Word Translation Research Articles

A three-layered typology for the subtitling of taboo

Abstract The translation of taboo words has attracted scholars’ interest in studying it in the audiovisual context over the last decades. The surge of research on this predominant form of translation in everyday life has brought to light the communicative, pragmatic, and semiotic aspects as well as the technical constraints for subtitling taboo words. Previous research has primarily taken a quantitative method, discussed issues that justify their results, and suggested possible outcomes from a potential receiver’s point of view. While contributing to existing related literature, this paper argues that there is a need for a thorough, detailed examination of translation options in subtitling taboo words. The paper presents a three-layered typology of methods, strategies, and techniques, which provides a comprehensive description of audiovisual translators’ options. Following a bottom-up/top-down approach, the proposed typography is then put to the test in a corpus-based case study comprising six movies and their professional subtitles broadcast on Portuguese televisions.

Realias about food names and their translations into Urdu and, Russian languages

Non-equivalent lexicons are considered one of the issues of translation studies that attract the attention of representatives of translation schools of every country. This article also talks about the translation of words included in the list of non-equivalent lexicons - national specific words. The methods of translation of realities from Uzbek to Russian and Urdu languages ​​are considered. The examples are collected on the basis of "Starry Nights" by P. Kadirov, considered masterpieces of Uzbek prose, and its Russian and Urdu versions, and G. Ghulam's short story "Shum Bola" and its translation into Urdu. Based on the results of scientific analysis and statistical analysis obtained in the process of cross-referencing the works, the author's version of the translation is also mentioned in some places.

Stages of sight translation: Evidence from eye movements

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the coordination of source text comprehension and translation in a sight translation task. The study also sought to determine whether translation strategies influence sight translation performance. Two groups of conference interpreters—professionals and trainees—sight translated English sentences into Polish while their eye movements and performance were monitored. Translation demands were manipulated by the use of either high- or low-frequency critical words in the sentences. Translation experience had no effect on first-pass viewing durations, but experts used shorter re-view durations than trainees (especially in the low-frequency condition). Professionals translated more accurately and with less pausing than trainees. Translation in the high-frequency condition was more accurate and had shorter pauses than in the low-frequency condition. Critical word translation accuracy increased with the translation onset latency (TOL) for individual sentences, and pause durations were relatively short when TOLs were either relatively short or long. Together, these findings indicate that, in sight translation, the initial phase of normal reading for comprehension is followed by phases in which reading and translation co-occur, and that translation strategy and translation performance are linked.

The The Use of Fine Art Activity Strategies in Mastering Vocabulary at Al-Hidayah Boarding School Depok West Java

Art is a person's creative phenomenon to express themselves in an event. It can be found in music, by hand, in the appearance of drama, or even in vocal sports. In learning, students often find problems that originate within themselves or originate in their environment. The problems that originate within themselves can be a lack of interest in reading, a lack of vocabulary, or a shortage of visual aids that make it easier for them to grasp science. The purpose of this study in al-Hidayah. Boarding School is to learn the arts of fine arts strategy for effectively mastering vocabulary. The methods used in this scientific work are those of quantitative research, data exploration, experimental design, and survey. Experiments were carried out to reinforce the initial hypothesis that with fine arts, vocabulary study was easier to understand. Surveys provide excellent databases for scientific reference. As for the results of this study being a fine art strategy for mastering vocabulary effectively, students can understand the vocabulary learned from teachers, and they can choose their way to select the correct vocabulary in translating, antonyms, word translations, or hyponyms.

