing are often formed from the names of dyed fabrics.

Контекстное разрешение омонимии на основе центроидно-контекстной модели

The article describes a new method for contextual resolution of homonymy based on a centroid-context model (CCM). The proposed method of detecting cases of homonymy in the corpus of texts and its resolution using the CCM model is based on the theoretical concept of phraseological conceptual analysis of texts (FCAT) and unique machine grammar, which is based on a system of inflective classes of russian words. The rigid conformity between the form of presentation of words and their grammatical information laid down in the theoretical concept of inflective classes of words of the Russian language made it possible to create on this basis new classes - classes of words that have the same sets of grammatical features, conforming to their forms of representation in similar contextual environments. When developing this model, the authors proceeded from the following hypothesis: the same sequences of generalized characters of word classes (generalized syntagms) should correspond to the same syntactic structures of various fragments of texts. At the same time, it was assumed that such a hypothesis is true for any syntactic models and can be useful in solving both global and particular problems of text analysis. Using this method, a new solution to the problem of resolving homonymy based on the proposed CCM model was proposed.

ÜBERSETZUNGSMETHODEN DEUTSCHER KOMPOSITA DER PUBLIZISTIK INS RUSSISCHE

Compound words play an important role in German and are one of the most discussed topics in linguistics. A huge number of linguists have studied the problems of word composition: M.D. Stepanova, W. Fleischer, G. Haken, V.P. Furmanova, L.K. Latyshev, M.I. Nosacheva and others. Compounding is one of the most productive ways of word formation in German. There are many areas in which compound words are often used, and the publicistic texts are not an exception. The formation of compound words is a complex process and the translation of these words into other languages is a difficult task for translators. The aim of this study is to analyze the ways of translation of the German compounds in the publicistic texts into Russian. The analysis was carried out on 200 lexical units selected by continuous sampling from “Economics” and “Politics” sections in the newspaper “Die Zeit” and in the online news site “Deutsche Welle”. Most compound words under analysis are two-part lexical units. Composites consisting of three or more stems are rarely used, as they are difficult to perceive. The study showed that more than 50% of the German compounds are translated into Russian using calque translation. In 27.5% of cases analogous Russian words were used. 12% of the analyzed compounds were rendered into Russian using descriptive translation and in 8% of cases the method of generalization was used.

ДИАЛОГ ПОКОЛЕНИЙ: ТРАНСЛЯЦИЯ ЯЗЫКА И КУЛЬТУРЫ В МЕМУАРНОЙ КОММУНИКАТИВНОЙ ПРАКТИКЕ

The article is devoted to the problem of studying Russian folk dialects based on the analysis of texts of the genre of “folk memoirs”. The problems of generational dialogue in the aspect of linguistic and cultural differences that create communication barriers are discussed. The disappearance of folk dialects entails the disappearance of a whole layer of folk traditional culture. Recordings of memories of representatives of older generations, latent speakers of the dialect, allow preserving and transmitting to descendants the elements of culture contained in the images of the Russian word. The article analyses the features of the inclusion of dialect material in the memoirs of village-born, but educated people who demonstrate the linguistic self-reflection of speakers of two language codes — literary and dialect.

Язык Генерального регламента 1720 года (к 300-летию первого издания)

The paper presents a comprehensive description of the language of the General Regulations. The content of the text is embodied with the help of a modernized language of documents, with a synthesis of Russian, Slavic, and foreign language elements carried out at different levels. The morphological basis is formed by the colloquial forms of names and verbs, including a small number of old forms. The syntax features a tendency to transform the colloquial structure of the phrase of pre-Petrine documents to make it more bookish. The lexical basis comprises Russian words, with the inclusion of Church Slavonicisms and numerous European borrowings. Church Slavonicisms are represented mainly by service vocabulary (conjunctions, particles, pronouns, adverbs). Of the Europeanisms, three groups of words are especially frequent: names of collegiate positions, names of documents and forms of work with them, and words of the behavioral sphere. Also, the paper provides a detailed description of the ways of expressing imperativeness in the text of the General Regulations in comparison with document texts of the pre-Petrine era. In addition to infinitive sentences traditionally used to express the command, the text of the General Regulations includes many new means, both borrowed and Russian in origin. In order to enhance the imperativeness, a wide range of various intensifiers was used. The language of the General Regulations reflects the results of its creators’ searching for the means of expression that could be adequate to a new genre and a new era.