Çeviriye kültürel ve hermeneutik bir yaklaşım

Bu çalışmada hermeneutik ve tarihsel süreçteki araştırma alanlarından kısaca bahsedilmiştir. Alanyazın çalışmalarında hermeneutiğin dil, kültür ve tarih çerçevesinde yeni araştırma konularına dâhil olduğu görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte, alanyazın taramasında yorumbilim, çeviribilim ile ortak unsurlar çerçevesinde etkileşime girerek artık yeni kuramsal çalışmalarda başvurulan bir disiplin olduğu görülmektedir. Çeviribilimde yorumbilimsel yaklaşımların görüldüğü ve çalışmaların yorumbilim ile ilişkilendirildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Hermeneutiğe göre anlam, zaman ve kültür çerçevesinde değişmekte ve farklı değerler kazanmaktadır. Buna karşın gelenekler ve toplum anlamı şekillendirmekte ve tek olarak kabul etmemektedir. Hermeneutik yaklaşım kelimelerin çevirisine değil anlamları çevirmeye ve aktarmaya odaklanmaktadır. Çevirmen öznelliği de hemeneutik yaklaşımda sıkça karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu açıdan çevirmene ve çeviri sürecine yönelik çalışmalar artmaktadır. Ayrıca bu yaklaşım, çeviri hermeneutiği kapsamında daha fazla araştırma yapmak için hermeneutik ilkelere dayalı bir yöntem olarak sunulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, çeviribilimde hermeneutik yaklaşımın geçerliliği açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu geçerlilik hermeneutik yaklaşımın teorik yansımasında öznellik, sezgi, bedensellik ve yaratıcılık gibi faktörleri de barındırmaktadır.

TRANSLATION METHOD USED IN LANG LEAV'S POETRIES TRANSLATED BY M. AAN MANSYUR

This thesis aimed to find out the translation methods used in of Lang Leav’s poems book translated by M. Aan Mansyur. Analysis of the data using the theory of translation methods of Newmark. This theory divides translation into eight methods: Word for Word Translation, Literal Translation, Free Translation, Adaptation Translation, Idiomatic Translation, Faithful Translation, Semantic Translation, and Communicative Translation. The method research is qualitative method. Based on the analysis, from 20 poetries for 62 sentences in “Misadventure” by Lang Leav translated into “Kesialan-Kesialan” by M. Aan Mansyur. The result shows that there were 8 kinds of translation methods used by the translator in translating the poetries: Word for Word Translation (2), Literal Translation (18), Free Translation (24), Adaptation Translation (4), Faithful Translation (3), Semantic Translation (1), Idiomatic Translation (4), and Communicative Translation (6). Free Translation Methods is most dominant used because the translator tries to make the content and language of the translated poetries are acceptable and understandable for the target language readers.
 Keywords: Translation Methods, Translated Poetries, Free Translation.

QUR'ANIC TRANSLATION IN THE FRAME OF COMMUNICATION (An Evaluative Study of the Translation of Message Terms in the Qur'anic Translation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia)

Purpose: This paper critically examines the translation of message terms in Qur’anic Translation of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of Republic of Indonesia.
 Methodology: The writers analyzed the case through three steps. The first step, is analyzing the context. The context covers people who involved in the process of communication; communicator, communicant, and communication environment. The second step, is analyzing key word of communication, especially to look for its derivation and its denotative meaning. The third step, is determining the indicators of key word. Finally, is exploring the implication of indicator in communication activities.
 Result: The study result shows that some translations of the terms are difficult to understand due to illogical use of Indonesian language. Moreover, some translations of the term do not refer the context of the verse. In addition, some translations of the term are overlapped. These translations do not reflect Qur’an-based communication and eventually do not support the integration of religion and science.
 Recommendation: New translation based on a good Indonesian language, context of verse and refers to communication studies will produce a better understanding of Qur’anic verses of communication. Moreover, it is recommended to use translations of key words that writers offer in this paper as an alternative. In addition, giving footnote for key words is another alternative that should be considered by translator team.

Using search engines as a retrieval tool for translating newly coined expressions and terminology between Chinese and English

Abstract Translating terminology and newly coined expressions is a daunting challenge for technical translators. Translation of such words or phrases between, e.g. Chinese and English has received little help from dictionaries. With this as motivation, this study explores four methods by analysing results from an experiment with search engines as a retrieval tool for tackling such translation tasks. Specifically, taking 700 new terminologies from The Oxford English Dictionary as the research objects, this study experimentally examines the four terminology translation extraction methods. For each method, the effectiveness is assessed. This article finds that template-based and dictionary-based translation extraction methods have the highest accuracy rates of 86 and 89%, respectively. The semantic prediction search method proves to be the most flexible with the highest retrieval rate of 95%, although its results are not always accurate. Based on the results, this study proposes a model for quantitatively and qualitatively verifying the accuracy of translation results obtained from search engines. The quantitative analysis examines the use frequency of all translations obtained, while the qualitative analysis looks into their contexts. These findings have implications for translating, via search engine retrieval tools, terminology between other language pairs.

An Investigation on English Translations of Culture-Loaded Words in The Analects of Confucius from the Eco Perspective: A Case Study of the English Translation of Lectures on China’s Traditional Political Thoughts

The Analects of Confucius are classic works of ancient Chinese Confucian school, which contains a lot of culture-loaded words. And James Legge, Gu Hongming and Arthur Walley’s English translation of Analects is widely spread and highly recognized. Therefore, this paper will take Lectures on China’s Traditional Political Thoughts as an example to study the translation of culture-loaded words in three translated versions of The Analects of Confucius from the eco perspective. Relying on the Chinese ideological and cultural terminology Library under the project of “Chinese ideological and cultural terminology communication project”, this paper mainly combs and sums up the culture-loaded words in The Analects of Confucius respectively translated by James Legge, Gu Hongming, Arthur Waley. Based on the perspective of eco translatology, this paper makes a comparative study on translation methods of different schools from the perspectives of language, culture and communication, so as to improve the academic preciseness and accuracy of the translation.

Challenges That Undergraduate Student Translators’ Face in Translating Polysemes from English to Arabic and Arabic to English

Polysemes are words that have multiple meanings. They exist in all languages as in Arabic جناح عين صوت جدول and English base, plant, system, present, left. A sample of Arabic and English polyseme translation errors was collected from homework-assignments and exams to explore the difficulties that student-translators have in translating English and Arabic polysemes. Data analysis showed that the students made more errors in translating Arabic polysemes to English than English polysemes to Arabic. They made more errors in translation polysemous compounds than single-word polysemes and the equivalent compounds had collocation errors. The students utilized different faulty strategies in translating polysemes, especially in source texts which have one-to-many equivalents (system, affairs). They tend to overgeneralize the equivalent they know to all contexts (develop, system), not the one suitable for a particular context/domain (*chemical plants; under president). They resorted to literal translation, i.e., word for word translation rather than using fixed formulaic equivalents that are dissimilar in structure to the source polyseme. They also overgeneralized the same equivalent to all contexts (develop, system; association), although each shade of meaning has a different equivalent. Faulty translation of polysemic words may be due to inadequate L1 competence such as the availability of different regional Arabic designations for ‘parliament’ and the different designations used in American and British English for (وكيل وزارة الخارجية الامريكي); lack of proficiency in EFL, i.e. limited vocabulary knowledge; unfamiliarity with specialized meanings (*chemical plants) and commonly used equivalents for ‘affairs; resources’; lack of world knowledge (exchange programs; الاتحاد الأوروبي) and others. The study recommends that translation instructors develop students’ vocabulary knowledge, word knowledge accuracy, schemata and world knowledge, metacognitive skills, i.e., thinking processes while translating, word and context analysis skills, i.e., using semantic and structural contextual clues to figure out the meaning of polysemes; and identifying the domain in which a polyseme is used.

A Study of the Translation of Mo Yan's Frog From the Perspective of Domestication and Foreignization

Mo Yan is a famous Chinese writer. He has become the first Chinese to win the Nobel Prize in literature. Frog is one of Mo Yan's masterpieces. His works were strongly influenced by magical realism and told the legend which took place in Gaomi, Shandong Province, during the Cultural Revolution and the early years of reform and opening up. Different countries have different cultural formation processes, which have led to creating their culture-loaded words. Culture-loaded words refer to the words, phrases, and idioms used to signify objects peculiar to specific cultures. These culture-loaded words and expressions are the direct reflections of the unique features of Chinese culture. The translator needs to avoid errors and omissions in translation, especially when translating cultural information. Based on domestication and foreignization translation strategies, this article takes Howard Goldblatt's English translation of Mo Yan's Frog as the research object to explore the translation and effect of cultural-loaded words in the novel. The translator uses foreignization and domestication strategies to explain and convey these Chinese characteristics. It achieves faithfulness to the original text and flexibly handles culture-loaded words with Chinese characteristics, ensuring the attractiveness and affinity of the translated text. The research on the English translation of the Chinese culture-loaded words in the novel is helpful for foreign readers to understand and accept the culture with Chinese characteristics.