Роль морфонологических элементов в словообразовании абстрактных имён существительных с суффиксом -ость (-есть)

The issue of morphonology status and units of its description remains relevant in modern linguistics. The purpose of study is to describe the morphonological rules for choosing suffix -ost’ (-est’), to investigate the hierarchies of morphonological units that determine the synthesis of the sound structure of derivatives under study, consisting of a set of stress morphonemes, pho-nemes alternation and allomorphs alternation. We mainly use the descriptive method, which in-cludes such techniques as observation, comparison, juxtaposition, generalization, interpretation. Based on the description, we conclude that word formation of considered class of words is distin-guished by fusion, and not agglutination. The choice of an allomorph depends on morphological characteristics of generator, and allomorph determines the stress and the type of derivative's alter-nant, that is, the morphological unit includes phonemes alternation, stress alternation and allo-morphs alternation of the suffix, which are 3 morphonological units. The results of study, in par-ticular, the significance of suffix in describing the theoretical foundations for describing the mor-phonological phenomena of Russian language, as well as the model of morphonological descrip-tion of Russian word formation, make a certain contribution to the development of morphonology as an independent science. The practical significance lies in the fact that the conclusions and materials of study can be used in the compilation of special morphonological dictionaries.

Из истории слов III

The present work is devoted to the history of several Russian words predominantly used in the literary language and to some dialectisms. The lexicological etudes proposed appeared in the process of preparing the 17th issue of the Russian Etymological Dictionary. The paper contributes to a thorough study of the lexical material concerned and reveals the specificity of the vocabulary discussed on several examples. The following words are considered: zabélka (dial.) “the best person”; zazhór and zazhóra (dial.) “accumulation of ice in during the ice drift”; zakadychnyy “close, sincere (of a friend)”; zamáshka, zamáshki “hemp yarn and canvas”; zasedat’ “to discuss, decide”; záspa (dial.) “barley or oat groats”; zatín 1 “a place hidden behind a fence”; zatín 2 (dial.) “an iron crowbar stuck into an ice-floe”; zatín 3 (dial.) “a weakness of a horse.”

Этимология как образ жизни (к 70-летию академика А. Е. Аникина)

This paper is devoted to the linguistic works by Alexander Evgenievich Anikin, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the occasion of his 70th anniversary. Alexander Anikin, a versatile philologist, has made a significant contribution to Russian, particularly dialectal and Ural-Altaic etymology. The linguistic tradition that Alexander Anikin adheres to is associated with the names of famous etymologists of the Russian language, Max Vasmer and Oleg N. Trubachev. The scientific path of Alexander Anikin as an etymologist includes several stages. The starting point was his interest in Balto-Slavic language contacts and borrowings. Then, Alexander Anikin turned to the study of the language contacts in terms of the vocabulary of the languages of the peoples of Siberia and the Far East and Siberian dialects of the Russian language. Currently, the researcher is working on the Russian Etymological Dictionary. This dictionary is an ambitious project that involves searching for etymons for the maximum possible number of Russian words described in etymological, historical, and dialect dictionaries and studies. The Russian Etymological Dictionary differs from many other etymological dictionaries of the Russian language. It covers the dialectal (including Siberian), outdated, and ancient words lost in modern Russian. Also, the paper considers the principles of selecting the linguistic material and the structure of dictionary entries and characterizes the range of languages, which Alexander Anikin analyzes in the context of etymology.

Lexical-Semantic Mainstreaming in the Context of Crossculturalcomparisons

The article addresses the issue of re-thinking lexical meanings concerning a wide range of ideologically biased words currently developing in media space. The author studies the contexts, which compare equivalent notions in the realm of ideological confrontation between Russia and the West. New meanings are revealed attributed to foreign equivalents in response to the facts of public life. The article shows that having been set against traditional Russian understanding of foreign equivalent, Russian words actualize the meanings associated with realities of life and culture in today’s Russia.