A Study on the English Translation Strategies of Culture-loaded Expressions in Political Articles

The English version of Chinese political articles are the main source for foreigners to obtain China’s economic development and policy trends. It appears to be important to translate these Chinese words objectively and accurately, especially for the overseas publicity. On the basis of Eugene A. Nida’s functional equivalence theory, the translation strategies of the neologisms, shortened-form expressions, idioms and numerals are analyzed. And the flexibility of translation of Chinese culture-loaded words is discussed. Finally the different translation strategies in political essays are summed up.

Introduction

Introduction

DOĞU-BATI EKSENİNDE ŞARKİYATÇILIK ÇEVİRİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ: KURGUSAL FREMEN DİLİ ÖRNEĞİ

Bu çalışma, Herbert’ın Dune, Dune Messiah ve Children of Dune eserlerinin Türkçe ve Almanca çevirilerini kültürel çeviri ve şarkiyatçılık kapsamında karşılaştırmalı olarak incelemekte ve çevirilerle elde edilen etkiyi Doğu-Batı perspektifiyle değerlendirmektedir. İngilizce devam eden hikâye akışı içerisinde Fremen halkının konuştuğu Fremen dilindeki baskın Arap kültürü ve Fremen sosyal kimliğini betimleyen birçok Arapça sözcük, Herbert’ın şarkiyatçı söyleminin en belirgin göstergesidir. Türk ve Alman çevirmenlerin Arapça sözcükleri erek metinlere aktarım şekilleri ve sosyal kimliklerinin doğal sonucu olarak erek kültür içinde yakaladıkları etki, Edward Said’in “Şarkiyatçı Söylem Analizi” ve Tajfel ile Turner’ın “Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı” çerçevesinde yorumlanmakta ve ötekinin çevirisine yeni bir bakış açısı kazandırmak hedeflenmektedir. Çalışma içerisinde Arapça sözcüklerin Türkçe ile Almanca metinlere aktarımları Newmark’ın kültürel öğe çevirileri için önerdiği çeviri stratejileri çerçevesinde ve çevirmenlerin erek kültürlerde “iç grup” ya da “dış grup” şeklinde yarattıkları etki açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Arapça izlenimli Fremen sözcüklerin çevirilerinde en çok tercih edilen çeviri stratejileri Aktarım ve Doğallaştırma olarak belirlenmiştir. Dune serisinin 1995 yılı Türkçe çevirilerinde bu çeviri stratejilerinin kullanım oranları sırasıyla %41’e %58 ile 2015 yılına %75’e %22 ve Almanca çevirisinde ise %95’e %2 şeklindedir. Türkçe çeviri metinlerde Arapça sözcüklerin çoğunlukla kurgusal bir dilin parçası gibi değil de doğal bir dil olan Arapçadan Türkçede yer aldıkları halleriyle aktarıldığı gözlenmiş ve bu durum hâlihazırda yabancı olunmayan Arap dili ve kültürü sebebiyle Türkçe içinde doğallaştırılarak kaybedilen bir Fremen diline neden olmuştur. Alman erek kültür için ise çoğu Fremen sözcüğünün olduğu gibi aktarılması ve Alman sosyal kimliği gereği Herbert’ın hayali Doğu algısının Alman okuyucuya tüm yabancılığıyla götürülmesi erek okuyucu kitlesi için kaynak metindeki eşdeğer kültürel etkiyi sağlamıştır denilebilir.

Error Analysis in English Writing at Matric Level in the Secondary Schools of Tehsil Rustam

The students at Matric level commit certain errors in English writing. This research was conducted to find out the errors committed by the metric students at Tehsil Rustam. A total of 60 students – top 20 students were selected from the top three schools of Tehsil Rustam. They were given the task to write on three topics namely “My school”, “My best friend” and “My favourite teacher”. To analyze the errors of the students, the researcher applied “Darus et al model of Error analysis theory”. The errors of the students were categorized and put into bar charts and pie charts. The researcher noted that the errors committed by these students are partly due to the effect of first language (L1) on second language (L2) and partly due to word by word translation either from the mother tongue (Pashto) or the national language (Urdu) to English.

Linguistic Evidence in ' Sharah Al-Shama'il Al-Muhammadiya’ by Merck Shah Al-Sherazi (Died after 930 AH)

This research aims to reveal the most important linguistic evidence that Sheikh Merck Shah Al-Shirazi relied on, in his book Sharah Al-Shama'il, to prove linguistic and grammatical rulings, and to clarify the grammatical origins of vocabulary and structures, as well as his translation of strange words that were mentioned in the hadiths.

PHONO-MORPHO-SEMANTICS OF THE ABORIGINAL NOUNS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

Nouns, which are the leading groups of words, have always needed to be studied in the field of linguistics. In particular, it was necessary to study the influence of phonosemantic and phonomorphic-semantic phenomena on the phonetic or phonetic, semantic features of words in the modern language. On the contrary, another group of nouns does not change its appearance, but changes its internal lexical composition. Some have lost their old meanings, while others add new lexical meanings. According to researchers, the noun was used in ancient Turkic inscriptions. Orkhon-Yenisei monuments have their own system of phonetic, morphological and semantic features. Introduces many settings for correct reading and translation of individual words. Scientists also explained in detail the peculiarities of recording sounds in the monument. Focuses on phonetic and grammatical structure. The article discusses the phonomorphosemantic characteristics of ancient nouns and the definition of nouns in the language of medieval written monuments from the point of view of the modern Kazakh language. In addition, scientific concepts of indigenous words were generalized, the opinions of scientists-researchers of Kazakh linguistics, such as Marhabat Tomanov, Berikbai Sagyndykuly, Zhamal Mankeeva, etc. were taken as a basis.

Difficulties of translation and evaluative idioms in English and Arabic

Essentially, translation is not simply a transfer of every word with its equivalent in the target language, but rather a transfer of the rules of the language that communicate the information and the transfer of the same information and the writer’s thought, culture and style as well. However, theories differed in translation on how to transfer this information from the source to the target. The trinity of translation: literal or word by word, free (significant) and faithful translation. The aim of this article is to discuss evaluative idioms in English and Arabic to show difficulties that form issues for translating idioms—from a variety of perspectives, focusing mainly on Moon’s 1998 approach and on Abdou’s 2012 study of Arabic idioms. Furthermore, to show the comparison between evaluative idioms in the two languages is meant to reveal differences and potential difficulties for translators translating from Arabic into English and vice versa, focusing mainly on Moon’s 1998 approach and on Abdou’s 2012 study of Arabic idioms. Furthermore, to show the comparison between evaluative idioms in the two languages is meant to reveal differences and potential difficulties for translators translating from Arabic into English and vice versa.

English Translation of Culture-Loaded Words—A Corpus Based Study

English Translation of Culture-Loaded Words—A Corpus Based Study

Translation Orientation of Culture-Specific Items in Novel Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk from Indonesian to German

One of the salient problems in translation arises when it comes to translation of cultural words or terms as each language may have its own set of terms. Therefore, this research deals with the orientation in translating culture-specific items from the source language to the target language. The research approach employed in this paper is descriptive qualitative. The data on culture-specific items are obtained based on Newmark’s (1988) categories and translation procedures. The obtained results indicate that the most frequently found CSI category in the data is material culture. Then, the prevailing translation procedures used to render cultural words in Ronggeng Dukuh Paruk’s novel were transference, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, recognized translation, componential analysis, reduction, couplets, notes and glosses. From the translation procedures conducted by translator, the orientation can be implied. The theory of translation orientation proposed by Venuti (1995) was followed. The analysis has revealed that the functional equivalent descriptive equivalent, cultural equivalent, component analysis, recognized translation, reduction, and glossary procedures are the most commonly used procedures. Thus, it implies that the translation of Indonesian CSIs in RDP into the target text orientates toward TL or domestication.