Karelian Toponymy in the State Index of Place Names: Mistakes Correction

The article tackles the problem that is topical for all areas of Russia with ethnic minority populations: how local toponyms are presented in the State Index of Place Names. SIPN was initiated by the Federal Service for State Registration, Cadaster, and Cartography (Rosreestr) to become a comprehensive registry of designations for topographic objects that must be used in all formal situations. For the territory of Karelia, SIPN includes over 16,000 placenames, nearly a half of which are ethnic Karelian names, the ones in use in the Karelian language milieu, in Karelian-speaking territories of the Republic. The paper gives an overview of the strategies used in the Index to adapt Karelian place names, the dominant being phonetic transcription. Analysis proves it to be highly inconsistent and contradictory due to the lack of an ad hoc manual on representation of Balto-Finnic place names of Karelia in Russian as well as their linguistically incorrect recording by cartographers and post-processing. The authors provide a classification of the main types of phonetic mistakes made in SIPN (inconsistent rendering of the sounds lacking direct equivalents in Russian — long vowels, diphthongs, umlauts, geminates), and highlight problems such as disregard of the complex structure characteristic of Balto-Finnic toponymy, linguistically arbitrary processing of names by collectors, trying to link the Karelian toponymic base to Russian word, as well as liberal treatment of the dialect map and unfortunate slips and typos. Almost a third (for some areas even a half) of Karelian placenames in SIPN are misspelled. The issue becomes more relevant in view of the recent renovation and ramification of the road network and advancement of tourism and other activities, which make the formalized toponymy ‘visible’. The authors provide recommendations for eliminating the inconsistencies and flaws in visual representation of place names and argue that Rosreestr must collaborate with researchers who have access to the fieldwork files of the Scientific Card Index of Place Names of Karelia and Adjacent Regions, which can bring the data in order.

Этнокультурная идентичность бурят в устной народной прозе

The paper examines the ethnocultural identity as manifested in the oral prose of the Buryats of Inner Mongolia of China. The nomadic way of life of the Aryats contributed to a simple, uncomplicated, and practical character of everyday life and a diet consisting of meat and dairy products. A distinctive feature of the oral prose of the Buryats of Inner Mongolia is the presence of narratives with mythological ideas about characters of heavenly origin, controlling everyday life, and possible scenarios of human destiny. The verbal prose of the Chinese Buryats is syncretistic in its cult-religious preferences: Buddhist religious foundations prevail, and at the same time, shamanistic views and elements of ancient mythological consciousness are preserved. Verbal and figurative formulas regulate the norms of human behavior: what can or cannot be done. Oral didactic stories are the most expressive in this regard. The presence and use of a rather significant layer of Russian words mastered and preserved by the first generation of migrants and used today by modern representatives of the Buryat enclave serve as the most striking ethnomarker distinguishing them from other ethnic communities in the multinational sociocultural space of China. The analysis of the oral folk prose material revealed the specificity of the ethnocultural landscape based on the peculiarities of economic and household activities and sociocultural traditions that conditioned the mental attitudes of the ethnos.

German-Russian parallel corpus as an instrument for studying the modality of obligation: Оn semantic differences between müssen and sollen

The purpose of this article is to clarify the semantics of two German verbs expressing the modality of obligation (müssen and sollen) by comparing their translation equivalents from the German-Russian parallel subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus (RNC). These translation equivalents represent a set of Russian words and constructions with a potentially modal meaning, including those not recorded in bilingual and explanatory dictionaries. Some Russian lexical units are used as translation equivalents only for müssen or only for sollen, while others are preferred for one of these verbs, and this preference is not accidental. The distribution of translation equivalents indicates that the verb müssen expresses some absolute necessity, and sollen a kind of relational necessity. Relational necessity is established on the basis of certain correlations. In the ontological plane, it is the correlation represents some logic of the development of events. In the deontic plane, it is the will of another person or one’s own idea of causal relationships. In the communicative plane, it is someone else’s statement. The weakness of necessity, usually recognized as a feature of the modal meaning expressed by the verb sollen, as opposed to the more hard meaning of necessity expressed by müssen, is secondary: it is a potential effect of primordial relationality.

Empirically Determined Strategic Input and Gamification in Mastering Russian Word Forms

Empirically Determined Strategic Input and Gamification in Mastering Russian Word Forms